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Experimental Study of Erosion Wear in a

Experimental Study of Erosion Wear in a Centrifugal Slurry Pump Using Coriolis

Wear Test Rig

SUNIL CHANDEL,1S.N.SINGH,2AND V.SESHADRI 2

Department of Mechanical Engineering,DIAT (DU),Pune,India

2Department of Applied Mechanics,IIT Delhi,Hauz Khas,New Delhi,India

The erosion wear in slurry pumps has been identified as a major problem during transportation of slurry as it affects the equipment performance and reduces its reliability and operation life.To simulate the erosion mechanism in slurry equip-ments mainly in casing and impeller,the Coriolis erosion test rig on the lines pro-posed by Pagalthivarthi and Helmly (1992)has been suitably modified and fabricated to undertake a comprehensive study on different materials.In the present experimental study,systematic experiments have been conducted on brass and mild steel specimen to establish the effect of solid particle size,solid concentration and rotational speed on wear.Slurries of fly ash (FA)and mixtures of fly ash (FA)and bottom ash (BA)in the ratio 4:1and 3:2have been used at different concentra-tions in the range of 20to 65%(by weight).The test results obtained in terms of weight loss have shown that wear has a strong dependence on size of the solid particles and rotational speed where as its variation with solid concentration is close to linear.

Keywords coal ash,Coriolis wear test,erosion in slurry pumps,slurry

1.Introduction

The erosion wear in slurry pumps has been identified as a major problem during transportation of slurry as it affects the equipment performance and reduces its reliability and operation life.In centrifugal pumps,casing and impeller undergo both cutting and deformation wear due to the solid-liquid flow.Erosion wear studies at in situ conditions or in the pilot plant test loops are cumbersome,time consuming and expensive.Over the years,various bench scale setups have been developed to simu-late the erosion mechanism at the laboratory scale namely pot tester (Tsai et al.1981),rotary pipe wear test rig,jet impingement tester (Li et al.1981),etc.These equipments have limitations in simulating the erosion wear in rotating components of a pump mainly impeller resulting in the development of Coriolis slurry erosion test apparatus.The first such erosion test rig was proposed and developed by Tuzson and Scheibe-Powell (1984).They found that centrifugal pump casings and impeller undergo cutting and deformation wear due to solid-liquid flow and thus,the Coriolis

Address correspondence to Sunil Chandel,Department of Mechanical Engineering,DIAT (DU),Pune–411025,India.E-mail:suniliitd2003@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/012156770.html,

Particulate Science and Technology ,30:179–195,2012Copyright #Taylor &Francis Group,LLC ISSN:0272-6351print =1548-0046online DOI:

10.1080/02726351.2010.523926

180S.Chandel et al.

wear tester can be used to simulate cutting wear in slurry pump components. Further,Pagalthivarthi and Helmly(1992)modified the Coriolis wear test equip-ment,originally proposed by Tuzson and Scheibe-Powell(1984)to obtain measur-able wear rates on test specimen.

Clark,Hawthorne,et al.(1999)have investigated wear rate and specific energies of some ceramic and metallic coatings in the Coriolis erosion tester.They used aque-ous slurry of80grit crushed alumina at C w?10%(by weight).They compared the Coriolis test results with those for slurry jet erosion.They concluded that Coriolis erosion tester provides a simple,rapid,and very effective means for measuring the relative erosion resistances of materials to low angle impact erosion as compared to slurry jet https://www.wendangku.net/doc/012156770.html,ter,Clark,Tuzson,et al.(2000)measured specific energies for erosive wear using the same Coriolis erosion tester.They have presented the results of variation of wear with velocity and slurry concentration on aluminium and two types of steels.

Hawthorne et al.(2003)have modified the Coriolis erosion tester for improved modeling of slurry dynamics.They have modified the rotor specimen holder assembly to provide better control of the slurry flow over and along test specimen surface.They have performed preliminary tests at various solid concentrations of alumina in the range of5to15%by weight on mild steel and WC-10Ni specimens. They found that basic wear pattern of all specimens matched very well and wear pro-gression was clear and consistent.Tian,Addie,and Pagalthivarthi(2005)conducted experiments on Coriolis wear test rig for different slurry conditions over a large range of particle sizes.They used wear resistant white iron alloy as target material and slurries of silica sand and copper ore in the study.They found that the size, shape,and size distribution of solid particles have tremendous influence on wear results of target materials since larger and more angular particles generate higher wear damage on https://www.wendangku.net/doc/012156770.html,ter,Tian,Addie,and Barsh(2007)have developed a new impact erosion testing set up through Coriolis approach.The new set up pro-vides flexibility of broad impact angles and improves effectiveness and control of erosive wear on test specimen.They have performed preliminary tests at925rpm and12.1%volume concentration of silica sand slurry on aluminium specimen.

Researchers(Tuzson and Scheibe-Powell1984;Pagalthivarthi and Helmly1992; Clark,Hawthorne,et al.1999;Clarke,Tuzson,et al.2000;Hawthorne et al.2003; Tian,Addie,and Pagalthivarthi2005;Tian,Addie,and Barsh2007)over the years have identified erosion wear as a basic design problem for centrifugal pump casing and impeller due to its complex dependence on solid concentration,rotation speed, particle size and shape,pump material,etc.Literature review reveals that researchers have been partially successful in establishing the dependence of erosion wear on these flow parameters,namely solid concentration,particle size and rotational speed. The lack of full understanding of the complexities involved in solid-liquid flows and the mechanism of erosion wear has motivated us to undertake a study in the Coriolis wear tester.Review of literature has also revealed that no comprehensive study on Indian fly ash slurries has been undertaken to establish the dependence of erosion wear on all the flow parameters.

Therefore,in the present experimental study,a Coriolis wear test rig on the lines proposed by Pagalthivarthi and Helmly(1992)has been suitably modified and fabricated to undertake a comprehensive study on different materials.Systematic experiments have been conducted on brass and mild steel specimen to establish the effect of solid particle size,solid concentration and rotational speed on wear.

Erosion Wear in a Centrifugal Slurry Pump181 Slurries of fly ash and mixtures of FA and BA in the ratio4:1and3:2have been used at different concentrations.

2.Description of the Coriolis Wear Tester

The Coriolis wear test rig consists of a rotating cylindrical bowl(Figure1a)having a diameter of250mm and height of160mm.Four detachable arms or specimen holders are located at equidistance from each after on the cylindrical bowl and also at the same radial distance from the axis of rotation.The main feature of this test rig is that in one test,up to four different specimens,each of different materials can be tested.The specimen holder is a machined stainless steel tube with a wear resistant Teflon mold(Figure1b).The mold cavity is T-shaped with a flow passage adjacent to the specimen.The dimension of the flow passage for slurry is 6.4mm?12.7mm?90mm.The wear specimen are placed some distance downstream of the inlet to eliminate entrance effects.A steel shaft having a diameter of40mm is fixed to the bowl,which is supported on two bearings.The cylindrical bowl is driven by an induction motor(M=s Kirloskar Brothers Limited,Pune,India)of1.5HP having rated speed of1440rpm through a four step V-belt pulley system to achieve rota-tional speeds of600,1100,1440,and1780rpm,respectively.Only the first two speeds have been used in the present study.The assembled system had a water tight lid of12mm thick perspex sheet to allow visual observation.A rotary seal was pro-vided in the perspex lid in order for the slurry inlet pipe to pass through.

The schematic layout of the erosion wear rig developed is shown in Figure1c. The main components of the wear rig are slurry mixing tank with stirrer arrange-ment,pipeline,slurry pump,flow measuring device,efflux sampler,rotating bowl, and valves.The rig consists of a closed circuit system in which the slurry is prepared in the hopper shaped slurry tank.The slurry tank is made of4mm thick stainless steel sheet and has an overall height of1.0m.The slurry from the tank is sucked by a centrifugal pump(M=s Sam Turbo Industries Limited,Coimbatore,India) and delivered into the cylindrical bowl.The pump is driven by an induction motor of5HP(M=s Kirloskar Brothers Limited).The flow rate in the loop can be varied over a wide range by suitably operating the plug valves provided in the pipe loop and the bypass pipeline.The operation of the bypass line also helps in keeping the slurry well mixed in the mixing tank.For continuous monitoring of the flow rate,a pre-calibrated electro-magnetic flow meter(Toshniwal Limited,Chennai,India) was installed in the vertical section of the delivery pipe.The accuracy of flow rate measurement by electro-magnetic flow meter was of the order of?2.0%.Velocity of the slurry in the specimen holder was calculated by the total flow rate at given solid concentration.The test loop is provided with an efflux sampler fitted with a plug valve in the vertical pipe section near the discharge end of the pump for collec-tion of the slurry sample to monitor the solid concentration.The absolute error in the measurement of solid concentration was less than?1%.

The average erosion wear is obtained by measuring the weight loss of the speci-men during a specified time duration of the test.During operation of the Coriolis wear rig,the cylindrical bowl rotates and the slurry enters each of the four specimen holders=channels.The slurry flows along the channel,rubbing against the wear specimen causing wear of the specimens.The slurry flowing out from the channels is collected in the tank with sloping bottom and recycled through the wear test rig.

Figure 1.Details of the coriolis wear test rig:(a)cylindrical bowl assembly;(b)dimensions of the flow passage;(c)schematic diagram of the Coriolis erosion wear rig.

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Erosion Wear in a Centrifugal Slurry Pump183

2.1.Test Specimen

For the study of erosion wear studies,two materials namely brass and mild steel were selected.Brass was selected for its ductility and stiffness as erosion wear for such materials is https://www.wendangku.net/doc/012156770.html,d steel was selected to represent the commonly used pipe material for the slurry pumps and pipelines.The wear specimens were fitted into the slots provided in the flow channels for this purpose.The dimensions of each test specimen were66.5?19.1?6.4mm.The actual wear surface area for each specimen was12.7?66.5mm.When the test specimens are in place,the slurry flows radially outward in a uniform rectangular channel of12.7?6.4mm cross section.The surface of the test specimen forms one of the vertical faces of the channel.The properties of the two materials used as wear test specimen were as follows: Brass:Specific Gravity?8.50

Rockwell Hardness No.?66(Scale-B)

Mild Steel:Specific Gravity?7.86

Rockwell Hardness No.?90(Scale-B)

3.Properties of Material Used

Standard methods were followed to determine the particle size distribution,specific gravity of solids and static settled concentration of slurry.Following three samples of coal ash from a thermal power plant have been used for preparing slurry:

i.fly ash(FA)

ii.mixture of fly ash(FA)and bottom ash(BA)(4:1)

iii.mixture of fly ash(FA)and bottom ash(BA)(3:2).

The physical properties of fly ash and mixture of fly ash and bottom ash(4:1) and(3:2)samples have been given in Tables1–3.It is seen that the specific gravity of these materials is found to be in the range of1.992to2.10.The comparison of settling characteristics of the slurries in Figure2shows that the settling rate of the samples follow similar pattern except for FA and BA mixture in the ratio of(3:2). This slurry settles at a much faster rate.This is due to the presence of larger number of coarse particles in the FA and BA mixture of(3:2),which increases the settling rate of particles.The final static settled concentration by weight for fly ash sample is58%whereas for4:1FA and BA mixture,it is60%and the same for the3:2 FA and BA mixture,is63.1%.The particle size distribution for fly ash shows that the largest particle size is300m m and86%particles are finer than75m m.The weighted mean size(d wm)and the(d50)of the fly ash particles were40and25m m. respectively.which show that the fly ash particles are largely in the category of fine particles(Figure3).The particle size distribution of the mixture FA and BA(4:1) shows that the largest particle size is850m m and68%particles are finer than 75m m.The weighted mean size(d wm)and the(d50)of the mixture of FA and BA (4:1)particles are85and75m m,respectively.The particle size distribution of the mixture of FA and BA(3:2)shows that the largest particle size is850m m and36% particles are finer than75m m.The weighted mean size(d wm)and the(d50)of the FA and BA(3:2)particles are185and135m m,respectively.

T a b l e 1.P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f f l y a s h (S o u r c e :T P S ,B a d a r p u r )

a )S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f f l y a s h ?1.992

b )S e t t l i n g

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s u s p e n s i o n (i n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n C w ?30.0%b y w e i g h t )T i m e (m i n u t e s )01=41=211.525102*********e t t l e

d c o n c

e n t r a t i o n (%b y w t )30.030.6131.031.2531.9132.033.30

35.040.6050.8558.058.0

c )P a r t i c l e S i z e D i s t r i b u t i o n (%f i n e r b y w e i g h t )i z e (m m )30020010075.464.0

49.7640.9436.1023.5817.2412.579.104.25%f i n e r 10097.290.185.8

69.863.1060.4455.12

42.6628.4416.08.334.23

W e i g h t e d m e a n d i a m e t e r ,d w m ?40m m .M e d i a n d i a m e t e r ,d 50?25m m .

T a b l e 2.P h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f m i x t u r e o f F A a n d B A (4:1)(S o u r c e :T P S ,B a d a r p u r )

a )S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y ?2.010

b )S e t t l i n g

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s u s p e n s i o n (i n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n C w ?30.0%b y w e i g h t )T i m e (m i n u t e s )01=41=211.525102*********e t t l e

d c o n c

e n t r a t i o n (%b y w t .)30.030.6131.2531.5831.9132.2635.30

41.1051.7260.060.060.0

c )P a r t i c l e s i z e

d i s t r i b u t i o n (%f i n

e r b y w e i g h t )i z e (m m )850600300210

1501067553382818%f i n e r 10099.593.0

88.581.071.368.0

55.543.029.08.0

W e i g h t e d m e a n d i a m e t e r ,d w m ?85m m .M e d i a n d i a m e t e r ,d 50?75m m .

4.Range of Parameters Studied

The present study has been carried out with three different samples of coal ash,the properties of which have been already explained in the previous section.Erosion wear for two brass and two mild steel test pieces has been evaluated for fly ash slur-ries as well as mixture of FA and BA slurries in the ratio 4:1and 3:2.The ranges of parameters investigated are given in Table 4.For each sample,experiments have been conducted at various solid concentrations in the range 20to 65%(by weight)and two rotational speeds of cylindrical bowl,namely,600and 1100rpm.The flow rate of the slurry was in the range of 5.5?0.5m 3=hr for all the samples at all solid concentrations and rotational speeds.The velocity of the slurry passing through the specimen was in the range of 4.7?0.4m =s for all the samples tested.

5.Experimental Procedure

Systematic experiments have been conducted on brass and mild steel test pieces for all the three particulate slurries in the Coriolis wear test rig at ambient temperature.The erosion wear was determined by measuring the average weight loss of the

test

Figure 2.Settling characteristics of coal ash slurries.

Table 3.Physical properties of mixture of FA and BA (3:2)(Source:TPS,Badarpur)(a)Specific gravity of solids ?2.10

(b)Settling characteristics of the suspension (initial concentration C w ?30.0%by weight)Time (minutes)01=41=21 1.525102*********Settled concentration

30.030.831.932.633.734.939.246.355.263.163.163.1(c)Particle size distribution (%finer by weight)Size (mm)8506003002101501067553382818%finer 10094.582.170.157.546.435.626.318.210.2 4.5

Weighted mean diameter,d wm ?185(m,d 50?135(m.

186S.Chandel et al.

specimen after running the test for a total time period of 90minutes.Weight loss was measured in an electronic balance (Precisa,XB 220A)having a least count of 0.1mg.This ensured accurate measurement of erosion wear.Proper care was taken to clean the specimen which involved washing with tap water,rinsing in acetone and drying in a hot air oven between each weighing.The variation in weight loss of the two wear pieces at any given operating condition was within ?5%.In order to assess the repeatability of the measurements,the weight losses of the specimen were measured repeatedly for 50%solid concentration (by weight)for each sample.Table 5shows the repeatability test of weight losses on both the specimen at 50%solid concen-tration for mixture of FA and BA (4:1)slurry at 1100rpm.It was observed that there is only marginal difference in the measured weight loss of the two specimens in any given experiment and hence,the measurements can be taken as repeatable.From the repeatability tests it was observed that the maximum deviation was ?10%in the weight loss values.During each test,care was taken to ensure that the level of the slurry in the rotating cylindrical bowl remained constant so that flow rate passing through the specimen holder =channels is constant.

6.Results and Discussion

Data obtained on erosion wear in the Coriolis wear test rig are presented graphically in Figures 4and 5.Researchers (Tuzson and Scheibe-Powell 1984;

Pagalthivarthi Figure 3.Particle size distribution of coal ash samples.

Table 4.Range of parameters covered in the Coriolis wear study S.no.Material used and particle size (d 50)Solid concentration (%by weight)Rotation speed of bowl (rpm)1FA,d 50?25m m

20,30,40,50,60,&65600&11002FA and BA (4:1),d 50?75m m 20,30,40,50,60,&65600&11003

FA and BA (3:2),d 50?135m m

20,30,40,50,60,&65

600&1100

Erosion Wear in a Centrifugal Slurry Pump 187

188S.Chandel et al.

Table5.Repeatability test of specimen weight loss at1100rpm

S.no.Brass Mild steel

1342.3250.3

2372.0270.1

3340.7225.2

Average351.67248.53

%Error?10?9

Material?mixture of FA and BA(4:1);duration of test run?90min-

utes;flow rate?5.5m3=hr;solid concentration?50%(by wt.);velocity of

slurry passing through specimen?4.70m=s.

and Helmly1992;Clark,Hawthorne,et al.1999;Clarke,Tuzson,et al.2000; Hawthorne et al.2003)have found that the solid concentration,particle size distri-bution,and rotational speeds are some of the major factors that determine the abra-sivity of the slurry.Thus,the emphasis of the present discussion is directed toward highlighting the effect of these parameters on the erosion wear.

6.1.Preliminary Experiments

Preliminary experiments were performed in the Coriolis wear test rig for fly ash slurry and mixture of FA and BA slurry in the ratio4:1and3:2,respectively,at 30%solid concentration(by weight).Figure6depicts the variation of erosion wear as a function of time at rotational speed of1100rpm for brass specimen for all the three slurry samples.The erosion wear was measured every30minutes for a total of 90minutes.It is seen that the weight loss increases linearly with time for all the sam-ples.During each test run,efflux samples were collected at regular time intervals. These samples were analyzed for efflux concentration,settling characteristics and particle size distribution.Table6shows the particle size distribution of mixture of FA and BA(4:1)slurry at50%solid concentration after three test runs.The particle size distribution shows that even after three runs there is no significant change in particle size distribution.Further,the analysis of particle size distribution of all the samples showed that during the test,the coal ash slurry is not prone to any sig-nificant attrition.Based on these experiments,it was concluded that same slurry could be used for the total duration of the each test run.

6.2.Effect of Various Parameters on Erosion Wear

The erosion wear rate studies have been conducted in the Coriolis wear test rig for each sample at two rotational speeds of bowl and at six concentrations.For each combination of concentration and rotational speed,the test rig was run for90min-utes to ensure reasonable amount of wear.The flow rate of the slurry was main-tained in the range of5.0?0.5m3=hr during the experiment.Figsures4and5 present the variation of wear with solid concentration for different samples of slurry. Figures4a and4b show that wear increases with increase in solid concentration for all the three samples at a given rotational speed(600rpm).For fly ash slurry at C?20%,the weight loss for brass specimen is28.2mg whereas at C?65%,the

weight loss is 80.3mg at 600rpm.For same slurry at C w ?20%,the weight loss for mild steel specimen is 20.2mg and at C w ?65%,the weight loss is 54.3mg at 600rpm.Hence,wear increases by 65%for brass and 62%for mild steel when solid concen-tration increases from 20to 65%by weight.Similar trends were observed for mixture of FA and BA slurries in the ratio 4:1and 3:2.It is seen that when solid concen-tration for FA and BA (4:1)slurry increases from 20to 65%by weight,erosion wear increases by 71%and 66%for brass and mild steel specimens respectively at 600rpm.Variations of erosion wear with solid concentration for mixture of FA and BA (3:2)slurry for both the specimens is also presented in Figures 4a and 4b and it is seen that erosion wear increases by 75and 73%for brass and mild steel respectively when solid concentration increases from 20to 65%by weight at 600rpm.Hence,erosion

wear

Figure 4.Variation of erosion wear with solid concentration for three different samples of ash:(a)brass;(b)mild steel.

Erosion Wear in a Centrifugal Slurry Pump 189

increases with increase in solid concentration for a given slurry sample for 600rpm.A simple calculation shows that as solid concentration increases,the number of solid particles per unit volume of the slurry also increases.The variation in number of solid particles per unit volume and solid concentration is almost linear.Hence,wear loss is directly proportional to number of solid particle per unit volume of the slurry and therefore it can be concluded that erosion wear increases with increase in solid concentration due to the fact that as the concentration increases,a relatively larger number of solid particles slide over the wear specimen surface at any time which leads to increase in cutting wear of

material.

Figure 5.Variation of erosion wear with solid concentration for three different samples of ash:(a)brass;(b)mild steel.

190S.Chandel et al.

Figure 6.Variation of wear with time for brass at 1100rpm (C w ?30%):(a)fly ash slurry;Erosion Wear in a Centrifugal Slurry Pump 191

192S.Chandel et al.

Table6.Particle size distribution of mixture of FA and BA(4:1)

slurry after three test runs

%Finer by weight

Size(m m)I II III

850100100100

60099.5100100

30093.094.195.3

21088.590.091.4

15081.082.183.5

10671.372.372.3

7568.069.269.8

5355.556.356.9

3843.044.544.7

2829.030.331.2

188.09.09.5

Duration of each test run?90minutes;rotational speed?1100rpm;

flow rate?5.5m3=hr;avg.velocity?4.7m=s.

Similarly Figures5a and5b present the erosion wear for the specimens of brass and steel for all three slurry samples at1100rpm,respectively.For fly ash slurry at 600rpm and C w?20%,the erosion wear is28.2mg whereas for the same solid con-centration at1100rpm,the erosion wear is70.2mg for brass specimen.Similar trend is seen for mild steel specimen also.At C w?20%and600rpm,the erosion wear is 20.5mg for fly ash slurry whereas at same concentration,the erosion wear is 50.4mg at1100rpm for mild steel specimen.The results for mixture of FA and BA slurries in the ratio of4:1show that in the solid concentration range of20to 65%(by weight)when rpm is increased from600to1100rpm,the erosion wear increases in the range of100to170%and100to180%for brass specimen and mild steel specimen respectively.Similarly for mixture of FA and BA(3:2)slurries,the erosion wear increases by100to220%and100to130%for brass specimen and mild steel specimen respectively when rpm is increased from600to1100rpm at various solid concentrations in the range of20to65%(by weight).Hence,it is seen that the erosion wear has a strong dependence on rotational speed as compared to solid concentration.It is to be noted that flow rate of slurry has been maintained approxi-mately constant thereby maintaining the average velocity of the slurry in the channel nearly same for all runs.The increase in the wear with higher rotational speed can be directly attributed to the increase in the Coriolis force which causes the particles to press against the surface of the specimen with higher force.It is also seen that the erosion wear for brass specimen is always higher as compared to mild steel specimen at a given solid concentration and slurry sample.This is expected as mild steel is harder in comparison to brass.

Further,the particle size and shape of solids are the other major factors affecting the abrasivity of the slurry and the final wear on a test specimen.Hence,the effect of particle size distribution on erosion wear has been analyzed.From Figures4and5, which depict the erosion wear for three slurries namely fly ash slurry(d50?25m m), mixture of FA and BA(4:1)slurry(d?75m m)and mixture of FA and BA(3:2)

slurry(d50?135m m)the effect of particle size on erosion wear is clearly observed.It is seen that erosion wear increases with increase in particle size(d50)of the solids.In order to quantify the effect of particle size(d50)on erosion wear,cross plots have been generated and are shown in Figure7.Variation of erosion wear with particle size(d50)at C w?50%for both the specimens at two different rotational speeds shows that a five-fold increase in the increase in particle size increases the wear by 300%for brass specimen,350%for mild steel specimen at600rpm for solid concen-tration of50%by weight.For1100rpm,same trend is seen with increase being300% for brass and250%for mild steel for the same increase in particle size.From the

Table1,it is seen that fly ash has fine particles and86%particles are finer

than

Figure7.Variation of wear with particle size at C?50%.

Erosion Wear in a Centrifugal Slurry Pump193

194S.Chandel et al.

75m m.In mixture of FA and BA(4:1),68%particles are finer than75m m whereas for the other mixture of FA and BA(3:2)shows that only36%particles are finer than75m m.Thus,the particle size and distribution of all three samples differ con-siderably and mixture of FA and BA(3:2)are largely in the category of coarse par-ticles.For a given solid concentration,the coarser particle means higher abrasive slurry since coarse particles have larger mass.Hence,FA and BA(3:2)slurry having more irregular shaped coarser particles causes higher wear as compared to other two slurries.

7.Concluding Remarks

Results obtained from the experiments have shown that the Coriolis wear tester can be used successfully to estimate the effect of rotation on the erosion resistance of the materials.These results can be applied to predict the life of rotating parts in a cen-trifugal slurry pump.Experiments have been conducted to establish the effect of solid concentration,particle size distribution,and rotational speed on erosion wear for two materials namely brass and mild steel.Based on the present studies the following conclusions are drawn:

1.Studies on erosion wear have shown that wear has a strong dependence on

rotational speed,particle size and solid concentration.

2.Erosion wear increases with increase in solid concentration for a given sample and

rotational speed.When the fly ash slurry concentration increases from20%to 65%by weight the increment in erosion wear at600rpm is around65%and 62%for brass and mild steel,respectively.Similar trends were also observed for mixture of FA and BA slurries in the ratio4:1and3:2.Increase in the rota-tional speed from600to1100rpm results in a large increase in wear rate.

3.The size,shape,and size distribution of solid particles have tremendous influence

on erosion wear of specimens.The larger and more angular particles generate higher wear on materials i.e.,the variation of erosion wear with particle size (d50)at C w?50%for both the specimens at600rpm shows that a fivefold increase in the particle size increases in the wear by300%for brass specimen and350%for mild steel specimen.

4.The study has demonstrated the capability of the Coriolis wear test rig to quantify

the effect of various factors on wear resistance of materials in the presence of rotation.Further,the set-up can be used to study the effectiveness of different wear resistant surfaces.The equipment can also be used to decide the maximum rotational speed of the pumps for ensuring the desired life of the pump.It is not possible to propose general correlations on the basis of limited experimental data presented in this article.Obviously more elaborate experiments with different materials need to be conducted over wide range of parameters before quantitative relationships for the dependence of wear rate on various factors can be proposed. Nomenclature

BA bottom ash

C w efflux concentration of solids(by weight)

D diameter of pipe(m)

d50median particle diameter(m m)

d weighted mean diameter(m m)

Erosion Wear in a Centrifugal Slurry Pump195 FA fly ash

Q flow rate(m3=s)

x rotational speed of the cylindrical bowl(rpm)

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个人先进事迹简介 01 在思想政治方面,xxxx同学积极向上,热爱祖国、热爱中国共产党,拥护中国共产党的领导.利用课余时间和党课机会认真学习政治理论,积极向党组织靠拢. 在学习上,xxxx同学认为只有把学习成绩确实提高才能为将来的实践打下扎实的基础,成为社会有用人才.学习努力、成绩优良. 在生活中,善于与人沟通,乐观向上,乐于助人.有健全的人格意识和良好的心理素质和从容、坦诚、乐观、快乐的生活态度,乐于帮助身边的同学,受到师生的好评. 02 xxx同学认真学习政治理论,积极上进,在校期间获得原院级三好生,和校级三好生,优秀团员称号,并获得三等奖学金. 在学习上遇到不理解的地方也常常向老师请教,还勇于向老师提出质疑.在完成自己学业的同时,能主动帮助其他同学解决学习上的难题,和其他同学共同探讨,共同进步. 在社会实践方面,xxxx同学参与了中国儿童文学精品“悦”读书系,插画绘制工作,xxxx同学在班中担任宣传委员,工作积极主动,认真负责,有较强的组织能力.能够在老师、班主任的指导下独立完成学院、班级布置的各项工作. 03 xxx同学在政治思想方面积极进取,严格要求自己.在学习方面刻苦努力,不断钻研,学习成绩优异,连续两年荣获国家励志奖学金；作

为一名学生干部,她总是充满激情的迎接并完成各项工作,荣获优秀团干部称号.在社会实践和志愿者活动中起到模范带头作用. 04 xxxx同学在思想方面,积极要求进步,为人诚实,尊敬师长.严格要求自己.在大一期间就积极参加了党课初、高级班的学习,拥护中国共产党的领导,并积极向党组织靠拢. 在工作上,作为班中的学习委员,对待工作兢兢业业、尽职尽责的完成班集体的各项工作任务.并在班级和系里能够起骨干带头作用.热心为同学服务,工作责任心强. 在学习上,学习目的明确、态度端正、刻苦努力,连续两学年在班级的综合测评排名中获得第1.并荣获院级二等奖学金、三好生、优秀班干部、优秀团员等奖项. 在社会实践方面,积极参加学校和班级组织的各项政治活动,并在志愿者活动中起到模范带头作用.积极锻炼身体.能够处理好学习与工作的关系,乐于助人,团结班中每一位同学,谦虚好学,受到师生的好评. 05 在思想方面,xxxx同学积极向上,热爱祖国、热爱中国共产党,拥护中国共产党的领导.作为一名共产党员时刻起到积极的带头作用,利用课余时间和党课机会认真学习政治理论. 在工作上,作为班中的团支部书记,xxxx同学积极策划组织各类团活动,具有良好的组织能力. 在学习上,xxxx同学学习努力、成绩优良、并热心帮助在学习上有困难的同学,连续两年获得二等奖学金. 在生活中,善于与人沟通,乐观向上,乐于助人.有健全的人格意识和良好的心理素质.

跨文化情景剧剧本

《跨文化沟通》情景剧第一幕时间：早上地点：某跨国公司会客大厅人物：跨国公司子公司负责人——A日本人（饰演者：） B美国人（饰演者：） C中国人（饰演者：） D阿拉伯人（饰演者：） E泰国人（饰演者：） F英国人总裁（饰演者：） G接引日本人（饰演者：） — （旁白）某跨国大公司出现大危机，来自各国分公司的负责人纷纷赶回英国到总部会面进行商务会谈。会谈时间定为早上9点，现在是8点30分。（CEO坐在办公室，一边批阅文件，一边等待其他子公司的负责人到来）接引日本人：（“咚咚咚”敲门后开门）先生，有一部分子公司负责人已经到达会场了。英国人总裁：好的，谢谢，我这就过去。接引日本人：（深深鞠躬后，退出办公室，并小声地关上门。）（旁白）此时，各子公司的负责人相继进入会场。美国人B：（热情地走向第一个到达的日本人A，伸出手）你好，第一次见面。

日本人A：（朝向美国人B，弯腰鞠躬）阁下，你好，请多指教。美国人B：（手悬在空中，略显尴尬）你好，你好。日本人A：（见此状，连忙握手）抱歉，先生，实在抱歉。请多指教。（又弯腰鞠躬一次）阿拉伯人D：（D进入的同时E也到了，D看见老朋友E，高兴地到E面前，右手扶住对方的左肩，左手搂抱对方腰部，然后，按照先左后右的顺序，贴面三次，即左——右—— 左。在贴面的同时）艾赫兰——艾赫兰——艾赫兰（即“你好”）最近怎么样啊！（后嘴里发出亲吻的声音）】泰国人E：（虽然习惯了，但还是表现出很无奈的样子，后双手合十，举于胸前，朝向三人，面带微笑）萨瓦滴卡。（转过身面向 D）还好，这把老骨头还能在商场战几年，哈哈哈。阿拉伯D：（D搂着E，朝向A、B也热情地迎上去，伸手）（“你好”）你们那边还好吗日本人A：（握手）你好啊。我还好。公司还能正常运转。阿拉伯人D说话时眼睛紧紧盯着日本人A的眼睛，这让日本人A很不自在，很勉强地看了一眼阿拉伯人，就把头低了下去。美国人B：（握手）你好，阁下。我们这次来不就是为了让它变得更好吗中国人C：（看了看手表，嘀咕了一句“还好只是迟到了一点点”后，整理整理服装进入会场）抱歉，各位，你们好，我来晚了。

大学跨文化沟通重点

P4外在文化：外在文化指文化外显的一面,是可以感知、识别的,或可通过文字记载而获得，一切文化现象，即包括文化行为在内的各种文化事、物，都属于外在文化。 P4内在文化：内在文化指文化内隐的面，从文字记载中不能直接感知和识别，包括人们作出决定、完成任务、衡量事物的重要性和把知识概念化的方式以及怎样对于种种限制作出反应。 P4交互性文化：在沟通的平台上，双方都能对彼此言行中的文化暗示做出反应，并且以此来修正自己的行为，这样就形成了一种交互性文化。 P6文化：文化是群体成员连贯一致的、后天习得的、群体共享的观念，人们藉此决定事情的轻重缓急，就事情的适宜性表明自己的态度，并决定和支配后续的行为。文化的三个特点： 1、连贯一致的：每一种文化，不管是，去的还是现在的，都具有一致性和完整性，即文化也是一种完整的宇宙观，如果群体成员从自己狭隘的宇宙观出发，就很有可能看不到在自己“统一的、持久的愿景”中所缺少的东西； 2、后天习得的：文化并不是天生的，而是通过学习掌握的。同样如果要了解其他文化，就要通过学习来掌握，不只是浅尝辄止，而要深入学习，并按其行为准则来规范自己的行为； 3、群体共享的观念：文化是为社会所共享的。社会成员在事物的含义的以及这种含义的归因上达成了共识。社会被共同的价值观所驱动，同一文化背景中的人员共享该文化的各种符号、标识。文化的三个功能： 1、文化决定事情的轻重缓急。 2、文化决定态度，态度是通过学习而形成的，它是对事物的总体评价 3、文化支配行为，人们的行为直接受到价值观的支配，直接来源于对事物价值的判断 P16文化休克：文化休克指的是在一段时间里出现的一系列反应，是一种混乱感、一种心理甚至是生理上的问题，这些问题都是源于在其它文化中求生的欲望引发调整和改变自己的努力所带来的压力。 P18反文化休克：旅居国外的人回到祖国以后，常常会出现一段与在国外相似的调整和适应期，以及伴随而来的一些类似的症状。 P24刻板印象：当我们面对陌生的或者复杂的事物时，我们对其产生的固定的，僵化的印象。P27文化智力：一个人成功地适应新文化环境的能力。 P30跨文化沟通：通常是指不同文化背景的人之间发生的沟通行为。因为地域不同、种族不同等因素导致文化差异，因此，跨文化沟通可能发生在国际间，也能发生在不同的文化群体之间。问题二P32高语境文化：，有较多的信息量由情景而不是语言方式来进行传达。特点：晦涩的，间接的，暗指的低语境文化：大多数信息都是通过外在的语言方式来进行传达。特点：明确的，直接的，完全用词语表达 P36 问题三P43语言文化的关系：语言与文化的关系：语言与文化相互交织在一起，相互影响，密不可分。语言能够帮助我们同不同文化背景的人进行沟通，文化认知对语言的运用也十分必要。 1、语言反映环境，语言可以折射出我们的生活环境，我们用语言描述身边的事物。（如“雪”）同时环境影响词汇的发展； 2、语言体现价值观，在与来自其他文化背景的人沟通时，我们要把异国语言文化中的概念用适合国人价值观排序的方式准确翻译出来。进行思想沟通，文化知识与语言知识是同等重

跨文化沟通案例

（一）典型案例：飞利浦照明公司某区人力资源的一名美国籍副总裁与一位被认为具有发展潜力的中国员工交谈。他很想听听这位员工对自己今后五年的职业发展规划以及期望达到的位置。中国员工并没有正面回答问题，而是开始谈论起公司未来的发展方向、公司的晋升体系，以及目前他本人在组织中的位置等等，说了半天也没有正面回答副总裁的问题。副总裁有些疑惑不解，没等他说完已经不耐烦了。同样的事情之前已经发生了好几次。谈话结束后，副总裁忍不住想人力资源总监抱怨道：“我不过是想知道这位员工对于自己未来五年发展的打算，想要在飞利浦做到什么样的职位而已，可为什么就不能得到明确的回答呢？”“这位老外总裁怎么这样咄咄逼人？”谈话中受到压力的员工也向人力资源总监诉苦。（二）案例中的文化差异对沟通产生的影响分析在该案例中，副总裁是美国籍人，而那位员工则是中国籍。显然，对于出生于两个不同的国度的人，中美之间思维方式、生活习惯、文化背景、教育程度、文化差异等多个方面都存在着显著的差异。正是由于这些文化差异的存在，才使得双方在沟通交流的过程中产生一系列障碍。案例中“中国员工并没有正面回答问题”，原因可能是多种多样的。（１）语言障碍、没有理解透彻美国副总裁所说话语的原意。中文和英文之间存在很大的差异，在我们学习英文的过程中我们可以体会到，对于一个中国人，要完全体会英文背后的文化是很困难的一件事。例如，“pull one's leg”本意是“开玩笑”，但我们很容易就理解成“拉后腿”的意思了。（２）思维方式明显不相同。假设这位中国员工从正面直接回答了副总的问题。比如，中国员工回答：“……想在五年之内作到营销部经理的职位。”很显然，按照中国人的传统心理，这样的回答违反了中国人一向谦虚、委婉的心理习惯。太直接反而暴露出自己很有野心，高傲自大的缺陷。谦虚也可以给自己留有后路，万一做不到那个理想的位子，也不至于丢面子，被人耻笑。恰恰相反，美国人一向简单明了，很直接，这也是他们一贯的思维方式。

优秀党务工作者事迹简介范文

优秀党务工作者事迹简介范文优秀党务工作者事迹简介范文 ***，男，198*年**月出生，200*年加入党组织，现为***支部书记。从事党务工作以来，兢兢业业、恪尽职守、辛勤工作，出色地完成了各项任务，在思想上、政治上同党中央保持高度一致，在业务上不断进取，团结同事，在工作岗位上取得了一定成绩。一、严于律己，勤于学习作为一名党务工作者，平时十分注重知识的更新，不断加强党的理论知识的学习，坚持把学习摆在重要位置，学习领会和及时掌握党和国家的路线、方针、政策，特别是党的十九大精神，注重政治理论水平的提高，具有坚定的理论信念;坚持党的基本路线，坚决执行党的各项方针政策，自觉履行党员义务，正确行使党员权利。平时注重加强业务和管理知识的学习，并运用到工作中去，不断提升自身工作能力，具有开拓创新精神，在思想上、政治上和行动上时刻同党中央保持高度一致。二、求真务实，开拓进取在工作中任劳任怨，踏实肯干，坚持原则，认真做好学院的党务工作，按照党章的要求，严格发展党员的每一个步骤，认真细致的对待每一份材料。配合党总支书记做好学院的党建工作，完善党总支建设方面的文件、材料和工作制度、管理制度等。

三、生活朴素，乐于助人平时重视与同事间的关系，主动与同事打成一片，善于发现他人的难处，及时妥善地给予帮助。在其它同志遇到困难时，积极主动伸出援助之手，尽自己最大努力帮助有需要的人。养成了批评与自我批评的优良作风，时常反省自己的工作，学习和生活。不但能够真诚的指出同事的缺点，也能够正确的对待他人的批评和意见。面对误解，总是一笑而过，不会因为误解和批评而耿耿于怀，而是诚恳的接受，从而不断的提高自己。在生活上勤俭节朴，不铺张浪费。身为一名老党员，我感到责任重大，应该做出表率，挤出更多的时间来投入到**党总支的工作中，不找借口，不讲条件，不畏困难，将总支建设摆在更重要的位置，解开工作中的思想疙瘩，为攻坚克难铺平道路，以支部为纽带，像战友一样团结，像家庭一样维系，像亲人一样关怀，践行入党誓言。把握机遇，迎接挑战，不负初心。

跨文化沟通复习

《跨文化沟通》考点整理一、名词解释 1．外在文化 2．内在文化 3．交易性文化 4．文化 5．高语境文化 6．低语境文化 7．个人主义 8．集体主义 9．权力距离 10．不确定性规避 11．不确定性容忍 12．男性化 13．女性化 14．副语言 15．空间语言二、论述题及简答题考点 1．文化的三个特点（连贯一致、后天习得、群体共享）及三个功能（决定事情的轻重缓急、政治因素就事情的适宜性表明自己的态度、决定和支配后续的行为）P4~8 2．高语境文化与低语境文化P19~20 3．语言反映环境P28~29 4．语言体现价值观P29 5．如何选择正确的语言（语言因素、商业因素、、适当的流利程度）P32~35 6．五个范畴（结合小结P72~73、P91重点复习） 7．副语言P120~121 8．在面对面沟通中的非言语行为习惯（七个方面，重点看“口头沟通中的话语权”、“空间语言”、“沉默”三个部分，注意区分不同文化差异的行为习惯P121~137） 9．如何表达尊重：权势地位、服饰作为权威的象征P140~142 10．绩效奖励P150~152 11．界定问题并解决问题（注意高低语境文化与集体主义和个人主义方面的差异阐述）P176~177 12．冲突管理（注意高低语境文化与集体主义和个人主义方面的的不同理解以及低语境文化对冲突管理方法的排次）P177~180 13．冲突沟通的策略（五点）P180~182 14．谈判要素（四个方面）P190~199 15．谈判的阶段划分（四个阶段）P200~205 《跨文化沟通》论述题及简答题语言归纳 1．文化的三个特点（连贯一致、后天习得、群体共享）及三个功能（决定事情的轻重缓急、就事情的适宜性表明自己的态度、决定和支配后续的行为）P4~8 文化的三个特点：

主要事迹简介怎么写(2020年最新)

主要事迹简介怎么写概括?简要地反映?个单位(集体)或个?事迹的材料。简要事迹不?定很短，如果情况多的话，也有?千字的。简要事迹虽然“简要”，但切忌语?空洞，写得像?学?期末鉴定。 ?应当以事实来说话。简要事迹是对某单位或个?情况概括?简要地反映情况，?如有三个??很突出，就写三个??，只是写某???时，要把主要事迹突出出来。简要事迹?般来说，?少要包括两个??的内容。?是基本情况。简要事迹开头，往往要??段?字来表述?些基本情况。如写?个单位的简要事迹，应包括这个单位的?员、承担的任务以及?段时间以来取得的主要成绩。如写个?的简要事迹，应包括该同志的性别、出?年?、参加?作时间、籍贯、民族、?化程度以及何时起任现职和主要成绩。这样上级组织在看了材料的开头，就会对这个单位或个?有?个基本印象。?是主要特点。这是简要事迹的主体部分，最突出的事例有?个??就写成?块，并按照?定的逻辑关系进 ?排列，把同类的事例排在?起，?个??通常由?个?然段或?个?然段组成。写作时，特别要注意以下四点： 1.?第三?称。就是把所要写的对象，是集体的?“他们”来表述，是个?的称之为“他(她)”。 (她)”，单位可直接写名称，个?可写其姓名。为了避免连续出现?个“他们”或“他 2.掌握好时限。?论是单位或个?的简要事迹，都有?个时间跨度，既不要扯得太远，也不要故意混淆时间概念，把过去的事当成现在的事写。这个时间跨度多长，要根据实际情况 ?定。如上级要某个同志担任乡长以来的情况就写他任乡长以来的事迹;上级要该同志两年来的情况，就写两年来的事迹。当然，有时为了需要，也可适当地写?点超过这个时间的背景情况。 3.?点他?的语?。就是在写简要事迹时，可?些群众的语?或有关?员的语?，这样会给??种?动、真切的感觉，衬托出写作对象?较?的思想境界。在?他?语?时，可适当加?，但不能造假。 4.?事实说话。简要事迹的每?个??可分为多个层次，?个层次先??句话作为观点，再???两个突出的事例来说明。?事实说话时，要尽量把?个事例说完整，以给?留下深刻印象。

译文对比分析

话说宝玉在林黛玉房中说"耗子精"，宝钗撞来，讽刺宝玉元宵不知"绿蜡"之典，三人正在房中互相讥刺取笑。杨宪益：Pao-yu，as we saw, was in Tai-yu?s room telling her the story about the rat spirits when Pao-chai burst in and teased him for forgetting the “green wax” allusion on the night of the Feast of Lanterns. 霍克斯: We have shown how Bao-yu was in Dai-yu?s room telling her the story of the magic mice; how Bao-Chai burst in on them and twitted Bao-yu with his failure to remember the …green wax? allusion on the night of the Lantern Festival; and how the three of them sat teasing each other with good-humored banter. 对比分析：杨宪益和霍克斯在翻译“耗子精”采用来了不同的处理方法，前者使用了异化”rat spirits”，后者用的是归化法”magic mice”,使用归化法更受英美读者的亲乃。但是二者同时采用了增译法，增添了the story，原文并没有。在翻译“宝玉不知绿烛之典”的“不知”，英文1用的是“forgetting”，而译文2用的是“with failure to ”，显然译文2更符合英美的表达习惯。那宝玉正恐黛玉饭后贪眠，一时存了食，或夜间走了困，皆非保养身体之法。幸而宝钗走来，大家谈笑，那林黛玉方不欲睡，自己才放了心。杨宪益：Pao-yu felt relieved as they laughed and made fun of each other, for he had feared that sleeping after lunch might give Tai-yu indigestion or insomnia that night, and so injure her health. Luckily Pao-chai?s arrival and the lively conversation that followed it had woken Tai-yu up. 霍克斯: Bao-yu had been afraid that by sleeping after her meal Dai-yu would give herself indigestion or suffer from insomnia through being insufficiently tired when she went to bed at night, but Bao-chai?s arrival and the lively conversation that followed it banished all Dai-yu?s desire to sleep and enabled him to lay aside his anxiety on her behalf. 对比分析：译文一对原文语序进行了调整，先说了“放心”，再说“担心”，但并不如不调整顺序的逻辑强。译文二只是用了一个“but”就把原文意思分层了两层，逻辑更加清晰，符合西方人注重逻辑的习惯。原文中的“谈笑”是动词，而两个译文版本都是译的“the lively conversation”，是名词，体现了汉语重动态，英文重静态的特点。忽听他房中嚷起来，大家侧耳听了一听，林黛玉先笑道："这是你妈妈和袭人叫嚷呢。那袭人也罢了，你妈妈再要认真排场她，可见老背晦了。" 杨宪益：Just then, a commotion broke out in Pao-yu?s apartments and three of th em pricked up their ears. “It?s your nanny scolding Hai-jen,” announced Tai-yu. “There?s nothing wrong with Hai-jen, yet your nanny is for ever nagging at her. Old age has befuddled her.”

《傲慢与偏见》译文对比分析

《傲慢与偏见》（节选一） Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen (An Except from Chapter One) 译文对比分析节选文章背景：小乡绅贝内特有五个待字闺中的千金，贝内特太太整天操心着为女儿物色称心如意的丈夫。新来的邻居宾利(Bingley)是个有钱的单身汉，他立即成了贝内特太太追猎的目标。 1.It’s a truth u niversally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. 译文一：凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的道理。译文二：有钱的单身汉总要娶位太太，这是一条举世公认的真理。 2.However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. 译文一：这样的单身汉，每逢新搬到一个地方，四邻八舍虽然完全不了解他的性情如何，见解如何，可是，既然这样的一条真理早已在人们心中根深蒂固，因此人们总是把他看作是自己某一个女儿理所应得的一笔财产。译文二：这条真理还真够深入人心的，每逢这样的单身汉新搬到一个地方，四邻八舍的人家尽管对他的性情见识一无所知，却把他视为某一个女儿的合法财产。 3.”My dear Mr. benne” said his lady to him one day ,”have you heard that nether field park is let at last?” 译文一：有一天班纳特太太对她的丈夫说：“我的好老爷，尼日斐花园终于租出去了，你听说过没有？” 译文二：“亲爱的贝特先生”一天，贝纳特太太对先生说：“你有没有听说内瑟费尔德庄园终于租出去了：” 4.Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. 译文一：纳特先生回答道，他没有听说过。译文二：纳特先生回答道，没有听说过。 5.”But it is,” returned she:” for Mrs. long has just been here, and she t old me all about it.” 译文一：“的确租出去了，”她说，“朗格太太刚刚上这来过，她把这件事情的底细，一五一十地都告诉了我。” 译文二：“的确租出去了，”太太说道。“朗太太刚刚来过，她把这事一五一十地全告诉我了。”