brand awareness revise

Introduction

Since the international market productivity has been in excess, the open markets have turned into the buyer’s markets. In the meantime, competition in the market has changed a lot. The competition of brand now is as important as the product itself. This essay will firstly discuss the basic introduction of the brand awareness. Following this it will explain the role of brand awareness in a company. Finally, it will present the brand management of multinational companies.

The basic introduction of the brand awareness

The brand awareness is the basic awareness of a company in its brand and the construction of it. It can reflect the values, the competition, the resources and the influence of the brand in the company. A company should know clearly about the influence of its enterprise, its products and the service it provided during the consumers’daily lives (Upshaw, 1993). The influence should lead to some loyalty, awareness and the desire to purchase. When they take measures to expand its influence, they have already built the awareness of their brand. The brand awareness is indispensable for a company in the highly competitive modern market.

The role of brand awareness in a company

Of course the brand awareness of a company can promote its sales. Science the brand is the core content of a product, the brand awareness is a powerful marketing tool. It can be more useful in many ways. As well, the exceptional awareness can be the guarantee of product value. A well known brand means a fixed quantity of consumers. And it is the consequence of a long time brand maintenance. Moreover, a strong awareness of the brand can raise the products’ prices, so the company can make more profit and can contribute to expand the scale of the company.

The brand management of multinational companies

All of the Top10 most valuable brands have a long history of building their brands. The brands are the most valuable assets of these well known multinational companies.

Many of them have maintained a brand for years and they attached great important on the relationship of trust between themselves and their consumers. As we all know, the Coca-Cola Company created its brand of Coca-Cola in the year of 1888(Kotter,2001). The company has not stop launching new marketing programs ever since its first product was made. The bottles and the advertising slogans of Coca-Cola can be the most familiar impression of consumers. It is one of the most important reasons why the company holds the biggest market share in the cola field.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the brand awareness should be paid more attention to and should be one of the business philosophies. A specialized team committing to brand maintaining is necessary to create a strong, clear and appealing brand. To enhance the visibility of the brand, they should have the knowledge and ability corresponding to the promotion. In long term, it is important to make the brand keep up with the pace of time.

Reference

Lynn, B.U. ( 1993 ). Shape the brand characteristics. New York: Appleton.

Philip Kotter. (2001). Principles of Marketin g.Boston: Macmillan.

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商务信函的翻译

商务信函的翻译 篇一：商务信函的翻译技巧 外教一对一 商务信函的翻译技巧 一、商务信函的翻译 商务信函在外贸往来中扮演交流协商、促进交易的角色。所以在商务信函的翻译中，不仅应强调译文在内容形式和文化上的准确，还要根据商务信函的风格和交际功能，使译文在风格特点和功能上与原文对等。在内容形式和文化方面，要求翻译时内容准确、形式规范，符合译人语的文化习惯;在风格和功能上，要求在译文中体现出商务信函的简洁严谨但不失具体，正式得体但不失亲切礼貌的风格，反映出原文的交际风格。简而言之，商务信函的翻译要注意形式的规范性、内容的准确性和措辞的得体性。 在翻译商务信函时，首先要注意格

式的转换，其次要注意运用商业套语，最后还要注意语言的简洁、准确和专业术语的表达。下面将从案头、收信人、称呼、结尾敬语等五个方面来探讨这一问题。 1.案头的翻译 商务信函中的案头指的是具体的贸易单位为方便业务活动和档案管理制定的自定义分类编号，主要作用是为了方便日后参照查询。例如，某采购部门为购买某一商品发出订购函，该信是7月的第十封信，则案头可以写为Po 06一07—10。其中P代表采购部，O代表order，06—07—10代表2006年7月的第10封函。根据案头这种作用，一般将其翻译成“编号”、“引证号”、“文挡号”等。 2.收信人的翻译。 英语商务信函中，写信人有时会在信中写上：Attention+收信单位某个职员的姓名或相关部门，表明他希望该职员或部门迅速办理此事，可被翻译成”经办

人”或”烦交??办理”。 3.称呼的翻译 英语商务信函的称呼开头常用“Dear”一词，表友好或礼貌，但是这和私人信函中的my dear，dear Mary等不同。在把它翻译成汉语时，不宜翻译成“亲爱的??”，因为这在汉语中一般是用来称呼亲人或关系亲密的朋友的。最好根据汉语的习惯，把它翻译成“尊敬的??”或“敬启者”，或者不翻译“Dear”一词，在称呼下一行按照中国人写信的习惯加上“您好!”或“你们好!”。其他的用法在上文文章分析中已论述。 4.结尾敬语的翻译 英语商务信函的结尾敬语包括Best Wishes和Yours sincerely之类的套语。BestWishes之类的是表示祝福的话，翻译成汉语可以是“祝好”、“此致敬礼”等。Yourssincerely不宜翻译成“您忠实的”、“您真诚的”，这不符合汉语习惯，可把它翻译成“敬上”或“谨上”。 5.专业术语的翻译

人体解剖生理学名词解释

组织：为结构相似、功能相关的细胞及细胞间质集合而成的结构神经纤维：由神经元的突起（通常是轴突）以及包在它外面的神经胶质细胞组成 神经调节（）：指神经系统通过神经纤维的联系实现的对机体活动的调 节，调节的基本方式是反射，结构基础是反射弧 体液调节（）：机体某些细胞能产生特异性化学物质（如激素），通过血液循环输送到全身各处，对某些特定的组织起调节作用 兴奋性：活组织或细胞受刺激产生兴奋反应（动作电位）的能力兴奋：1、活组织或细胞对刺激产生的反应 2、兴奋的本质表现是产生动作电位 阈强度：刚能引起组织兴奋的临界刺激强度 神经冲动：神经冲动就是沿神经纤维传导的动作电位 静息电位：细胞在没有受到外来刺激处于安静状态下的膜电位 动作电位：细胞在受到外来的有效刺激时，膜电位会在静息电位的基础上发生一次迅速而可逆的波动 突触：是一个N元与另一个N元或细胞相互接触的部位 兴奋性突触后电位：突触后膜去极化，是突触后N元兴奋的前提抑制性突触后电位：突触后膜超极化，使突触后N元抑制 反射：在中央神经系统（）参与下，机体对内外环境刺激所发生的规律性应答（反应）

反射弧：参与反射活动的神经结构，包括：感受器一传人神经一神经中枢一传出神经一效应器 反射时：从刺激感受起至效应器开始出现反射活动为止所需的全部时间 负反馈：反馈的效应成为减弱该反射的原因 正反馈：反馈的效应成为加强该反射的原因 后放：当刺激作用停止后，中枢兴奋并不立即消失，反射常会延续一段时间 灰质：在中，神经元胞体及其树突集中的地方 白质：在中，神经纤维集中的地方 神经核：中，功能相同的神经元胞体及其树突集结组成的团块神经节：中，功能相同的神经元胞体及其树突集结组成的团块脑干网状结构：中，灰质和白质混合存在的部位，此处神经纤维交织成网，网眼中分布着大量的神经核 内囊：大脑皮质与其它脑结构以及脊髓之间的上下行联系纤维胼胝体：联系左右两半球皮质的横行纤维 边缘叶：大脑半球内侧环绕胼胝体周围的一些脑结构，包括扣带回、海马回、海马回钩等 边缘系统：边缘叶加上与其功能联系密切的皮质下结构 脊髓休克：完全离断动物的脊髓，断面以下的各种脊髓反射暂时消失的现象 自主神经系统（植物性神经系统）：是指调节内脏功能的神经系

商务信函的翻译

商务信函的翻译 一、何为商务信函 商务信函是商务活动中书面交流信息的主要手段之一，是企业对外公共宣传关系中重要的手段，对于树立良好的公司形象有着极为重要的意义。 商务信函涉及商务活动的各个环节，贯穿商务活动的始终，内容广泛，通常包括建立业务关系、询盘、发盘、还盘、受盘、订立合同、保险、装运、索赔等方面。 二、商务信函的要求 1.语言严谨准确 商务信函要求语言表达严谨准确,但在商务信函中恰当使用模糊语言,可以使语言表达更加客观准确、灵活生动、礼貌得体。 （1）商务英语信函经常以意义相同或相近的书面词语代替基本词汇和口语词汇，如以inform或advise代替tell，以duplicate代替copy，以dispatch代替send，以otherwise代替or；以介词短语代替简单的介词，如以as for，in respect to，in connection with和with regarding to等代替about等。例如： We are pleased to advise you that your order NO.105 has been dispatched in accordance with your instruction. 我们很高兴地通知你们：第105号订单货物已遵照你方指示运出。 We will meet you half way by offering a discount of 5% in view of our long pleasant relations. 鉴于我们之间长期愉快的业务关系，本公司将酌情考虑给予5%的折扣。 （2）商务信函中经常使用here/there +介词构成的复合词，如h ereafter，hereby，hereunder，hereto，hereinafter，herewith，thereafter，therein，therefrom等。例如： All offers and sales are subject to the terms and conditions printed on the reverse side hereof. 所有报盘和销售均应遵守本报价单背面所印的条款。 In such a case, Seller is bound to reimburse Buyer for any loss or damage sustained therefrom. 在此次情况下，卖方负责偿还买方由此所遭受的损失。 2.内容清楚简洁 商务信函在内容表达上要言简意赅，能够传达足够信息且能够做到机智的表达。通常是直接简练，开门见山，忌过分修饰。一般根据写信者所要表达的中心

第二章 细胞膜的功能和神经肌肉的一般生理

一. 单项选择题（每小题1分，共30题） 1. 肌肉兴奋收缩耦联的关键因素是(注：选项中Ca2+=Ca2+)（）× A 横桥运动 B ATP酶活性 C 动作电位 D 胞浆内Ca2+浓度升高 【正确答案】 D 2. 骨骼肌收缩活动的基本单位是（）× A 肌纤维 B 肌原纤维 C 肌丝 D 肌小节 【正确答案】 D 3. 组织兴奋性降低时,组织的（）× A 阈值减小 B 时值减小 C 基强度减小 D 强度时间曲线向右上方移位 【正确答案】 D 4. 骨骼肌发生收缩时,下列哪一项的长度不变（）× A 明带 B 暗带 C H带 D Z线间距 【正确答案】 B 5. 能激活蛋白激酶C的细胞内第二信使是(注：选项中Ca2=Ca2+)（） × A cAMP B IP3 C DG D Ca2+ 【正确答案】 A 6. 当前负荷不变而增大后负荷时,下列选项错误的是（）× A 肌张力增大 B 肌肉缩短出现晚 C 肌肉缩短的初速度小 D 肌肉缩短程度增大 【正确答案】 D 7. 能不断回收肌浆中Ca2+的钙泵主要分布在（）× A 肌膜 B 肌细胞核膜 C 横管膜 D 终池膜 【正确答案】 D

8. 可兴奋细胞受到刺激后产生兴奋的共同表现是（）× A 动作电位 B 局部电位 C 收缩 D 分泌 【正确答案】 A 9. 与神经纤维动作电位复极时有关的离子主要是(注：选项中Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-=Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-)（）× A Na+ B K+ C Ca2+ D Cl- 【正确答案】 B 10. 神经细胞动作电位幅度相当于(注：选项中Na+、K+=Na+、K+)（）× A K+平衡电位 B Na+平衡电位 C 静息电位绝对值和超射值之和 D 静息电位绝对值和超射值之差 【正确答案】 C 11. 静息电位的大小接近于（）× A 钠离子平衡电位 B 钾离子平衡电位 C 锋电位 D 钠平衡电位和钾平衡电位之和 【正确答案】 B 12. 动作电位峰值接近于______离子的平衡电位(注：选项中Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-=Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-)。（）× A Ca2+ B K+ C Na+ D Cl- 【正确答案】 C 13. 增加细胞外液K+浓度,静息电位的绝对值将（）× A 增大 B 减小 C 不变 D 先增大后减小 【正确答案】 B 14. 减少神经细胞外液中Na+浓度,动作电位幅度将（）× A 减小 B 增大 C 不变 D 先减小后增大