你能让破镜

你能让“破镜”“重圆”吗？

---解密高考完形填空

松江二中英语：杨春霞; 联系电话：136********;

电子邮箱：sj_ychx@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/002308678.html,

一、设计思路

上海秋季高考近五年（05-09）的完形填空题在高考英语质量分析中的难度系数一直高于其它的高考题型，学生的得分率较低。其原因在于，第一，完形填空对考生的语言知识、阅读和逻辑思维等综合能力的要求比较高；第二，不少考生缺乏完形填空题的解题技巧，基本上都是靠语感在做题，一般不太考虑上下文的语境，词汇和逻辑。

以近五年的高考英语完形填空为例，为了考查考生的语言知识、阅读能力和逻辑思维能力，完形填空题通常针对与语篇话题相关的核心词的语义辨析和组合用法以及逻辑联系语等衔接成分设题，并且每空的干扰项与最佳选项在语法形式和语意上相当或近似。如果仅以句子为单位进行分析，几个选项看似都正确，但在语篇背景下进行分析，即考虑句子间的语义连贯，则只有一个最佳选项。因此我主要从三个方面（把握语境、利用词汇关系、善用语义逻辑联系语）以04-09年上海秋季高考英语试卷中的完形填空题为例来分析其解题技巧。

二、教材分析

高中英语新课程标准中提到，“高中英语课程应根据高中学生认知特点和学习发展需要，在进一步发展学生基本语言运用能力的同时，着重提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析和解决问题的能力；逐步培养学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力；为学生进一步学习和发展创造必要的条件。”

高考英语完形填空恰恰主要测试的是学生综合运用语言的能力, 包括基础知识的掌握和运用、对整篇文章逻辑关系的理解、在情境中辨析词义的能力以及词组短语搭配的使用能力等。完形填空要求学生在有信息空缺的前提下理解整篇文章, 结合上下文选择恰当的单词或词组填入空格中, 使之成为合乎逻辑、语言通顺、意义连贯的文章。

三、学情分析

对于高三学生来说，完形填空题并不是新题型，从高一一直做到高三，但是，学生从未系统地得到训练，他们的解题答案只是通过语感得出，因此对题目正确性没有把握。

四、教学目标

（1）知识目标：使学生了解高考完形填空的考察重点，掌握解题技巧。

（2）情感目标：通过自主学习和合作学习，使高三学生不再惧怕完形填空，并获得一定的学习成就感。

（3）策略目标：学会总结所接触语言材料中的语言规律并加以应用。

五、重点难点

帮助学生寻找上下文的线索，使其掌握技巧并能在以后的解题过程中得到运用。

六、教学策略与手段

任务型教学模式

七、课前准备

1、学生课前准备：要求学生完成2008年上海秋季高考完形填空题

2、教师课前准备：翻阅并整理2004-2009年上海秋季高考完形填空题；学习《高中英语新课程标准》，《心理语言学与完形填空》等。

3、教学用具：多媒体。

八、教学过程

I. Introduce the topic （make students have a guess at the picture）

Would you have a guess at the picture? What is it? A circle; A broken mirror. At the sight of the picture, you will quickly realize that it is a circle although it is not complete. And I think it is easy for us to complete the circle according to the existing tracks here. A cloze test is just like this incomplete circle. In spite of the fact that there are blanks in the context, you will have no difficulty in understanding what it is about and figure out the correct choices according to the hints in the context.

So today we are going to learn how to fix the circle, or complete the cloze in three ways, by finding out the context, by paying attention to the vocabulary and by lay emphasis on the logical connectors.

说明：“Cloze”一词派生于Closure(即合拢、封闭之意)，其理论基础来源于格式塔心理学(Ge-staltPsychology)，或称完形心理学。格式塔心理学认为：人有追求完整和整体的欲望，希望从“开放"状态变成“封闭”状态，如计划能够完成、需要能够得到满足。Taylor从“封闭”这个心理学术语联想到部分与整体的关系，以及句子和填空的完成。他在论文中，用closure这个词创造了另一个新词cloze，并把它称作完形填空法，即the close procedure。这种完形心理学的原理同样适应于人们对语言的认识。当一个熟悉英语的人读到Chicken crackle and ________quack 时，不用多加思索就可以在划线部分填入ducks。虽然在视觉中，这不是一个完整的句子，但是读者还是能够推断出所删去的部分。由此，我们可以为Cloze作出以下的定义：Cloze是一种测试读者预测和理解不完整的语言信息的能力的方法。

II. Introduce the techniques to conduct a cloze test well

1. Find out the context（把握语境）

1) Example

1. “They are flying kites.”

How do you understand this sentence without enough context? What “they” refer to? Is “flying” a present participle as a verb or as an attributive?

2. “The boys are enjoying themselves outside. They are flying kites.”

We know “they” refers to the boys. The boys are flying kites.

3. “They are not birds. They are flying kites.”

We refer to “they” as the kites. 它们是飞舞的风筝。

2) Practice

Most people believe they don’t have much imagination. They are __50__. Everyone has imagination, but most of us, once we become adults, forget how to __make use of__ it. （09）

50. A. wrong B. unbelievable C. reasonable D.realistic A

前一句说“大部分的人认为他们没有多少想象力”，后句说“每人都有想象力的”，根据语境我们可以得出50题的答案是A，指出前面大部分人的想法是错的。

2. Pay attention to vocabulary（利用词汇关系）

1) Reiteration（复现关系）

a) Examples

1. 原词复现

Have you ever stopped to realize how much less self-conscious you would be on such occasions if __47__ table manners had become a habit for you? You can make them a habit by __practising__ good table manners at home. (05)

47. A. such B. no C. some D. good D

本题选择“good”, 在题干中“good”已存在，因此是原词的复现。

2. 同根词复现

Many firms already claim to be “customer-driven” or “consumer-centred”. Now their __62__ will be tested as never before.(06)

62. A. information B. investment C. claims D. shops C

根据上下文“许多公司宣称他们以消费者为主导或以消费者为中心。现在他们的说法将受到检验，这是以前从未有过的。”上句中的claim（动词）为下句中选择claim（名词）提供了线索。

3. 同义词复现

In addition to his traditional medical treatment, he tried to put himself in situations that would __50__ positive emotions. “Laugh therapy” became part of his treatment. He __arranged__ time each day for watching comedy films, reading humorous books, and doing other activities that would draw out __positive__ emotions. (06) 50. A. bring about B. set about C. put up D. make up A “draw out=bring about, “draw out”的出现帮助我们更好更快地确定了正确的选项。

4. 概括词复现

The music is sometimes witty ant playful, sometimes almost alarming and frightening。Through a range of surprising __64__, Mussorgsky manages to convey the spirit of the artist and his work. (05)

64. A. paintings B. topics C. contrasts D. visions C

“witty and playful, alarming and frightening”是两对表示对比的词组，因此“contrast”是对这两对词组的概括。

b) Practice

A. emphasis

B. conflict

C. power

D. pressure

2. His body ached and he felt constantly tired. It was difficult for him to even __45__ around. His doctor told him that he would lose the ability to move and eventually die from the disease. (06)

A. run

B. pass

C. move

D. travel

3. The first (error) is the removal from the curriculum（课程）of the thorough teaching of English __57__. Pupils now do not know a verb from a noun, the subject of a sentence from its object, or the difference between the past, present, or future. (07)

A. vocabulary

B. culture

C. grammar

D. literature

4. Are your table manners much better when you are eating at a friend’s home or in a restaurant than they are at your own home? Probably so, because you are aware that people judge you by your table manners. You take special pains when you are eating __46__. (05)

A. in public

B. at home

C. at ease

D. in a hurry

5. One explanation is the law of overlearning, … In childhood, we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding long after we have learned them. …We not only learn but __61__. The law of overlearning explains why cramming（突击学习）for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a school course.

A. recite

B. overlearn

C. research

D. improve

2) Collocation（同现关系）

同现是指词汇共同出现的倾向性。这里主要指搭配关系

a) Example

You realize that keeping your arms on the table, talking with your__52__ full, and wolfing down your food are not considered good manners. (05)

52. A. stomach B. hands C. mouth D. bowl C “talk with one’s mouth full”是固定搭配，而且根据后文“大口吞咽食物被认为不礼貌”更确定了其为正确选项。

b) Practice

So imagine you want to buy a friend an original __57__; you could buy him tickets to a match or take him out for the night.

57. A. experience B. service C. present D. object C

与“buy”搭配的名词可以是B或C或D，但再由后文的“buy him tickets”,推断出应该是礼物，选C。

3. Lay emphasis on the logical connectors（善用逻辑联系语）

Logical connectors refer to the logic between sentences.

1) Logical connectors（常见的逻辑关系）

因果关系：because, for, so, therefore, hence, as a result, so that, etc

转折关系：but, yet, though, while, however, nevertheless, despite，in spite of, etc.

递进关系：in addition, furthermore moreover, what is more, etc.

条件关系：if, unless, as long as, etc.

并列关系：and, or,etc.

2) Example

People think children should play sports. Sports are fun, and children keep healthy

while playing with others. However, playing sports can have __50__ effects on children. (08)

50. A. restrictive B. negative C. active D. instructive 由”however”一词得出前后两句具有转折关系，因此答案就很明显，应是“negative”.

3) Practice

1. As a society, we really need to _60_ this problem and do something about it.

(08)

60. A. look up to B. face up to C. make up for D. come up with

由“and”得出前后为并列关系，因此，我们先要面对“face up to”问题，然后再解决问题。答案为B.

2. There is a tendency to think of each of the arts as a separate area of activity. Many artists, __55__ would prove that there has always been a warm relationship between the various areas of human activity. (05)

55. A. therefore B. however C. moreover D. otherwise

由“separate”及“warm”得出前后为转折关系，因此选B, 答案一目了然。III. Conclude the techniques learned

So today we altogether talked about three techniques we can use in completing a cloze test. They are finding out context, taking advantage of vocabulary and laying emphasis on logical connectors.

IV. Apply the techniques to the cloze test of 2008

说明：2008年的高考完形填空题为学生课前完成的作业，通过在课堂上核对答案，找出错误率高的题目，要求学生将本节课中所学的解题技巧应用于这些题目中，学生更快更准地得出了正确答案。

IV. Homework:

要求学生利用本课所学的解题技巧，完成2009年的高考完形填空，相信学生能在更短的时间内，更准确地得出正确答案。

九、课例设计说明

（一）教学反思

1、对教案和课件的反思

整个教案是我及全体英语组教师的劳动成果。因为在暑期我着重对05-09年的上海秋季高考完形填空题进行了研究和总结，对于这堂课的资料是并不缺乏的，缺乏的是如何在课堂上发挥学生的主动性，让学生自己通过教师的引导得出结论的方法。但是在我们全组成员，特别是高三全体英语教师的三次磨课之下，我最后得出了令我满意的教案。对于课件，我是通过自己不断的钻研和学习，在张传奇老师的指导下做出来的，而且效果不错。

2、对课堂教学的反思

在整个的课堂教学中，我表现得比较自信，能自如地应对在课堂中出现的各种状况。学生能根据老师的指导得出相应的结论，学到了完形填空的技巧，这在最后的环节得到了印证。

比较令人遗憾的地方是，内容虽然不断地进行筛减，但还是稍多了些，造成最后的环节时间有些仓促。

在评课过程中吴晓英老师的点评也令我茅塞顿开。在完型填空解题技巧的课堂教学中，我们老师不一定要将很多的术语告诉给学生，只要让学生明白，完形填空中的每个空格在文中都有暗示。有的是根据句内的理解，有的是句间的理解（前后句），有的是段落间的理解而得出结论。

不管怎样，这堂课还是成功多于遗憾。最主要的是学生真正从中有了收获，学到了完形填空的解题技巧，并能不断在今后的解题中得到巩固。

（二）参考资料

1、2004-2009年上海市秋季高考试卷

2、高中英语新课程标准

3、心理语言学和完形填空姚炳昌中小学英语教学与研究2007. 4月