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美国文明史期末考试

美国文明史期末考试
美国文明史期末考试

“美国文明史”期末考试题

2012.5.2

第1组

试题:到美国革命前夕,北美殖民地的居民拥有双重身份认同——他们是英国人也是美利坚人。是什么原因导致了他们的这种双重身份?美国革命对他们的身份认同产生了哪些影响?

答:

(1)、原因:①自从哥伦布发现美洲新大陆,英国人很少有人进入美洲新大

陆。17世纪60年代,英国爆发了金融危机,许多的英国年轻人成为无业游民,整天在大街小巷游荡或者打架,严重影响城市的治安。英王为了改变着一种现象,决定大量移民到美洲新大陆,希望因此来减少国内的压力。1607年,英国人开始来到北美大西洋沿岸,并且开始建立第一个殖民地弗吉尼亚。因为英国有强大的武力和财力,在于许多的殖民者斗争中赢得胜利。英国殖民者几十年经过不断拓殖,到18世纪30年代,英国人已在北美大西洋沿岸建立了13个殖民地。在这段时间内,大批移民移居北美。由于前面我说的原因,大批英国人志愿到美洲大陆来寻求生存,因此其中大多数是英国人,但也有少部分来自欧洲其他国家,此外还有不少从非洲贩运过来的黑奴。因为英国人受到英王指派,才来到美洲大陆,而且美洲大陆的土地是英王给他的子民的,因此英国的殖民者对英王是相当忠诚的,这也是为什么北美殖民地的居民认为自己是英国人。

②由于当时英属北美殖民地的资本主义经济发展较快,成为所有的殖民地中经济发展的主流。但是与此同时,也存在着许多落后的经济成分。殖民地的统治模式是依照英国政体的形式建立的,每个殖民地都有自己的总督和议会。总督代表英国对殖民地进行统治,拥有行政、经济和军事大权,可以否决议会通过的法案。经过一百多年的经济发展,英属北美各殖民地的经济来往日益密切,而且初步形成了统一的国内市场。还有,在长期的交流、融合过程中,英语成为来自各殖民地的共同语言,逐渐产生了共同的文化。因为经济、语言、习惯的基本形成,且与英国越来越远,便形成一种独特的文化。在此基础上,美利坚民族开始形成。民族意识逐渐觉醒。这时北美殖民地的人便认为自己有着与英国不同的身份。

由于还并没有脱离英国的统治,因此在北美殖民地的居民心中,两种身份都存在,而且两种身份都有着自己独特的情感。

(2)、影响:殖民地的革命使北美脱离英王的统治,自己建立一个新的国家,

再与英国没有太大的瓜葛。而且在美国独立的过程中,英国还派了大批的军队前来镇压,这是北美殖民地的英国人彻底下定决心扔掉英国人的身份,成为美利坚人。不在向自己的老祖宗做任何的事,也不叫老祖宗的名字,自己为自己新起一名字,自己独立的生活。

第2组

试题:当殖民地与宗主国的矛盾加剧、危机加深时,殖民者开始抛

弃传统的捍卫英国人的权利的诉求,而转为诉诸于“天赋人权”和“普遍自由”的抽象理论,并最终以此作为与英国决裂的理由。试讨论这个过程是如何发生的?

答:

发生过程:正如我在第一题中所讲到的原因,因为英国的经济飞速的发展,导

致英国人口的数目增长也很大,应为一次金融危机,便导致大量的人口成为无业游民,影响英国城市的治安。英王通过将大量多于的劳动力外输的方法来减缓英国的压力,因此英王选择移民到美洲。因为英王以自己的名义将北美的土地送给去北美生活的英国人,因此许多没有工作的年轻人便来到美洲大陆。在最开始,在去殖民地的英国人心中,他们永远都是英国的子民,在与别的殖民者斗争的过程中,他们有自己的鲜血来捍卫英国人的权利,而且他们始终都在为英国的发展做自己的贡献。自英国开发海外殖民地以来,为了维护英国本土的垄断利益,颁布了一些限制殖民地经济发展的法令,例如《航海条例》。随着北美殖民地自身的快速发展,殖民地的人民越来越希望减低对英国本土的依赖,寻求独立发展其自身的经济的道路。然而,这却引起了英国当局的不满,因为英国当局希望北美殖民地能继续充当其廉价的原材料供应地及商品倾销的市场,所以英国当局开始采取很多高压政策以阻遏殖民地经济的自由发展。在最开始的时间内,由于殖民地的经济还没有进入一个发展的阶段,而且此时殖民地的经济还很差,因此北美殖民地的居民没有感到英国对自己经济的限制。但随着经济的发展,北美殖民地经过一百多年的发展,英属北美各殖民地的经济来往日益密切,而且初步形成了统一的国内市场。于此同时,在长期的交流、融合过程中,英语成为来自各殖民地的共同语言,逐渐产生了共同的文化。在此基础上,美利坚民族开始形成。民族意识逐渐觉醒。18世纪上半期,启蒙思想在英属北美殖民地得到传播,在这时期涌现出一些杰出的思想家,如富兰克林和杰斐逊。英属北美殖民地的民族和民主意识日趋增强。这里说明一下:美国的“大觉醒”是先前在欧洲发生的宗教复兴的再续。新的宗教潮流认为个人意识和经验才是宗教经验中最有价值的地方,而不是教会所传布的资讯。这使得浸信会教派的观点开始在殖民地中传播开来。这也是第一个对英国殖民地造成全面性影响的大事件。在法印战争与朋提阿克暴动之后,新即位的英国国王乔治三世全面检讨北美洲这块地方。他为了让大英帝国更加稳固的掌控殖民地以及为英国带来更多利益,英国颁布了一系列新的经济与土地的分配政策。然而殖民地人对这些新政策的不满在接下来的十年中越来越强,这些时间对美国革命的发生买下了伏笔。就在殖民地的英国人对大英帝国越来越不满的同时,

又发生生了一系列的事件。18世纪中期,英属北美殖民地的经济也是发展迅速,这为与英国的经济冲突提供了条件。北部工商业发达,中部盛产小麦,南部种植园经济繁荣。北美生产的很多产品甚至能在国际市场上与英国产品一争高低,这样使得英国成立最初殖民地的愿望没有达成。而在1756-1763年的“七年战争”中,为争夺对北美殖民地的控制,英国与法国进行了长期的拉锯战争。结果虽然是英国打败了法国,控制了北美大部分地区,但因长期的战争而导致英国财政困难。于是,英国政府不断地向北美各殖民增加各种税收,并实行一系列的高压政策,对殖民地进行蛮横的压榨和残酷的剥削,因为英国希望北美永远做它的原料产地和商品市场,竭力压制殖民地经济的快速发展,并从殖民地搜刮更多的财富。因此殖民地居民感到强烈的不满,并发动了大规模的游行示威。然而,英国当局不但不作理会,更在1770年3月5日派驻北美英军开枪射杀反抗英国当局暴政的波士顿居民,制造了“波士顿惨案”,使得殖民地民怨沸腾,又于1773年12月16日发生波士顿倾茶事件。1774年英国当局更是颁布了5项“不可容忍的法案”,激化了双方的矛盾。在英国人刚来北美的时候,英国人认为他们是世界上最幸福的人,但是随着与英国本土关系的淡薄,他们发现:他们现在只是为英国缴纳所有的税收,却没有享受到应该的权利。因为北美的殖民者在英国的国会总共没有代表自己利益的代表,而且自己的意见在议会中不会得到采纳。换句话说,北美的殖民者更本没有权利在英国的政府中。这从更本上与他们理想中的英国子民不同。因此他们的心开始转变,不在承认自己英国人的权利,转为诉诸于“天赋人权”和“普遍自由”的抽象理论,并最终以此作为与英国决裂的理由。

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