大学英语1阅读理解1
大学英语1阅读理解1
Paper One
Part I Reading Comprehension
Directions: There are several passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:
With the help of computers, dusty old photos are used in the location of thousands of unexploded bombs that lie buried in Germany.
Late in World War II, Allied bombers made daily raids (袭击) on German cities. But for every 20 bombs that exploded, on average one failed to go off and was buried as deep as ten feet. Periodically, as their trigger mechanisms become worse, those bombs explode.
Scientists have long searched for an easy way to dig out these traps. They found it in old Allied army (盟军) photographs and the development of special computer software.
Examining the photos under lenses (镜片), researchers can track a bombing run. Bombs fell across the target in a row. A gap in a series of bomb craters indicates a bomb that did not go off. The problem then is to fit the photos to modern street maps because most of the landmarks in them no longer exist.
Hans Mohl, engineering professor at the Polytechnical Institute of Stuttgart, came up with a solution. The searchers need only identify three objects in the photo that still remain --- bridges or houses, for example. Mohl’s computer program can then relate any other point on the photo to a modern map. So far, researchers have located about 500 bombs; more than 100 have been dug up.
1. What is the best title for the passage?
A) Old Photos Help Identify Old Bombs.
B) A New Bomb-Detecting Computer Software.
C) Great Changes in German Cities.
D) A Successful Bomb Location.
2. The unexploded bombs were left by the ________.
A) German troops
B) Allied army
C) Japanese soldiers
D) Vietnam fighters
3. It can be learned from the passage that which of the following is NOT needed in locating the unexploded bombs?
A) Old army photos.
B) A special software.
C) Modern maps.
D) Old-Time maps.
4. Which description of Hans Mohl is correct?
A) He designs a special computer software to locate the unexploded bombs.
B) He draws a new map to help find the unexploded bombs.
C) He won a medal for his achievement.
D) He designs a computer program to relate the old photos to modern maps.
5. According to the passage, at least how many bombs were thrown to German cities during the World War II?
A) About 500.
B) About 10,500.
C) About 15,000.
D) About 20,500.
Passage Two
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
Supporters of bullfighting (斗牛) may think it the essence (精华) of Spain, but their enthusiasm is apparently not shared by many people in Catalonia. The regional government has passed a law banning children under 14 from attending bullfights. For a lot of Spaniards this is really unthinkable and they fear that other regions may follow the Catalan example.
Appreciation of bullfighting, they say, is passed from father to son at an early age. Bullfighters themselves start their training as young as, say, ballet dancers. Pupils enter the bullfighting school in Madrid at the age of 12 or so, though they cannot fight in Spain until they are 16. The latest star, El Juli, had to fight in Latin America before he was old enough to appear in a Spanish ring.
Although Catalonia may no longer have a taste for blood and sand, in much of the rest of Spain bullfighting is regaining popularity. Fights on television and the emergence of a new generation of popular fighters have brought people back to the bulls. New plazas (广场) are being built, some of them covered so that fights can take place throughout the year instead of, as now, usually from April to October. Bullfighting, with about 1% of Spain’s workforce, turns over more than $1 billion a year.
According to the polls (民意测验), about 40% or so of Spaniards follow the fights closely. Defenders of bullfighting point out that it is strictly controlled. The process of dominating and killing the bull has to be completed in less than 20 minutes. A bullfighter who fails to do so can be arrested.
6. The Catalonia seems to ________.
A) be crazy about bullfighting
B) have less interest in bullfighting
C) hate bullfighting
D) set a very good example for the other regions in Spain
7. Most Spaniards still value the tradition that ________.
A) bullfighting skills are passed from father to son at an early age
B) fathers teach their little sons how to enjoy bullfighting
C) every family sends at least one son to learn bullfighting
D) every family goes to watch bullfighting at weekends
8. Before El Juli was 16, he performed bullfighting in ________.
A) Spain
B) Mexico
C) Latin America
D) America
9. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A) bullfighting is regaining popularity in most regions in Spain
B) in Catalonia, children under 14 cannot go to bullfighting
C) bullfighting is an important source of income for Spain
D) bullfighting is available usually from April to October now
10. The author’s attitude toward bullfighting is ________.
A) positive
B) negative
C) objective
D) critical
Passage Three
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
It has been thought and said that Africans are born with musical talent (才能). Because music is so important in the lives of many Africans and because so much music is performed (表演) in Africa, we are likely to think that all Africans are musicians. The impression is strengthened when we look at ourselves and find that we have become largely a society of musical spectators (旁观者). Music is important to us, but most of us can be considered consumers (消费者) rather than producers of music. We have records, television, concerts, and radio to meet many of our musical needs. In most situations where music is performed in our culture it is not difficult to tell the audience from the performers, but such is often not the case in Africa. Alban Ayipaga, a Kasena semiprofessional (半专业的) musician from northern Ghana, says that when his flute (长笛) and drum ensemble (歌舞团) is performing, “Anybody can take part.” This is true, but Kasena musicians recognize that not all people are equally capable of taking part in the music.
Some can sing along with the drummers, but relatively few can drum and even fewer can play the flute along with the ensemble. It is fairly common in Africa for there to be an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound. Performances often take place in an open area (that is, not on a stage) and so the lines between the performing nucleus and the additional performers －active spectators and passive spectators －may be difficult to draw.
11. The difference between us and Africans, as far as musical spectators are concerned, is that
______.
A) most of us are consumers while most of them are producers of music
B) we are musical performers and they are semiprofessional musicians
C) most of us are passive spectators while they are active spectators
D) we are the audience and they are the additional performers
12. In the sentence, “but such is not often the case in Africa,” the word “such” refers to the fact that ______.
A) music is performed with the participation (参与) of the audience
B) music is performed without the participation of the audience
C) people can hardly tell the audience from the performers
D) people have records, television sets and radio to meet their musical needs
13. The author of the passage implies that ______.
A) all Africans are musicians and therefore much music is performed in Africa
B) not all Africans are born with musical talent although music is important in their lives
C) most Africans are capable of playing musical instruments
D) most Africans perform as well as professional musicians
14. The word “nucleus” probably refers to ______.
A) musicians famous in Africa
B) musicians at the center of attention
C) musicians acting as the centre in a performance
D) active participation in a musical performance
15. The best title for this passage would be ______.
A) The Importance of Music to African People
B) Differences between African Music and Other Countries
C) The Relationship between Musicians and Their Audience
D) A Characteristic Feature (特征) of African Musical Performances
Passage Four
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
You don’t need millions to be happy. In fact, at The Happiness Institute in Australia, a couple of hundred dollars may be enough. The institute opened its doors this year, and, since then, men and women of all ages have been paying A$200 an hour (US$140) for lessons on how to feel great. “You can actually increase your happiness levels. That’s what we teach,” said Timothy Sharp, founder of the institute. Experts say that only about 15 percent of happiness comes from income, assets and other financial factors. As much as 85 percent comes from things such as attitude, life control and relationships. Most of us are significantly better off financially than our parents and grandparents, but happiness levels haven’t changed to reflect that. Studies show that once the basic needs for shelter and food are met, additional wealth adds very little to happiness. Many decades ago, the “sage of Baltimore, Maryland”, editor HL Mencken, defined wealth as earning US$100 more than your “wife’s sister’s husband.” Behavioral economists now say part of the reason we are richer but not happier is because we compare ourselves to peo ple better off materially. “The argument is that if you want to be happy there’s a very simple thing you can do: Compare yourself to people who are less well off than you－poorer, smaller house, car,” said Sharp. The Happiness Institute aims to show you how to overcome these unhappiness factors by focusing on “more than just your bank account.” “If I compare myself to Bill Gates then I’m always going to be down,” said Sharp. A better thing to compare with, he said, might be Kerry Packer, Australia’s richest person who has had a kidney transplant and heart surgery in recent years.
16. The main purpose of the Happiness Institute is to __________.
A) help you find the right partner of your life
B) teach you how to be better-off financially
C) teach you how to increase your happiness levels
D) help you understand the importance of wealth to happiness
17. Most of the happiness comes from __________.
A) income
B) assets
C) attitude
D) food
18. Which of the following is true?
A) Just as we are richer than our parents and grandparents, so we are happier.
B) Happiness levels have been increasing since the days of our parents and grandparents.
C) The key to happiness is get as rich as possible.
D) Additional wealth adds little to happiness if the basic needs for shelter and food are met.
19. How can we increase our happiness level?
A) Always focus on enlarging your bank account.
B) Try to earn more money than your “wife’s sister’s husband”.
C) Compare yourself to people who are less well off than you are.
D) Aim at Bill Gates’ level and try to catch up with him.
20. What is this passage mainly about?
A) Ways to maintain a happy marriage.
B) Ways to take care of your assets.
C) Increasing your happiness level by earning more money.
D) How non-financial factors add to your happiness.
Passage Five
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Do you have bright ideas? Ideas for inventions that change society or, at least, make life easier for somebody? Perhaps we all do sometimes, but we don’t often make the idea a reality. Recently, in Britain, there was a competition called “British Designers for Tomorrow”. The competition encouraged young people to carry out their bright ideas. There were two groups in the contest: Group One was for schoolchildren under 16; Group Two was for schoolchildren over 16. And there were eleven prizewinners altogether.
Neil Hunt, one of the prizewinners, was called “Sunshine Superman” by one newspaper writing about his design. It’s important, when people study t he weather, to be able to record sunshine accurately. We need to know how many hours of sunshine we have and how strong it is. Most sunshine recorders only record direct sunlight. Neil’s is more accurate and this is very important for research into ways of using solar power. With his prize of ￡100, Neil plans to carry on inventing.
You can do so much with animation (动画片). Look at Simon West’s idea for animated road signs. He uses pictures which appear to move as you go nearer to or farther from them. Th is isn’t a new idea. But it is new to use these pictures on road signs. “We found that people were more likely to see moving signs,” said Simon. So now, you can really see rocks falling, trains moving, horses galloping or a car falling over the edge of a cliff. Quite a warning!
The ideas in the competition were so inventive that we are surprised that British industry doesn’t ask more schoolchildren for suggestions. Perhaps this will be the start of “pupil power”!
21. ________ was carried out recently in Britain.
A) A competition among schoolchildren
B) A competition in industry
C) A competition called “British Designers for Tomorrow”
D) A competition for 11 prizewinners
22. The aim of the competition was ________.
A) to ask schoolchildren for suggestions
B) to encourage young people to carry out their bright ideas
C) to start “pupil power”
D) to ask British industry for ideas
23. What is Neil Hunt?
A) A schoolboy.
B) A teacher.
C) A schoolgirl.
D) A designer.
24. Neil Hunt was called “Sunshine Superman” b ecause ________.
A) he suggested the ways of using solar power
B) he designed a more accurate sunshine recorder
C) he was able to record direct sunshine accurately
D) he invented the way of using solar energy
25. Who invented animated road signs?
A) Neil Hunt.
B) Simon West.
C) A driver.
D) A schoolchild.
Passage Six
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
In 1752, three years after two Scotsmen, Alexander Wilson and Thomas Melville, fastened thermometers to kites to record the temperature of clouds, Benjamin Franklin made his famous experiment with a kite, a string, and a key. Franklin hoped to show tha t nature’s tremendous displays of electricity in lightning were the same thing as the feeble electric sparks scientists of the day were producing in their laboratories. He built a square kite to which he attached an iron wire. He flew the kite with a hemp string (麻线), and near the base of the string he tied a large brass key. The kite rose into a dark thundercloud, where the iron wire picked up electrical charges. Franklin noticed that the strands of the string (绳串) were beginning to stand up with electricity. As rain wet the string, it conducted more electricity. Standing in the shelter of a shed, Franklin cautiously reached out his finger to touch the brass key. A series of sparks jumped from the key to his finger. He thus proved that lightning and electricity are the same. We now know that this experiment was
a dangerous one, for Franklin might have been killed by a bolt of lightning.
26. The best title for this passage is ________.
A) The Discovery of Electricity
B) The Kite and Science
C) Franklin’s Expe riment with Lightning
D) Franklin, the Great Scientist
27. According to the passage, Benjamin Franklin ________.
A) recorded the temperature of clouds
B) was killed by a bolt of lightning
C) proved that lightning can be controlled by man
D) proved that lightning and electricity have the same essential nature
28. Two Scotsmen experimented with kites in ________.
A) 1752
B) 1755
C) 1746
D) 1749
29. Franklin did NOT use a ________.
A) string
B) key
C) wire
D) thermometer
30. The fact that Franklin was not injured was apparently due to ________.
A) luck
B) the materials he used
C) wisdom
D) the shed’s protection
Passage Seven
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human condition is our possibility to give and receive support from one another under stressful (有压力的) conditions. Social support makes up of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to deal with major life changes and daily problems. People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over types of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, show that the presence of social support helps people defend themselves against illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely.
Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others in spite of our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Taking part in free-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting (转移注意力) us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support －money aid, material resources, and needed services －that reduces stress by helping us resolve and deal with our problems.
31. Interpersonal relationships are important because they can ________.
A) make people live more easily
B) smooth away daily problems
C) deal with life changes
D) cure types of illnesses
32. The researches show that people’s physical and mental health ________.
A) lies in the social medical care systems which support them
B) has much to do with the amount of support they get from others
C) depends on their ability to deal with daily worries and troubles
D) is related to their courage for dealing with major life changes
33. Whi ch of the following is closest in meaning to the italicized word “cushions”(Para.2)?
A) takes place of
B) makes up of
C) lessens the effect of
D) gets rid of
34. Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work in spare time is an example of ________.
A) instrumental support
B) informational support
C) social companionship
D) the strengthening of self-respect
35. What is the subject discussed in the passage?
A) Interpersonal relationships.
B) Kinds of social support.
C) Ways to deal with stress.
D) Effects of stressful condition.
Passage Eight
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
We don’t have beds in the space shuttle, but we do have sleeping bags. During the day, when we are working, we leave the bags tied to the wall, out of the way. At bedtime we untie them and take them wherever we’ve chosen to sleep.
On most space shuttle flights everyone sleeps at the same time. No one has to stay awake to watch over the spaceplane; the shuttle’s computers and the engineers at Mission Cont rol do that. If anything goes wrong, the computers ring an alarm and the engineers call us on the radio.
On the space shuttle, sleep time doesn’t mean night time. During each ninety-minute orbit the sun “rises” and shines through our windows for about fifty minutes; then it “sets” as our path takes us around the dark side of the Earth. To keep the sun out of our eyes, we wear black sleep masks.
It is surprisingly easy to get comfortable and fall asleep in space. Every astronaut sleeps differently. S ome sleep upside down, some right side up. When it’s time to sleep, I take my bag, my sleep mask, and my tape player with earphones and float up to the flight deck. Then I crawl
into the bag, and float in a sitting position just above a seat, right next to a window. Before I pull the mask down over my eyes, I relax for a while, listening to music and watching the Earth go by beneath me.
36. When it’s bedtime, astronauts put their sleeping bags ________.
A) near the windows
B) in the flight deck
C) above the seats
D) in any place they like
37. “Watch over” in Para. 2 has the closest meaning to “________”.
A) take care of
B) see
C) look at
D) pay attention to
38. How long does it take for the space shuttle to go round the Earth?
A) Twenty four hours.
B) Fifty minutes.
C) Ninety minutes.
D) Nineteen minutes.
39. According to the passage, in order to get comfortable and fall asleep in space, it is necessary to ________.
A) wear a sleep mask
B) listen to music
C) sleep upside down
D) sleep sideways
40. Th e best title for this passage is “________”.
A) Bedtime Doesn’t Mean Night Time
B) Sleeping in Space
C) Orbiting the Sun
D) Sleeping on the Space Shuttle
Passage Nine
Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:
For the first time ever, researchers have established a direct link between the amount of cigarette-smoking children see in films and their decision to try smoking.
A team of scientists led by Doctor James Sergeant at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center in New Hampshire asked 4,919 children between the ages of 9 and 15 about the movies they’d seen. They then calculated the number of smoking scenes each movie contained.
Children exposed to the largest number of smoking scenes were two-and-a-half times more likely to start than those exposed to the fewest scenes. And the team accounted for factors such as rebelliousness
(反抗) and whether the child’s parents smoked.
In a previous study, Sergeant found that star power might also contribute. Young boys and girls whose favorite actors smoked in three or more films were much more likely to be smokers.
“Movies are a bigger influence than whether the child’s friends smoke,” says Sergeant. “The movie industry has to take responsibility for this.”
41. The purpose of the survey conducted by Dr. Sergeant and his team was ________.
A) to find out how the smoking scenes in films influenced children
B) to find out how many children were smoking
C) to arouse public’s concern about children’s smoking
D) to warn the parents to keep their children from smoking
42. Dr. Sergeant and his team did ________ survey(s) on the topic.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
43. Which statement is NOT true?
A) When the study was done, the researcher didn’t count in other factors that might lead to
children’s smoking.
B) Children tend to imitate their favorite film stars’ smoking acts in the films.
C) Movies have a great influence on children’s smoking act.
D) Children who had seen more smoking scenes were more likely to smoke.
44. How did smoking scenes involving famous film actors influence the children?
A) They would probably try smoking themselves.
B) They would tell this to their friends.
C) They would learn the advantages of smoking.
D) They would become more rebellious.
45. What did Dr. Sergeant think of the film industry?
A) It is successful in turning out many film stars.
B) It should cut down the smoking scenes in the films.
C) It should use non-smoking actors and actresses.
D) The smoking scenes in the films are useless.
Passage Ten
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:
Our multimillion nerve-cell central nervous system has its roots in the scattered nerve cells of tiny, lowly organisms that lived in water half a billion years ago. Nerve cells evidently first appeared in coelenterate (腔肠动物)--- “hollow-body” organisms like hydra (水螅) and the sea anemone. A coelenterate’s nerve network lacks any kind of centralized control. This probably began with flatworms --- the first creatures to possess a head. Specialized sense cells help flatworms (扁虫) respond more flexibly than sea anemones to outside stimuli (刺激). But like most animals without a backbone, flatworms act mostly by instinct and reflex.
Intelligent behavior remained impossible until the appearance of relatively big, complex types of brain --- the types we find among the backboned animals, or vertebrates (脊椎动物). The tiniest fish has a three-part brain larger than the largest insect. Much of the forebrain deals only with smell. The midbrain handles vision, and the hindbrain, balance.
With early mammals the brain grew larger and more complex. Sense coordination shifted from the midbrain to the forebrain, a developing structure capped by a folded cerebrum (大脑) to handle memory and learning. Meanwhile the hindbrain gained a large cerebellum (小脑) to coordinate complicated movements.
Advanced mammals such as monkeys, apes, and humans(the primates, 灵长目动物) have brains derived from ancestors (祖先) that took to living in the trees, where vision mattered more than smell. Accordingly the once-b ig “smell” part of the forebrain grew smaller, while the part that handles vision grew much larger.
46. With what topic is the passage mainly concerned?
A) The sensory organs of invertebrates.
B) The development of tiny organisms.
C) The origin of the brain and central nervous system.
D) The importance of vision for fish and advanced mammals.
47. In “hindbrain” in Para. 2, hind means “_________”.
A) last
B) back
C) first
D) large
48. The hydra is a kind of ________.
A) flatworm
B) coelenterate
C) sea anemone
D) nerve cell
49. According to the passage, what helps to coordinate the complex physical activity of a mammal?
A) The cerebellum.
B) The forebrain.
C) The cerebrum.
D) The midbrain.
50. In the last paragraph, the phrase “took to” could best be replaced by which of the following?
A) Began.
B) Turned to.
C) Carried to.
D) Became friendly of.
Name:_____________ Class:_____________
Student No.:_____________ Score:_____________
Answer Sheet
Part I Reading Comprehension
1._____
2._____
3._____
4._____
5._____
6._____
7._____
8._____
9._____10._____
11._____12._____13._____14._____15._____
16._____17._____18._____19._____20._____
21._____22._____23._____24._____25._____
26._____27._____28._____29._____30._____
31._____32._____33._____34._____35._____
36._____37._____38._____39._____40._____
41._____42._____43._____44._____45._____
46._____47._____48._____49._____50._____
大学英语1阅读理解1 ( 参考答案)
Key
Paper One
Part I Reading Comprehension
1.A
2.B
3.D
4.D
5.B
6.B
7.B
8.C
9.C10.C
11.C12.B13.B14.C15.D
16.C17.C18.D19.C20.D
21.C22.B23.A24.B25.B
26.C27.D28.D29.D30.A
31.A32.B33.C34.A35.A
36.D37.A38.C39.A40.D
41.A42.B43.A44.A45.B
46.C47.B48.B49.A50.A
大学英语(一)第一次作业
题号:1 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 You must have your own view on such an important subject, ____________ other people may say about it. A、whatever B、whichever C、 what D、how 标准答案：a 说明： 题号:2 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 The president's decision to invest in that small town was a _____________ mistake. A、costly B、much C、expensive D、high 标准答案：a 说明： 题号:3 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 Her low voice and shy smile soon made her a _____________ among her room-mates. A、favorite B、favorable C、favourable D、favor
标准答案：a 说明： 题号:4 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 His ______________ had dropped to by the time he graduated from university. A、sign B、vision C、view D、light 标准答案：b 说明： 题号:5 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 "At my age," Milly said, "one has to _____ from other people's experience." A、teach B、borrow C、learn D、copy 标准答案：c 说明： 题号:6 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:2 The nationality of the murderer still remains _____________ to the police. A、unnecessary B、unexpected
大学英语B 阅读理解答案
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大学英语一第一次作业 答案 HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】
一、单项选择题。本大题共40个小题，每小题 2.5 分，共100.0分。在每小题给出的选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。 1.— Hi! How do you do, Zhang — _______ A.How are you? B.Good afternoon. C.How do you do? D.Very fine. 2.—Jane, I’m coming to say good-bye. I’m leaving tomorrow.
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— _______ A.I’d rather not. B.Yes, you may. C.Jane Edwin. D.No, please don’t 5.—Haven’t seen you for ages. How are you — _______ A.Thank you a lot. B.It’s several years. C.Long time no see. D.Just so-so. 6.We’re glad that something _______ has come out of the situation. A.positive?
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大学英语四级阅读理解试题及标准答案.
大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案.
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3 大学英语四级阅读理解试题及答案（四） 十六 Trees should only be pruned when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and , fortunately,the number of such reasons is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of obergrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way. First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut diseaed or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus cause wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air. One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but itis a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the desease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hurs and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually without interference from the leaves and also it is very unlikely that the cuts yu make will bleed. If this does happen,it is, of course,impossible to paint them properly. 1.Pruning should be done to ______. a.make the tree grow taller