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各种测试概念总结对比

各种测试概念总结对比
各种测试概念总结对比

单元测试(Unit Testing) 集成测试(Integrated Testing)系统测试(System Testing)

黑盒测试(Black-box testing)

黑盒测试:已知产品的功能设计规格,可以进行测试证明每个实现了的功能是否符合要求。

软件的黑盒测试意味着测试要在软件的接口处进行。这种方法是把测试对象看做一个黑盒子,测试人员完全不考虑程序内部的逻辑结构和内部特性,只依据程序的需求规格说明书,检查程序的功能是否符合它的功能说明。因此黑盒测试又叫功能测试或数据驱动测试。黑盒测试主要是为了发现以下几类错误:

1、是否有不正确或遗漏的功能?

2、在接口上,输入是否能正确的接受?能否输出正确的结果?

3、是否有数据结构错误或外部信息(例如数据文件)访问错误?

4、性能上是否能够满足要求?

5、是否有初始化或终止性错误?

白盒测试(White-box testing)

白盒测试:已知产品的内部工作过程,可以通过测试证明每种内部操作是否符合设计规格要求,所有内部成分是否以经过检查。

软件的白盒测试是对软件的过程性细节做细致的检查。这种方法是把测试对象看做一个打开的盒子,它允许测试人员利用程序内部的逻辑结构及有关信息,设计或选择测试用例,对程序所有逻辑路径进行测试。通过在不同点检查程序状态,确定实际状态是否与预期的状态一致。因此白盒测试又称为结构测试或逻辑驱动测试。白盒测试主要是想对程序模块进行如下检查:

1、对程序模块的所有独立的执行路径至少测试一遍。

2、对所有的逻辑判定,取“真”与取“假”的两种情况都能至少测一遍。

3、在循环的边界和运行的界限内执行循环体。

4、测试内部数据结构的有效性,等等。

单元测试(Unit Testing)

单元测试是集中对用源代码实现的每一个程序单元进行测试,检查各个程序模块是否正确地实现了规定的功能。

单元测试又称模块测试,是针对软件设计的最小单位─程序模块,进行正确性检验的测试工作。其目的在于发现各模块内部可能存在的各种差错。单元测试需要从程序的内部结构出发设计测试用例。多个模块可以平行地独立进行单元测试。

集成测试(Integrated Testing)

集成测试把已测试过的模块组装起来,主要对与设计相关的软件体系结构的构造进行测试。

通常,在单元测试的基础上,需要将所有模块按照设计要求组装成为系统。这时需要考虑的问题是:–在把各个模块连接起来的时侯,穿越模块接口的数据是否会丢失;–一个模块的功能是否会对另一个模块的功能产生不利的影响;–各个子功能组合起来,能否达到预期要求的父功能;–全局数据结构是否有问题;–单个模块的误差累积起来,是否会放大,从而达到不能接受的程度。在单元测试的同时可进行集成测试,发现并排除在模块连接中可能出现的问题,最终构成要求的软件系统。子系统的集成测试特别称为部件测试,它所做的工作是要找出集成后的子系统与系统需求规格说明之间的不一致。

系统测试(System Testing)

系统测试把已经经过确认的软件纳入实际运行环境中,与其它系统成份组合在一起进行测试。系统测试,是将通过确认测试的软件,作为整个基于计算机系统的一个元素,与计算机硬件、外设、某些支持软件、数据和人员等其它系统元素结合在一起,在实际运行环境下,对计算机系统进行一系列的组装测试和确认测试。系统测试的目的在于通过与系统的需求定义作比较,发现软件与系统的定义不符合或与之矛盾的地方。

分类: 测试

单元测试与白盒测试的区别

软件的白盒测试是对软件的过程性细节做细致的检查。这种方法是把测试对象看做一个打开的盒子,它允许测试人员利用程序内部的逻辑结构及有关信息,设计或选择测试用例,对程序所有逻辑路径进行测试。通过在不同点检查程序状态,确定实际状态是否与预期的状态一致。因此白盒测试又称为结构测试或逻辑驱动测试。白盒测试主要是想对程序模块进行如下检查:

1、对程序模块的所有独立的执行路径至少测试一遍。

2、对所有的逻辑判定,取“真”与取“假”的两种情况都能至少测一遍。

3、在循环的边界和运行的界限内执行循环体。

4、测试内部数据结构的有效性,等等。

单元测试——是最小粒度的测试,以测试某个功能或代码块。一般由程序员来做,因为它需要知道内部程序设计和编码的细节。单元测试的对象是软件设计的最小单位——模块。单元测试的依据是详细设述,单元测试应对模块内所有重要的控制路径设计测试用例,以便发现模块内部的错误。单元测试多采用白盒测试技术,系统内多个模块可以并行地进行测试。

单元测试任务

单元测试任务包括:

1 模块接口测试;

2 模块局部数据结构测试;

3 模块边界条件测试;

4 模块中所有独立执行通路测试;

5 模块的各条错误处理通路测试。

综上所述,白盒测试和单元测试的区别是

1 测试目的,一个是测试程序的整体逻辑,另一个是测试程序中一个独立的模块

2 通常的执行人员不一样,白盒一般是由专门的白盒测试人员完成,单元测试一般由程序员自己完成

如何编写单元测试用例(白盒测试)。

前段时间公司进行有关测试的培训,集成测试,性能测试,压力测试说了很多。由于本人还处于Coder阶段,只是对单元测试有了些了解。写下来怕以后自己忘记了。都是些自己的看法,不一定准确,欢迎高手指教。

一、单元测试的概念

单元通俗的说就是指一个实现简单功能的函数。单元测试就是只用一组特定的输入(测试用例)测试函数是否功能正常,并且返回了正确的输出。

测试的覆盖种类

1.语句覆盖:语句覆盖就是设计若干个测试用例,运行被测试程序,使得每一条可执行语句至少执行一次。

2.判定覆盖(也叫分支覆盖):设计若干个测试用例,运行所测程序,使程序中每个判断的取真分支和取假分支至少执行一次。

3.条件覆盖:设计足够的测试用例,运行所测程序,使程序中每个判断的每个条件的每个可能取值至少执行一次。

4.判定——条件覆盖:设计足够的测试用例,运行所测程序,使程序中每个判断的每个条件的每个可能取值至少执行一次,并且每个可能的判断结果也至少执行一次。

5.条件组合测试:设计足够的测试用例,运行所测程序,使程序中每个判断的所有条件取值组合至少执行一次。

6.路径测试:设计足够的测试用例,运行所测程序,要覆盖程序中所有可能的路径。

用例的设计方案主要的有下面几种:条件测试,基本路径测试,循环测试。通过上面的方法可以实现测试用例对程序的逻辑覆盖,和路径覆盖。

二、开始测试前的准备

在开始测试时,要先声明一下,无论你设计多少测试用例,无论你的测试方案多么完美,都不可能完全100%的发现所有BUG,我们所需要做的是用最少的资源,做最多测试检查,寻找一个平衡点保证程序的正确性。穷举测试是不可能的。所以现在进行单元测试我选用的是现在一般用的比较多的基本路径测试法。

三、开始测试

基本路径测试法:设计出的测试用例要保证每一个基本独立路径至少要执行一次。

函数说明:当i_flag=0;返回 i_count+100

当i_flag=1;返回 i_count *10

否则返回 i_count *20

输入参数:int i_count ,

int i_flag

输出参数:int i_return;

代码:

1int Test(int i_count, int i_flag)

2 {

3int i_temp = 1;

4while (i_count>0)

5 {

6if (0 == i_flag)

7 {

8 i_temp = i_count + 100; 9break;

10 }

11else

12 {

13if (1 == i_flag)

14 {

15 i_temp = i_temp * 10;

16 }

17else

18 {

19 i_temp = i_temp * 20;

20 }

21 }

22 i_count--;

23 }

24return i_temp;

25 }

1.画出程序控制流程图

图例:

事例程序流程图:

圈中的数字代表的是语句的行号,也许有人问为什么选4,6,13,8......作为结点,第2行,第3行为什么不是结点,因为选择结点是有规律的。让我们看程序中;第2行,第3行是按顺序执行下来的。直到第4行才出现了循环操作。而2,3行没有什么判断,选择等分支操作,所以我们把2,3,4全部合并成一个结点。其他的也是照这个规则合并,然后就有了上面的流程图。

2.计算圈复杂度

有了图以后我们要知道到底我们有写多少个测试用例,才能满足基本路径测试。

这里有有了一个新概念——圈复杂度

圈复杂度是一种为程序逻辑复杂性提供定量测试的软件度量。将该度量用于计算程序的基本独立路径数目。为确保所有语句至少执行一次的测试数量的上界。

公式圈复杂度V(G)=E-N+2,E是流图中边的数量,N是流图中结点的数量。

公式圈复杂度V(G)=P+1 ,P是流图G中判定结点的数量。

通俗的说圈负责度就是判断单元是不是复杂,是不是好测试的标准。一般来说如果圈复杂度如果大于20就表示这个单元的可测试性不好,太复杂(也许有人觉得无所谓,但是如果你们公司实行了CMMI5的话,对这个是有规定的)。

从图中我们可以看到,

V(G)=10条边-8结点+2=4

V(G)=3个判定结点+1=4

上图的圈复杂图是4。这个结果对我们来说有什么意义呢?它表示我们只要最多4个测试用例就可以达到基本路径覆盖。

3.导出程序基本路径。

现在我们知道了起码要写4个测试用例,但是怎么设计这4个测试用例?

导出程序基本路径,根据程序基本路径设计测试用例子。

程序基本路径:基本独立路径就是从程序的开始结点到结束可以选择任何的路径遍历,但是每条路径至少应该包含一条已定义路径不曾用到的边。(看起来不好理解,让我们看例子)。

让我们看上面的流程图:从结点4到24有几条路径呢?

1 B(4,24)

2 C,E,J(4,6,8,24)

3 C,D,F,H,A,B(4,6,13,15,22,4,24)

4 C,D,G,I,A,B(4,6,13,19,22,4,24)

还有吗??

5 C,D,C,I,A,C,E,J(4,6,13,19,22,4,6,8,24)算吗?

不算,为什么?因为上面的4条路径已经包括了所有的边。第5条路径已经不包含没有用过的边了。所有的路径都遍历过了。

好了,现在我们有了4条基本独立路径根据独立路径我们可以设计测试用例。

1 B(4,24)

输入数据:i_count=0,或者是i_count<0的某一个值。

预期结果:i_temp=0.

2 C,E,J(4,6,8,24)

输入数据: i_count =1;i_flag=0

预期结果:i_temp=101.

3 C,D,F,H,A,B(4,6,13,15,22,4,24)

输入数据: i_count =1;i_flag=1

预期结果:i_temp=10.

4 C,D,G,I,A,B(4,6,13,19,22,4,24)

输入数据: i_count =1;i_flag=2

预期结果:i_temp=20.

这里的输入数据是由路径和程序推论出来的。而要注意的是预期结果是从函数说明中导出,不能根据程序结构中导出。

为什么这么说?

让我们看程序中的第3行。

int i_temp=1;假如开发人员一不小心写错了,变成了int i_temp=0;根据程序导出的预期结果就会是一个错误的值,但是单元测试不出来问题。

那单元测试就失去了意义。

有人也许会问这么简单的函数就有4个测试用例,如果还复杂一些的怎么办?上面的测试用例还可以简化吗?答案是可以。

我们来看路径 1 B(4,24)和 4 C,D,G,I,A,B(4,6,13,19,22,4,24),路径1是路径4的真子集,所以1是可以不必要的。上图的圈复杂度是4。这个结果对我们来说有什么意义呢?它表示我们只要最多4个测试用例就可以达到基本路径覆盖。所以说圈复杂度标示是最多的测试用例个数,不是一定要4个测试用例才可以。不过有一点要申明的是测试用例越简化代表你的测试越少,这样程序的安全性就越低了。

四、完成测试

接下来根据测试用例使用工具测试NUNIT,VS2005都可以。

接下来根据测试结果编写测试报告,测试人,时间,结果,用例,是否通过,格式网上一大把,每个公司的格式也不一样就不说了。

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