语法专项讲解

九年级英语总复习语法部分

一、名词

一．定义：表示人或事物名称的词叫做名词。

二. 分类：（1）有两大类：专有名词和普通名词。专有名词指人名、地名、组织机构以及节日名称，第一个字母必须大写。(2)普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。(3)可数名词分为个体名词（表示某类人或东西中的个体，dog, girl等和集体名词（由若干个体组成的整体：如group群，组；people人；class班；team队；family 家庭和police警察等，且police 和people单数与复数同形，people, police作主语，谓语动词用复数。

(4)不可数名词分为抽象名词和物质名词，抽象名词表示动作，状态，品质，感情等抽象概念。如：love爱, silence安静, success成功。物质名词用来指无法分为个体的物质的名词。如:water, rain, wool等

三.可数名词的用法：有单、复数之分，表示一个用单数，表示两个或两个以上复数。（1）单数名词的用法：其前一般加a, an, the, this, that等词表示一个，如：

a useful book; an umbrella

（2）名词的复数：有规则和不规则之分。

1) 规则名词变复数的方法见时态表。2)不规则名词的单复数：

单数复数单数复数单数复数

sheep sheep foot feet human humans

deer deer tooth teeth German Germans Chinese Chinese man men child children Japanese Japanese woman women

people people

police police

四.其他词（代词）的复数形式变化如下:

单数复数单数复数单数复数

this these 宾

格

him, her, it them 形容

词性

物主

代词

his

their

that those you you her is / am are my our its was were your your

has have me us

名词性

物主代

词his

theirs

主格

I we mine ours hers he,she,it they yours yours its

五.合成名词的复数形式:

(1)一般将主体名词变为复数。如：apple tree→apple trees; boy student→boy students

(2)由man / woman +名词构成的合成词的复数要将两者都变为复数。如：man teacher→men teachers; woman doctor → wome n doctors

(3)名词+ man / woman构成的复合名词的复数，把man变为men; 把woman变为women.如:Frenchman → Frenchmen ; policewoman →policewomen(但: German→ Germans )

(4)有些词只能作复数，如: trousers裤子; clothes衣服; glasses眼镜; stairs楼梯

(5)可数名词量的表达：

（1）名词前加few; a few; many; several; a lot of ; lots of ; some; any; a (great) number of ; large; numbers of ; thousands of, 基数词等.如：lots of people; several books

（2）数词（2以上）+可数名词复数如：five apples

(3) 数词+ 量词（s）+of +可数名词复数如：a box of apples; two boxes of apples

六. 不可数名词的用法:

(1)不可数名词没有复数形式，其前不能加a ; an，修饰可数名词的形容词和数词不能与其连用。如：不说a bread; five bread或a few bread可以说a piece of bread

(2)不可数名词量的表达:

①可用much; a little; little; a lot of ; lots of ; some; any; plenty of ; most of等表示数量

②用“a / two … + 量词(s) + of + 不可数名词”表示。单位词常规的有cup（杯）; glass（玻璃杯）; piece（片、块、张）; bag（袋）; box（箱、盒子）; kilo（公斤）; pair（双、对）; bottle （瓶）; bowl（碗）等，如：a cup of tea一杯茶; two glasses of milk两杯牛奶

七.名词所有格：

名词+’s表示所有关系，这种形式称为名词所有格，意为“……的”如：LiLei’s father; Jim’s bag （1）名词所有格的构成：

1）在名词词尾加(’s)用于有生命的名词所有格

①表示共有的东西时，只在最后一个名词后加’s ，如：This is Jenrry and Susan’s school.

②表示各个所有，需要在每个名字后加’s，如：There are Jenrry’s and Susan’s school.

③以S结尾的复数名词只加’ . 如:Teachers’Day教师节; International Nurses’Day护士节

④不以S结尾的复数名词加’s，如：Children’s Day儿童节; Women’s Day妇女节

2）“名词+ of +名词”用于无生命的名词所有格。意为"……的……"，

如：the name of the book书名; the photo of the family全家照

注：表示时间的名词，如：国家、城市等地方名词可用’s表示所有格。

如：today’s newspaper今天的报纸; ten minutes’ walk十分钟的路

（2）名词的双重所有格:

由数量词a; some,two, no, any, a few等+ 名词+ of + 名词所有格或名词性物主代词构成,表示众多中的一个或一些.如:

a friend of my sister’s 我姐姐的一个朋友 a friend of mine我的一个朋友

some books of my teacher’s 我的老师的一些书 a brother of hers他的一个弟弟

八．常见的不可数名词有：

tea茶, water水, orange桔汁, milk牛奶, juice果汁, coffee咖啡, oil油, rice大米, bread面包, meat肉, pork猪肉, beef牛肉, fish鱼, news新闻, sugar糖, honey蜂蜜, information信息, fruit 水果, work工作, homework作业, housework家务, paper纸, rain雨, snow雪, ice冰, wind风, time (时间), money钱, room空间,silk丝绸, cotton棉花, knowledge知识, weather天气, food食物, fun乐趣, metal材料, wood木头, advice建议，及语言名词English英语, Japanese日语, Chinese汉语, French法语, Germany德语等。

二、冠词

一、冠词用在名词前，说明名词所指定的人或事物。

二、冠词的种类：冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两种形式。不定冠词为"a, an"；定冠词“the”。

三、不定冠词的用法：

1．不定冠词a,an只用于单数可数名词前，表示“一个”。a用在以辅音开头词前,如:a useful book, a university, a car…; an用在以元音开头的词前。如：

①an hour; an umbrella; an animal/ orange/ egg/ apple/ English book/ old man( woman)等。

②表示一个a, i , e , o, f, h, l , m , n , r , s , x 这些字母时用an，如：

There is an "r" in the word "car".

2．用于表示长度、时间、速度、价格等意义的词语之前，表示“每一”的意思。如：

We have three meals a day.我们每天吃三顿饭。

The car can run 200 kilometers an hour.这部车每小时能跑200公里。

3．用于单数名词前通常表示一类人或事物（以其中的一个代表一类），如：

A dog is our good friend. 狗是我们的好朋友。

4．用一第一次提到的可数名词单数之前（此类名词不表示特定的人或物）。如：She works in a bank. 她在一家银行工作。

5．表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈，可以代替one。如：It is a foot long, an inch thick. 它有一英尺长，一英尺厚。

6．用于序数词前表示“再一…”“又一…”的意思。如：

The man tried two time, he wanted a third time.那人试了两次，他想再试一次。

7．用于词组中,且是这一词组中不可缺少的部分。如：a bit= a little一点=；a lot of 许多；in a hurry匆忙地；go for a walk去散步；make a living 谋生；as a result of 结果；in a low voice 低声地；once upon a time从前；have a good time玩得高兴；；have a cold休息一下；a number of 许多；大量；with a smile微笑地；a few少数；for a long time长时间；a moment later/ after

a while一会儿之后; have a cold感冒等。

四、定冠词the 的用法：

1．用于名词前表示特指的人或事物。如：The man is a doctor.

注意：可数名词表示泛指概念时，一般采用零冠词（即不用冠词的形式）。复数形式或不用冠词的单数形式。表示特指概念时，前面要有定冠词。如：Bogs will be boys.

2．对于前面已经提到的人或事物在第二次提到时要用来表示特指。如：

I have a bike and I like the bike very much.

3．用在说话人、听话人双方都知道的特定的人或事物前。如：Let's go to the classroom. 4．用于独一无二的事物的名词前表示惟一及特指。如：

The moon moves round the earth and the earth moves round the sun.

5．用在序数词前、形容词最高级前、only修饰的名词及表示方位的名词前。如：①He was the first one to leave.②He is the youngest man of the four. ③He is the only boy in his family.

④I like the picture on the right best.

6．用在海洋、湖泊、江河、山脉、群岛、沙漠等专有名词前。如：黄河the Yellow River；

长城the Great Wall ；太平洋the Pacific Ocean；喜马拉雅山脉the Himalayas

7.用于含有普通名词的专有名词前。如:少年宫the Children's Palace;颐和园the Summar Palace 8．用于姓氏的复数前，表示“××一家人”或“夫妇二人”。如：格林一家/ 格林夫妇the Greens 9.用在某些形容词前，表示一类人。如：

老年人the old ；年青人the young ；富人the rich ；穷人the poor

10.用在某些报刊、杂志、会议、条约等名词前。如：《中国日报》the China Daily

11．用于乐器名称前。如：play the paino弹钢琴

12．还可用于一些固定的词组中。如：in the sky 在天空中；by the way 顺便说一下；五、冠词的位置：

（一）不定冠词的位置：不定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前。

1．位于such,what, many, half等形容词之后。如：I have never seen such an animal.

2．当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, quite, rather, enough修饰时，不定冠词应该被在形容词之后。如：So short a time. 这么短的时间.

3．在as , thought引导的让步状语从句中，当形容词作表语修饰名词时，不定冠词放在形容词之后。如：Brave a man though he is, he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。

（二）定冠词的位置：

定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all, both, double, half, twice, three times之后,名词之前。如：All the students in the class went out.

六、不用冠词的情况：

(一)专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。如：Cotton feels soft. 棉花摸起来柔软(二）表示日常餐名词之前不用冠词，但如果指具体的饮食时,用定冠词the。如：

What do you have for lunch? 你午饭吃点什么？

The dinner I had at that restaurant was expensive. 我在那家饭店吃的饭很贵。

(三）在季节、月份、星期、节日、球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。如：

①Summer is cool and winter is warm here. 这儿冬暖夏凉。

②New Year's Day is coming. 新年就要到啦。

(四）表示语言的名词前一般不用冠词。如：Can you speak English?

(五）交通工具前一般不用冠词。如：by train坐火车；by subway乘地铁；by plane乘飞机注意：若指某一交通工具时，常使用不定冠词。如：on a train坐火车: in a taxi 乘出租车；

on a plane乘飞机

（六）表示学科的名词前不用冠词。如：math 数学；physics物理；English英语等。

（七）表示称呼的名词前不用冠词。如：----Sit down,please.----Yes, sir.

（八）独一无二的职位，在句中作表语、补语、同位语时，前面不用冠词。如：Bush, president of US will pay a visit to the country. 布什，美国的总统，将去访问那个国家。

（九）抽象化的个体名词bed, town, church, class, school, university, work, sea, prison一般不加冠词。如：She has gone to town.

（十）街路名称前一般不用冠词。如：Fifth Street 第五大街；Shanghai Road上海路

（十一）如果名词前已有that, this, some, any等一系列的代词修饰，那么这类名词前就不能再使用冠词。如：I like this book.我喜欢这本书。

（十二）当有两个名词连用时，常常要省去冠词。如：

Day by day, nothing changed. 一天又一天，还是老样子。

（十三）一些可数名词与介词组成介词词组时加the 与不加the 表示的意义不同。如：go to hospital 去医院（看病）；go to the hospital去医院（工作）

（十四）某些习惯用语前通常不用冠词。如:at night在晚上; in fact事实上；by bus 乘车；in front of 在…前面; in time及时; at once马上; at last 终于; by chance偶然; at work在工作; on time准时; on holiday 度假; from time to time不时; from morning till night从早到晚

注意:不定冠词a用在有and连接的两个名词的前面, 当为" a + 名词/ 形容词+ and + 名词/ 形容词" 时表示"一个人或物"(而此具有两个特征)。当为" a + 名词/ 形容词+ and + a + 名词/ 形容词"的形式时，则表示“两个人或物”。如：

There is a black and white coat. 有一件黑白相间的大衣。

There are a black and a white coat on the bed.床上有一件黑大衣和一件白大衣。

三、代词

一、人称代词：分主格和宾格

用法：主格用来作主语，放在动词之前 如： He can help me.

宾格用来作宾语，放在动词或介词之后。如：What about her? 二、物主代词，表示所属关系，“译为…的”，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词.

用法:名词性物主代词单独使用,形容词性的物主代词必须跟名词。

如：This is my book.= This book is mine.

注：形容词性物主代词 + 名词 = 名词性物主代词

三、指示代词：

指明“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等意义的词，称为指示代词。具体有：this （这个）,that

（那个）,these （这些）,those （那些）,such （这样的）, same （同样的）, it （这个;那个）等。

指示代词的用法：

1. this, these, that, those 在句中的一般用法：

（1）作主语。如：Those aren’t my books.

（2）作宾语。如：The river is more beautiful than that one.

（3）作定语。如：I prefer these candies.

（4）作表语，如：What I want is this.

2. this, these, that, those 在句中的特殊用法：

（1）this （复数为these ）指在时间或空间上离说话人较近的人或物，而that （复数为those ）

则指较远的人或物。 如：

This is a pen. That is a ruler.

（2）that 用于打电话问对方是谁或其他听得见但看不到的场合。如：

Hello, who’s that speaking? Is that LiLian? 喂,你是哪位?是李莲吗?

(3)在打电话用语中, 回答"我是……"常用"This is ……",如:

This is Mary speaking. Who’s that? 我是玛丽,你是谁?

(4)that/ those 有时用来代替前面出现过的名词( 指代抽象名词或不可数名词用that, 指代复

数名词用 those ) 以避免重复。如：

①The weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Shanghai in winter.

②The flowers on the left are far more beautiful than those on the right.

3. one, that, it 的用法：

one 表示泛指，that 和it 表示特指，that 与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指

名词为同一个。如：

①The coat you bought is longer than that I bought.

②I can’t find my bag. I don’t know where I put it.

③I can’t find my bag. I think I must buy one.

四、反身代词：

(1)表示某人自己

单复数

单数 复数 单复数同形 单 数 复数 主格

I we you he she it they 宾格 me us you him her it them

汉语 我 我们 你（们） 他 她 它 他（们）

人 称

第一人称 第二人称 第 三 人 称 单 复 数

单数 复数 单复数同形 单 数 复 数 形容词性物主代

词

my our your his her its their 名词性物主代词

mine ours yours his hers its theirs 汉 语 我们 我们

的 你们（的） 他的

她的 它的 他们（的）

人

第一人称第二人称第三人称

称

单

单数复数单数复数单数复数

复

数

主

I we you you he she it they

格

反

身

myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves 代

词

汉

语我自己我们自己你自己你们自己他自己她自己它自己他们自己

（1）用法:用于加强语气,作同位语. 如：I can do it myself.

（2）常用的反身代词作宾语的动词有:

enjoy oneself玩得高兴; teach oneself = learn…by oneself自学; leave one by oneself把某人单独留下; help oneself to …请随便吃/喝……; hurt oneself伤着自己; cut oneself割伤自己; dress oneself自己穿衣服; by oneself独自地,独立; look after oneself= take care of oneself照顾自己五.相互代词:意为"相互;彼此"

普通格: each other 和one another 所有格: each other’s 和one another’s

用法可通用: each other多指两者之间, one another多指三者或三者以上的之间.

六、不定代词：不具体指明指代何物，而用来修饰或代替任何一定数量及不确定范围的人或事物，不定代词有名词性和形容词性之分。常见的不定代词有两类：

（1）第一类：由some, any, every分别与body, one, thing构成的合成词，如：somebody, someone, something, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing.

合成不定代词的用法：

①作主语，谓语动词用复数。如：Everyone likes playing.

②形容词修饰不定代词，放在不定代词之后。构成“不定代词+ 形容词”或“不定代词+ else +形容词”结构。如：There is something important in the newspaper.

③由some构成的合成不定代词通常用于肯定句,由any构成的不定代词用于否定句和疑问句。

（2）第二类不定代词：

1）.each和every的用法：“每一个”

①each指两者或两者以上的每一，可构成each of ；every表示三者或三者以上的每一个，修饰单数名词不与of连用。

②作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Each of the twins has a doll. Every student is in the classroom. 2）all 和both的用法：

①all表示三者或三者以上的“全部”“都”；而both表示“两者都”；

②all, both与复数名词连用作主语时，谓语用复数。如：All the students like playing.

Both of my parents are teachers.

3）either和neither的用法：

①either表示两者中的任何一个；neither表示两者都不；

②作主语，谓语动词用单数。如：Either of the books is good. Neither of the answers is right.

③修饰单数名词。如：Either side will win.

There are trees on either side of the street. = There are trees on both sides of street.

4）none, no one, nobody的用法：

①nobody和no one都指代人，意思是“没有人”。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，后面不

能跟of 短语，常常回答who和不确定的问题。如：

Luckily, nobody/ no one was hurt in this car accident.

----Who went to the school library this week? ---Nobody./ No one.

②none既可指代人，也可以指代事物，意思是“没有人，没有东西”等，对三者或三者以上

的人或物否定，其反义词为all 。后面可以跟of短语。作主语时，如果它指代的是可数名词，谓语动词用单数，复数形式都可以，常常回答how many和how much以及有特定范围的问题。如：

How many of the women are teachers? None(of them is / are.)

How much water is left in the bottle? None (of it is left.)

5）some和any的用法：

①some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句。

②some用于疑问句中表示请求、建议、反问、邀请和希望得到肯定回答。

6）the other和another的用法：

the other意为两者或数量中的一个，常与one连用构成：one…the other…

（一个…另一个…），作主语，谓语用单数。

There are two books on the desk. One is mine, the other is hers.

7）many和much的用法：

many修饰可数名词；much修饰不可数名词。

8）few, a few, little, a little的用法：

①few , a few修饰可数名词复数；little, a little修饰不可数名词。

②few, little表示否定，意为“几乎没有，很少”；a little, a few表示肯定，意为“一些”

四. 数词

一、数词分为基数词和序数词。表示人或事物数量的数词叫基数词；表示人或事物的顺序的数词叫序数词。

二、基数词的构成：

1。1~12是独立单词，需逐个记忆。

one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve

2.13~19是个位数词的词干后加加-teen构成。其中thirteen, fifteen, eighteen变化不规则。需单独记忆。

3. 20~99逢整十以个位数形式后加加-ty构成，其中twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, eighty为特殊形式。表示几十几时，在几十和个位数词之间加连字符“-”。e.g.42 forty-two

4.100 ~ 1,000,000,000 之间的倍数的表示法

一百a hundred; 一千one thousand; 一万ten thousand; 十万one hundred thousand; 一百万one million; 一千万ten million; 一亿one hundred million; 十亿one billion

三、基数词的读法：

1.读三位数的基数词时，在百位和十位之间加“and”

432 four hundred and thirty-two 107 one hundred and seven

2.1,000以上的数字，从后向前读，每三位数加一个“，”。第一个“，”前为housand（千）,

第二个“，”前为million（百万），第三个“，”前为billion（十亿）。

4,567,823 four million five hundred and sixty-seven thousand eight hundred and twenty-three

3.英语中的大约数，确切数

（1）基数词hundred, thousand, million，billion等表示大约数时，其词尾要加“-s”，与of连用，其前不能用数词修饰，但前面可以用many,several, few等词。

如：hundreds of 数百的; thousands of 数以千计的; millions of 数百万; billions of 数十亿的; a few hundreds of 上百

（2）当表示确切数目时，前面可以用数词，但其词尾不能加“s”。

如：two hundred students 两百个学生

四、序数词：

1. 基数词变序数词的口决：

一、二、三全变掉；( one → first; two → second; three → third )

八去t ，九去e ；( eight → eighth; nine→ ni nth;)

ty变成tie ；( twenty → twentieth; ninety → ninetieth等)

碰见ve变f ，( five → fifth; twelve → twelfth )

后面加上“th” ( four → fourth; thirteen → thirteenth等)

2.序数词的缩写形式：由阿拉伯数字后面加上序数词最后两个字母构成。

1st, 2nd, 3rd,4th, 5th,6th, 7th

五.分数的表达法：

(1)分子用基数词,分母序数词，当分子大于等于“2”时，分母加“S”。分母为“2”时，用half；分母为“4”时，用quarter。如：

1/3 one third; 1/4 one fourth/ a quarter;

3/4 three fourths / three quarters/ three - fourths 5/8 five eighths

2/3 two thirds / two - thirds 1/2 one second / one half

（注：分数的写法可以在分子和分母之间用连字符“-”）

（3）分数作主语，谓语的单复数取决于它后的名词的单复数形式而定；后面的名词是可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数；后面的名词是不可数名词或可数名词单数时，谓语动词用单数。如：①Three quarters of the students have finished the work.

② Three quarters of the apple is bad.

③ Two thirds of the land is covered with forest.

六、年、月、日、星期的表达法：

（一）月份的表达法：

一月January ( Jan.) ；二月February ( Feb.) ；三月March ( Mar.)；

四月April ( Apr.) ；五月May ；六月June ；

七月July ；八月August ( Aug.) ；九月September (Sep.)；

十月October (Oct.) 十一月November ( Nov.); 十二月December ( Dec.)；

（注意：表示月份的名称第一个字母要大写，大部分有缩写形式。）

（二）星期的表示

星期日Sunday；星期一Monday；星期二Tuesday；星期三Wednesday；星期四Thursday；星期五Friday；星期六Saturday

（三）几月几日的表示法：

“几号”应该用序数词来表示。如：3月5日→ March the fifth (Mar.5th.)

（四）年的表示法：要把年分为两部分，先说前两个数，再读后两个数。年用基数词表示。如：1993年→ninet een ninety- three；2000年→ two thousand；2005年→ two thousand and five （五）年月日一起的表示法：顺序：1。月/ 日/ 年（美式）；2。日/ 月/ 年（英式）1983年3月15日读作：March the fifteenth, nineteen eighty-three

写作：March 15th, 1983

七、年代的表示法：

1．80年代读作：the eighies 写作：the 80s或the 80’s

2．21世纪20年代读作：the twenties of the twenty-first century

写作：the twenties of the 21st century或the 2020s或the 2020’s

八、年龄的表示法：

（一）表示年龄的几种结构：

如：他十岁了。He is ten (years old). =He is ten years of age.=He is aged ten (years).

（注意：当年龄作定语时，中间带连字符“-”，year后有加“S”。如：

She is a five –year – old girl. 她是一个人5岁的女孩。

（二）“at the age of + 年龄” 意为“在……岁的时候”。作状语。可以和When + 主语+ was / were + 年龄（years old）作同义句替换。如：

He could swim at the age of eight.

= He could swim when he was eight years old.

（三）“in + one’s + 几十的基数词的复数形式”。意为“几十多岁了”。如：

①My grandmother is in her eighties.我祖母八十多岁了。

②In his twenties , he went to Paris. 在他二十多岁时，他上了大学。

九、half的用法：

（一）“half + a / an +名词”或“a half + 名词”意为“一半……”如：

half a day / a half day半天；half an hour / a half hour 半小时

（二）“一个半”的表示法：one and a half hours / an ( one) hour and a half 一个半小时

（三）作名词时可用“half of …”结构，其中也可以省去of ，但half用于人称代词前时，of 不能省略。如：

half ( of ) the students一半的学生; half ( of ) the bread一半的面包；half of them他们中的一半

十、时刻的表示法：

1.直接表达法：先小时，后分钟，中间不要用介词。

3:40 three forty 5:28 five twenty-eight

2.间接表达法：先分钟，后小时，中间一定用介词。当分钟数少于或等于30分钟时用介词"past"；当分钟数大于30分钟时，分钟数用60减，小时要加1，中间用介词“to”；当表示几点半时，用half past + 小时。

e.g:5:20 twenty past five 6:50 ten to seven 7:30 half past seven

十一、编号的表示法：用“名词+基数词”或“the + 序数词+ 名词”表示。

如：401房间Room 401 ; 第五课Lesson Five / the fifth lesson

十二、倍数的表示法：一倍once ；两倍twice ；三倍three times

常用于句型：1。倍数+ 比较级+ than + 比较对象e.g: The river is twice longer than that one.

2. 倍数+ as + 原级+ as e.g. This computer costs three times as much as that one.

十三、加、减、乘、除的表示法：加用“and”或“plus”；减“minus”; 乘“times”; 除“divided by”。如：1 + 3 = 4 One and / plus three is four. 5 – 3 = 2 Five minus three is two.

6 × 3 = 18 Six times three is eighteen. 8 ÷4 = 2 Eight divided by four is two.

五、形容词和副词

（一）形容词

一、定义：形容词是用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、特征或状态。

二、形容词的位置：

1、形容词一般位于它所修饰的名词前。如：She is a good girl.

2.形容词也可放在它所修饰的名词之后。

（1）形容词修饰由some, any, every, no和one , body, thing等词构成的复合代词时后置。如：

I have something new to tell you.

（2）形容词后面有不定式短语或介词短语修饰时，形容词要放在名词之后。

如：This is a short story easy to read.

（3）形容词修饰数词短语时，要放在后面。如：This building is about 200 metres high.

三、形容词比较等级的基本句型：

1.主语+ 系动词+ 形容词比较级+ than + 比较对象“……比……更……”

2. more +多音节词的原级别+ than… “比……更……”

如：Tom is more careful than his elder brother.

3.the +最高级+in / of +比较范围“最……”

如：Mary is the tallest in her class.

4.as + 原级+as “和……一样”

5.not as /so +原级+as = less +原级+ than “和……不一样”

6.one of + the + 最高级+名词复数“……中最………之一”

7.比较级+ and +比较级… “越来越……”

8.The +比较级…，the + 比较级… “越……就越……”

9.比较级。A or B？“A或B中，哪个更……？”如：Who is older, he or she?

10.the + 最高级，A，B or C？“A，B或C中，哪个更……？”

如：Who is the tallest, LiLei, Tom or Jim?

11.the +比较级+ of the two “两者中较为……的一个”：

如: He is the cleverer of the two boys.

12. the other+名词复数

…比较级+ than + in / of +…

any other+单数名词

= …the + 最高级+（名词）+ in / of … “比任何其他都…”

（二）副词

一、定义：副词用来修饰动词、形容词，其他副词、介词短语或全句。

二、副词的位置：

1.大多数副词都可以放在动词后面，如果是及物动词，一般放在宾语后面。如：(1) He is reading loudly. (2) He is reading a book loudly.

频率副词（如：always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, hardly, ever, never等）一般位于所修饰的动词之前，be动词，情态动词，助动词之后，若有一个以上的助动词，通常位于第一个助动词之后。如：(1) He usually comes early. (2) The English song has never been heard.

2.already, yet, once, nearly, almost, just, really, certainly, suddenly, soon, still等副词所在的位置与频率副词相同。

3.程度副词（very, so, quite等）一般位于所修饰词之前，但enough则位于形容词、副词之后。如：(1) I'm very happy to see you.

(2) He is tall enough to reach it.

4.修饰全句的副词一般位于句首，若不表示强调也可以位于句中或句末，这时要加逗号。如果放句首，逗号也可以省略。如：Luckily, he wasn't hurt badly.

三、副词比较等级的基本句型与形容词相同。

（三）可修饰比较级的词有：much, far, even, a little, a bit等。

（四）形容词最高级前必须加“the ”，副词的最高级前“the”可以省略。

（五）不规则的形容词和副词的比较级和最高级。

（六）形容词和副词比较等级口决：

as…as间原级；than前常用比较；

说明"越来越如何"，and 连两比较级；

三者以上最高级；of / in前用最高级；

one of 后用最高级；最高级前要加“the”

六、介词

一、介词一般位于名词或代词之前，在句中不单独做任何成分。介词本身有独立的含义，但

意义不够完整，在句中使用时，后面必须接有宾语构成介词短语后，才能表达完整的意义。介词短语在句中常作状语、定语、表语或宾语补足语。

二、介词的用法：

（一）表示时间的介词的用法：

1。at, on, in

（1）at 在句中用在钟点之前。意为“在……点钟”如：at six在6点

（2）at用在固定短语中。如：at noon在中午；at this time of year 一年这个时候

（3）on常用于表示具体的哪一天或某天的上午、下午及晚上或用于固定短语中。

如：on the morning of June 在6月5日的早上；

on a cold winter night在一个寒冷的冬天的夜里；on May 20th在5月20日

（4）on用在星期前。如：on Sunday在星期日

（5）in用于年、月前面，季节、世纪前以及固定短语中。如：

in 2008 在2008年；in October在10月；in spring 在春天；

in the twentieth century 在二十世纪；in his twenties 在他二十多岁时；in the morning / afternoon / evening在早上/下午/晚上

2.in , during , for

三者都用在表示一段时间, 凡是能用in的地方，一般均可用during，在这种用法上，during 接近于的意义。但是during更强调时间的延续，而in一般只是指在一段时间。for后面一般接一段时间，用完成时态。

3.before ,after,in

① in是以现在为起点，表示将来一段时间以后，常用于一般将来时态中。

eg: I will come back in three days.我三天以后回来。

②after是以过去为起点，表示过去一段时间以后，常用于过去时态中。

eg:She went after three days. 她三天以后走的。

③before 表示“某时刻或某时间之前” e.g: Check your papers carefully before you hand them in, （二）表示地点方位介词的用法：

1.at, in

at 后跟小地方，in后跟大地点

2.in, on, to

in表示在某一范围内的某方位。on表示与某地相邻关系。to表示在某一地区之外的某方位，不属于该范围。

（三）表示手段方式的介词的用法：

in, by, with, on表示“用”

（1）by主要指利用交通工具。即：“by +名词原形”或“行为手段by +v-ing形式”。

如：①I go to school by bike every day. ② He learns English by listening to cassettes.

（2）in主要指"用某种语言"或"用工具、材料"以及方式( way)等。如：

①People say it in English. ② I often write in ink / pencil. ③ He can say it in a different way. （3）on主要表示行走或站立时所用的身体部位，或利用交通工具。即：“on +冠词/ 形容词性物主代词+ 交通工具名词”或接表示媒体的名词。此时相当于over。如：① People walk on foot. But some people can walk on hand. ② He often goes to school on a bus.

注意：“on / in +冠词/ 形容词性物主代词+ 交通工具名词”这种交通方式的表达可以转换成“ by +交通工具名称”。例：on a bike = by bike

如果交通工具名词为car，习惯上用in ，其他多用on。如：He learns English on TV.

（4）with主要指某一具体的劳动工具、材料或用身体部位。如：

①They like writing with a brush.他们愿意用毛笔写字.

② We see with our eyes and hear with our ears.我们用眼睛看,用耳朵听.

七、非谓语动词

（一）动词不定式

一、动词不定式的基本结构：to + 动词原形

二、否定结构：not +to +动词原形

三、用法：

1。作宾语：用在want, like, try, decide, love, would like, would love, need, choose, forget, remember, manage(设法), learn, begin / start, deserve, plan, agree, wish, hope等后及have to do , used to do , have got to do .

2。作宾语补足语：（1）ask / tell / want / warn / like / encourage / teach / wish / allow / order sb. to do sth. 如：I want him to go shopping with me.

（2）感官动词和使役动词后跟省略的不定式作宾语补足语。

① have / make / let sb. do sth. 使/ 让某人做某事

② see / hear / watch / feel sb. do /doing sth.（注：doing 表示在进行，指动作的一部分；do 表示动作已经结束，指动作的全过程。）如：

a. Let's go home.

b.The boy made his little sister cry.

c.I often hear him play piano.

3。作定语：一般要放在被修饰词后面，不定式与所修饰的词构成动宾关系。

（1）在time, need, change后构成结构：

There is ( no ) time / need / chance to do sth. 表示（没有）时间性/ 必要/ 机会做某事如：There is no need to mend your pen.

（2）something to eat一些吃的东西; something to drink一些喝的东西; the first / last to do sth.第一个/ 最后一个做……的

如: ①He was the first to come. ②She was the last to hand in the homework.

（3）h ave … to do 有…要…eg:① I have a lot of homework to do . ②The child have nice to eat. （4）It's time to do sth= It's time for sth. 该到做某事的时候了

It's time for sb. to do sth. 该到某人做某事的时候了

It take sb. some time to do sth. 做某事花去了某人多少时间。

e.g.①It's time to have a rest. = It's time for rest. ②It's dangerous to drive fast.

4。作状语：

（1）表示目的。如：The doctor came to operate on her.

（2）表示结果。常用在句型①“too + 形容词+ 不定式”意为“太……而不能……”（结果是否定的）；②“形容词+ enough + 不定式”意为“足够……以至于能……”（结果是肯定的）。如：①She is too tired to walk any farther. ②She is strong enough to carry the heavy box. （3）表原因。用在形容词sorry, glad, pleased, happy, angry, clever, careful, surprised, lucky, right, ready等之后。e.g. ①I was surprised to read the news. ②I'm sorry to trouble you. （4）与疑问词连用。"特殊疑问词+ to do " 可以和宾语从句替换变为简单句。如：① I don't know to do it, please tell me what to do .

② Rose doesn't know when they are going to repair the watch.(变为简单句)

Rose doesn't know when to repair the watch.

(二)动名词(doing)

用法: 后跟动名词作宾语的情况:

1.用在动词keep, enjoy, practice, spend, mind, like, finish., consider, stop 等之后.

2.用在短语make a contribution to doing, be good at doing , do well in doing, carry on doing , go on doing , be used for doing, be used to doing, thank you / thanks for doing, keep / stop / prevent… from doing, be busy doing, give up doing, end up doing, stay up doing , try out doing, feel like doing ,spend…in doing, put off doing sth.,keep sb.doing, be worth doing , what/ how about doing…等

3.用在句式There is a / an +名词+doing sth.表示"有一个……正在做……"

如: There is a man mending his bike in the picture.

（三）后跟动词原形的情况

一）、情态动词must, can, could, should, would, shall, may, need等跟动词原形

如：He need have a rest.

二）、句式：1、Will / Would you please ( not ) do?请求做…，好吗？

2、Why not do? = Why don't you do ? 为什么不……？

3、Shall we do …? 我们可以做……吗?

4、肯定祈使句的开头。如：Look out! 小心/ 当心！

三）、否定句子助动词don't , doesn't, didn't后的谓语动词，及疑问句中助动词Do, Does, Did 后。如：He doesn't like playing.

四）、短语：1. be able to = can 能,会 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/002365165.html,ed to 过去常常 3.have to = must必须;不得不4.had better do 否定式：had better not do 最好做……

（四）后面既可跟to do 也可跟doing的动词

1、stop to do sth.停止原来的事，去做另外的某件事，作目的状语。

stop doing sth.停止正在做的事。作定语。

2.need to do sth.主语为人如：He needs to have a rest.他需要休息了。

need doing sth.主语为物如：The desk needs cleaning.桌子需要修了。

need do : need 为情态动词。如:He need take a bus to go to work.

3.forget / remember to do sth.忘记/ 记着去做某事（这件事没做）

如：I forgot to tell him.

forget / remember doing sth.忘记/ 记着曾做过某事（这件事已做过）

如：I forgot locking the door. I remembered telling you about it.

4. like / love / hate to do sth.喜欢/爱/讨厌做某事（指具体某件事）

like / love / hate doing sth.喜欢/爱/讨厌做某事（指习惯性爱好）

如：He likes to read stories. 他喜欢读故事。

He likes reading.他喜欢阅读。

5.Start / begin to do sth = start / begin doing sth.开始做某事

6.see / watch / hear sb. do. sth.看见/ 听见某人做了某事

see / watch / hear sb. doing. sth.看见/ 听见某人正在做某事

八、主谓一致

一、主语和谓语意义上致：指根据句子意思主语的人称和数应是单数还是复数，从而谓语动

词应与其保持一致。

1.若一个句子的主语是单数，则谓语动词应用单数形式（am, is, was, has）及可以带-s及-es

的动词形式。如：She comes here once a week.

2.表示时间、重量、金钱、距离的复数名词作主语，通常被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。如：Three years has already passed quickly.三年时间很快已经过去了。

3.以-s结尾的名词，news（新闻消息）；works（著作）；maths（数学）；

plastics（塑料物）以及以-ics结尾的学科名称名词。如physics（物理学）；politics（政治）

等作主语，谓语动词须用单数。如：I don't think the news in the newspaper is true.

4.family, class, police等词在句中作主语时，当它们表示整体概念时，谓语动词用第三人称单

数形式；而当它们表示其中的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：

①His family is moving next month.他家下个月要搬家了.

② His family enjoy watching football match. 他全家人都爱看足球比赛.

5.people一词表示"人"之意时,总是表示复数意义,面没有单数形式,所以谓语动词用复数形式.如:Look! Three people are standing under that tree.

6.由and连接的两个主语的单数名词指同一个人，同一物时，谓语动词要用单数形式；当and

连接的两个作主语的单数名词分别指两个人或物时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：(1)Bread and butter is a common food over the country. 面包涂黄油是这个国家很普遍的食物。

(2) Lucy and LiLei are good friends. 露西和李雷是好朋友。

注意：在这种情况下，and 后的名词没有冠词，表示“同一个人或物”，作主语，谓语动词用

单数。若and 前后的名词都有冠词，则表示两个人或物，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。

区别：(1)The writer and artist has given us a talk. 这个作家兼艺术家已经给我们作了报告。

(2)The writer and the artist have given us a talk. 这个作家和这个艺术家都已经给我们作了报告。

7.主语为trousers 裤子; shoes鞋; glasses眼镜等成对出现的名词, 谓语动词用复数。

如：His glasses are news.

但：这些词前用a pair of 或pairs of …修饰时，谓语根据pair单复数来确定。

如：A pair of shoes costs 150 yuan.

8.“the + 姓氏名词复数”表示“…一家”或“……夫妇”，当其在句中作主语时，谓语动词应用复

数形式。如：The Whites enjoy working in China.

9.“the +形容词”表示这一类，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：老年人the old ；年青人the young ；富人the rich ；穷人the poor等。如：The poor were working day and night in old days.

10.“The number of +复数名词”意为“……的数量”；“many a + 单数名词”表示“许多……”；“more than one + 单数名词”表示“不至一个……”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：

(1) The number of students is forty in this class.这个班学生的数量是40人。

(2) More than one students likes playing. 不至一个学生喜欢玩。

11.“A number of +复数名词”作主语，表示“许多……”，谓语动词用复数。

如：A number of students are in the classroom.

12.一些词如lots of , plenty of , a lot of 加不可数名词时，作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。但

后跟复数名词时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：

(1) A lot of money is spent on clothes. 很多钱都花在买衣服上了。

(2) A lot of students are going to my house. 许多学生要来我家。

13. a great deal of / a large amount of 意为“许多，大量……”，只能接不可数名词，其谓语动

词要用单数形式。

14.everyone, everybody, nobody, somebody, anything, nothing, something, everything等不定代

词在句中作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：

Everything begins to grow fast in spring.春天万物开始迅速生长。

15. every, each, one, another, little, a little, much 加单数名词，作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式；both, few, a few, many加复数名词，作主语，谓语动词要用复数形式。

如：(1) Each day passes without any change. (2) Both girls are beautiful girls.

16.“either +单数名词”或“either of +复数名词”表示“两者中的一个……”；“neither +复数名词”或“neither of +复数名词”表示“两者都不……”在句中作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) Neither answers is right.两个答案都不对。

(2) Neither of the twins likes bread.那对双胞胎都不喜欢面包。

17. 动词v-ing形式，动词不定式（即：to+动词原形）或从句在句中作主语时，谓语动词应用单数形式。如：(1)To do is much more difficult than to say.

(2) Doing dyes exercises is good for our eyes.

(3) When we will start hasn't been decided yet.

二、主语和谓语在语法上的一致：即指谓语动词与主语的单复数形式上保持一致。

1.若句中主语加上插入部分，则谓语动词应与主语一致。

主语+ with / as will as / without / including / besides / except/ but / together with等组成的短语，谓语动词要与这些短语或词前的主语确定。

如：(1)T he woman with the two boys is American.

(2)All the teachers, including Miss Li, are going to a meeting.

2.“each +单数名词”或“each of +代词/ 名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。

如：Each of the children has an orange.

三、主语和谓语就近一致：即指谓语的人称和数与靠近它的那个主语保持一致。

1.there be 结构：当there be +单数名词时，谓语动词be为单数形式；当there be +复数名词时，谓语动词be 为复数形式。如：There is a pen in your pencil-box.

2.当主语中出现了or, either … or, neither… nor, not only…but also时，谓语动词要根据就近原则与离谓语最近的主语保持一致。

如：Neither he nor I am a student now.

九、感叹句：

1、定义：由what 和how引导，表示说话时的惊异、喜悦、气愤等情绪，句尾有惊叹号“！”，读时用降调，在口语中常用省略句，有时只有一个词或词组。

如：Great! How cold!

2、结构：①What + a / an +形容词+名词单数+主语+谓语！

②What + 形容词+名词复数+主语+谓语！

③How + 副词+主语+谓语！

④ How +形容词+ the + 名词+谓语！（the + 名词为句子主语）

e.g:(1)、He is a kind boy. (变为感叹句) → What a kind boy he is!

(2)These are very beatiful flowers. (变为感叹句) →What beatiful flowers these are!

(3). They are playing happily. (变为感叹句)→How happily they are playing!

由肯定句变为感叹句时，肯定句出现的副词so, very , quite, rather, pretty，too等要去掉。

e.g,What an interesting book it is. ( 同义句)→How interesting the book is!

十、祈使句：

英语中的祈使句通常用来表示请求、建议、命令、等语气，习惯上以动词原形开头，句未，一般用句号或感叹号。

1、祈使句的肯定式：

（1）动词原形+其它成分。如：come here 过来。

（2）please +动词原形＋其它成分，（=动词原形+其它成分+ please 注意：please 位于句未时，其前多用逗号隔开，后面的句式语气上比前面的句式更为客气和礼貌。

如：Please come in =come in ,please .

（3）Be +形容词+其它成分。如：Be quiet , please !

（4）Let +宾语+动词原形其它成分。如：Let's go .Let's me go in

(5)No+v-ing. No smoking!

2、祈使句的否定式：在动词原形前加Don’t .

如：Watch TV ,please 否定句Don't watch TV

十一、宾语从句

一、定义：用来作宾语的句子叫宾语从句，使用宾语从句需注意引导词、语序（用陈述句语序）、时态正确。

二、变宾语从句的方法（类似于直接引语变间接引语）：

（一）确定主从句：根据句意来判断，可以跟宾语从句的动词有think, say, tell, ask, decide, hope, wish, know等。

（二）确定引导词

1、从句为陈述句时用that 引导，that无意义，可省略。

2、从句为一般疑问句由if / whether引导。如：

Are they students? He asks. → He asks if they are students.

3、从句为特殊疑问句，由原来的特殊疑问词引导。如：

①How many students are there ? He asked me. → He asked me how many students there were.

②What's the matter with her? Can you tell me ?→ Can you tell me what's the matter with her? 主句的谓语为think , believe, guess, suppose且主句的主语为I , we时，宾语从句的否定前移。如：I think. He doesn't like the present.（合并为宾语从句）

→ I don't think he likes the pr esent.

4、下列情况必须用whether 不用if ：

（1）从句作介词的宾语时。如：We are talking about whether we'll go back to our hometown. （2）后跟不定式，或与or not连用时必须用whether。

如:①He asked me whether to sit at the front.（简单句）

② I don't know whether he's free or not. (复合句)

6.当从句为祈使句时，肯定的变为tell / ask sb. to do sth.；否定的变为tell / ask sb.not to do sth

如：He told me. Don't play in the street.（合并为一句)

He told me not to play in the street.

（三）确定时态和人称

1.当主句为Could you tell me/us时，从句时态不受主句限制。

2.从句的时态：当主句为一般现在时时，从句时态不变；当主句为一般过去时时，从句用相应的过去时态：即：一般现在时→一般过去时；一般过去时→过去完成时（句中无过去时间状语）；一般将来时→过去将来时；现在进行时→过去进行时；现在完成时→过去完成时（四）确定语序及标点符号（根据主句判断）

（五）注意：当从句表示自然规律或客观事实时，即使主句为过去时态，从句也必须用一般现在时。这类句子有：

1.Light travels faster than sound. 光比声音传播的速度快。

2.The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。

3.The earth goes / moves around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。

4.The moon goes / moves around the earth. 月亮绕着地球转。

5.The earth is round. 地球是圆的。

如：My father told me that the sun rises in the east.

十二、状语从句

状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。

1.引导时间状语从句的连词

主要有when, while, as, by the time, before, after, since, till/until, as soon as等。其中when?while和as都可表示"当……时候",但用法有区别:

when（当......的时候）, after（在...之后）, before(在...之前), as soon as(一....就...) , until(直到),引导的时间状语从句, 主句用一般将来时（will+v.）, 则从句用一般现在时

when和while引导的时间状语从句，如果主句用一般过去时（动词的过去式），则从句用过去进行时（was/ were +v.-ing)., 表示当一个动作正在进行时, 另一个动作发生了.

while引导的时间状语从句, 主句和从句都用过去进行时（was/ were +v.-ing)., 表示当一个动作正在发生的时候, 另一个动作也在同时发生.

when引导的时间状语从句. 如果主句用过去进行时（was/ were +v.-ing)., 则从句用一般过去时（动词的过去式）. 表示当一个动作发生的时候, 另一个动作正在进行.

by the time= when（当...的时候）,引导时间状语从句, 如果主句用过去完成时(had +过去分词),则从句用一般过去时（动词的过去式）.表示当一个动作发生了的时候, 另一个动作已经在这个动作之前发生了（即“过去的过去”）.

as意为"边……边……"或"与……同时",重在表示两个动作同时发生。伴随进行。as从句是终止性动词时,主句通常也必须是终止性动词。例如:

They sang as they danced.

2.引导原因状语从句的连词

原因状语从句一般由because, since, as, for引导?注意as,because,since和for的区别:

①如果原因是构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because。because引导的从句一般不放在句子的开头。例如:

I missed the train because I got up late.

注:对于以why开头的问句,一般只能用because引导的从句来回答。

②如果原因已为人们所知,或不如句子的其余部分重要,就用as或since、since比as稍微正式一些。as和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如:

As he was not well,I decided to go there without him.

Since this method doesn't work, let's try another.

③for表示所说的理由是一种补充说明,因此,for引导的从句可以放在括号里,而且for引导的从句一般不放在句子的开头。例如:

I decided to stop and have lunch, for I was feeling quite hungry.

3.引导结果状语从句的连词

主要有so/such…that…,so that等。

1) so...that结构在某种情况下可以与enough to和too...to结构相互转换。例如:

She is so short that she can't reach the buttons of the lift. =She is too short to reach the buttons of the lift.

2)so that也可以引导结果状语从句,意为"结果是;以致于"。例如:

They missed the bus so that they were late for class.

注:so that也可引导目的状语从句,此时可用to或in order to替换,将其改为简单句。例如:

He got up early so that he could get to school on time. =He got up early to get to school on time. =In order to get to school on time,he got up early.

4.条件状语从句

if 的用法：

意为“如果”，引导真条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时（will+v.）、祈使句或情态动词+ 动词原形，从句用一般现在时（I /we/you/they/复数名词+v. 或He/She/It/单数名词+动词的第三人称单数）

意为“如果”，引导虚拟条件状语从句，主句用would+v., 从句用动词的过去式（be动词用were）.

意为“是否”引导宾语从句，如果主句为一般现在时（I /we/you/they/复数名词+v. 或He/She/It/单数名词+动词的第三人称单数），从句可根据句子选用任何时态。如果主句为一般过去时（动词的过去式），则从句要变为相应的过去时态。

状语从句一览表

分类从句的引导词例句

时间状语从句when / while / as 当……时；

before 在……之前；

after在……之后；since自从；

as soon as一……就；

until直到……为止

I ___________ (do) my homework when Mum came

in.

He didn’t go to bed until his father __________ (回

来).

条件状语从句if如果；as long as只要；

unless除非；如果不

If it _________ (下雨) toorrow, I will stay at home.

Unless the bad weather stops me, I go for a walk

every day.

我每天都会去__________，除非遇上坏天气。

原因状语从句because因为；since既然；

as由于

I like to eat fruits because they ______________

health.

我喜欢吃水果，因为它们对健康有益。

Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.

_________每个人都到了，咱们开始开会吧。

目的状语从句so that以便，为了；

in order that为了

He _________________ (早起) every morning so

that he can catch the early bus.

结果状语从句so that结果是；

so…that / such…that

如此……以至于……

He cried loudly so that everybody _______ (听见)

him.

It’s so hot outside that nobody __________ (want)

to go out.

让步状语从句though/ although尽管，虽然；

even if / even thugh即使；

whatever无论什么；

wherever无论哪里；

whenever无论何时

I finished ________ (吃) the dish though I didn’t like

it.

Wherever ___________ (你去哪里), I will go with

you.

地点状语从句where哪里；

wherever无论在哪里

Sit wherever you like. 请随便坐。

Please put it where it was. 请把它放回原处。

考点一：时间状语从句

1、当主句是一般将来时或祈使句表示将来的意义时，时间状语从句用一般现在时。如：

I’ll _____________ as soon as I get to Beijing.我一到北京就给你打电话。

2、when / while / as引导时间状语从句，表示主句和从句的动作同时发生；before表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前；after则表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后；as引导时间状语从句时，强调同时发生，不分先后。如：

When I walk to school, I walk _____________________ (沿着人行道).

☆when / while / as的区别

①若主、从句表示两个同时进行的持续性动作，且强调主句表示的动作延续到从句所指的整个时间，通常要用while。但是，若主、从句表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边……一边”之意思，通常要用as。如：

Don’t talk while you’re eating.吃饭时不要说话。

I kept silent while he ________________.在他写的时候，我默不作声。

She sang as she went along.她边走边唱。

②若从句是短暂性动作，而主句是持续性动作，可以用as或when但不用while。如：

When / As he _____________, I was listening to the radio.他进来时，我在听收音机。

It was raining ___________ when / as we arrived.我们到达时正下着大雨。

③若主、从句表示的是两个同时(或几乎同时)发生的短暂性动作，一般要用as (也可用when)。如：

I thought of it just when / as you opened your mouth.就在你要说

的时候，我也想到了。

3、until / till引导的时间状语从句

①主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，主句用肯定形式，表示这一动作或状态一直延续到until / till所表示的时间为止。如：

I will __________________ (等你) until / till you come to see me.

I will read the book until / till I ____________ (finish) it.

②主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词时，用否定形式表示主句的动作直到until所表示的时间才发生，构成句式not …until；有时不用not，而用其他，如never，nothing等表示否定的词。如：

I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework.我直到完成作业才去睡觉。

4、since引导的时间状语从句，表示“自从……以来”，主句用一般现在时或现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。常用结构为：“It has been…+since从句”或“It is …+since从句”。如：

①It has been / is about ten years since I graduated from Nanjing University.

我从南京大学毕业大约十年了。

②I have worked in this school since I graduated from Nanjing University.

从南京大学毕业后，我就一直在这所学校上班了。

【真题链接】

1. (2012重庆) I didn’t believe he could drive ________ he told me.

A. once

B. while

C. since

D. until

2. (2012陕西) Ten years has passed ________ the CCTV event People Who Moved China took place in 2002.

A. when

B. while

C. before

D. since 考点二：条件状语从句

1、主句为一般将来时或含有情态动词时，条件状语从句用一般现在时。如：

①I will visit the Great Wall if it _________________ (不下雪) tomorrow.

②Well, you won’t ________________ to watch with fans if that’s what you think!

那么，如果那是你所想的，你就不会被允许同粉丝们一同观看了！

③I won’t go with you unless you promise to give me some money.

我不会跟你走的，__________你答应给我一些钱。

2、如果if引导的条件状语从句所表示的前提或条件可以实现或正在进行，从句要用一般现在时，主句通常用一般将来时。如：

We’ll give you a good price if you are thinking of buying it.

如果你考虑买它，我们会给你一个好价钱。

3、“祈使句+and / or引导的分句”中，祈使句在意义上相当于一个条件状语从句。如：

①Use your head, ________ you can find a way.动动脑筋，你就会想出办法来。

②Hurry up, ________ you will miss the bus.快点吧，否则你就赶不上公交车了。

【真题链接】

3. (2013安徽) The rivers will become dirtier and dirtier _____ we take actions to protect them.

A. since

B. if

C. until

D. unless

4. (2013无锡) The old theatre will close soon ________ some extra donations are made.

A. so

B. if

C. because

D. unless

考点三：原因状语从句

1、原因状语从句通常用because，since，as引导。这三个词所表示的语气由because到as逐渐减弱；由why提出的问题用because回答。如：

Kitty is careful with her diet because she wants to __________________ (保持健康).

2、如果状语从句所表示的原因是人们已知的事实，就要用since，而不用as或because。since在这里意为“既然”。如：

Since you can’t answer the question, you can ask someone ________ (of / for) help.

【真题链接】

5. (2012临沂) The family had to stay at the hotel, ________ it was raining hard.

A. because

B. although

C. until

D. unless

考点四：目的状语从句

1、引导目的状语从句的词或词组用：so that，in order that等，从句谓语中

含有may，might，can，could，will，would等情态动词。如：

①UNICEF believes that all children have clean water and food so that they can be healthy.

联合国儿童基金会认为所有的孩子都应该有干净的水和食物，这样他们才会健康。

②He must get up early in order that he can do some ____________(exercise).

2、当从句的主语与主句一致时，可用so as to，in order to。如：

He worked day and night in order that / so that could ______________. = He worked day and night so as to / in order to _____________.

他日夜的工作为的是取得成功。

【真题链接】

6. (2013山东)—What would some students like to do after finishing their education?

—They would like to start to work ______ they needn’t depend on their parents completely.

A. as soon as

B. so that

C. before

D. while

考点五：结果状语从句

1、由so…that，such…that引导。二者区别如下：

so +形容词或副词+ that

such + a / an +形容词+可数名词单数+ that

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