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汽车专业英语读译教程翻译UNIT 7 TEXT A

汽车专业英语读译教程翻译UNIT 7 TEXT A
汽车专业英语读译教程翻译UNIT 7 TEXT A

第7单元排放控制系统

课文A 排放控制系统概述

为了减小不完全燃烧和蒸发气体对大气的污染,并保持良好的运行性能和燃油经济性,所有的汽车上都采用了多种排放控制系统。这些系统包括强制式曲轴箱通风(PCV)系统、蒸发排放控制(EV AP)系统、废气再循环(EGR)系统、空气喷射(AIR)系统和三元催化转化器(TWC)系统。

1.PCV系统

PCV系统的作用是收集曲轴箱产生的蒸汽和气缸窜气,并将这些气体引入到进气系统,以便在燃烧期间将其烧掉。这些蒸汽稀释了混合气,因此必须对它们进行精心的控制和计量,以便不影响发动机的性能。这就是PCV阀的任务。怠速时,空气燃油混合气非常关键,只允许一点点蒸汽进入到进气系统。高速时,混合气得浓度就不那么重要了,并且发动机气缸压力也升高,因而允许有更多的蒸汽进入进气系统。当PCV阀或PCV系统赌塞时,蒸汽就会倒流回到空气滤清器,甚至更糟的是,过大的压力会破坏密封件,导致发动机润滑油的泄漏。如果使用了不正确的PCV阀,或者PCV系统存在漏气现象,发动机将会怠速不稳,甚至出现将发动机润滑油从发动机内吸出来的现象。

2.EGR系统

废气再循环(EGR)系统能降低燃烧过程中所产生的氮氧化合物。EGR系统使用数量可控的废气来稀释空气-燃油混合气。由于废气不会燃烧,所以EGR将降低燃烧温度。在燃烧温度降低的情况下,空气中只有极少的氮与氧结合,而形成氮氧化合物(NO X)。大部分氮只是随废气而排出气缸。为了获得良好的运行性能,最好让EGR阀的开度(以及废气流量)与节气门开度呈正比例。为了改善运行性能,在发动机低温起动、怠速以及节气门全开时,要停止EGR。由于在不同的发动机上NO X控制要求不同,因此就有使用各种控制装置来提供这些功能的若干不同的EGR系统。

1)EGR阀

大多数这样的系统都采用了真空操纵的EGR阀,来调节进入进气歧管的废气流量(图7-1和图7-2)。进气歧管下面的交叉排气通道将废气通道EGR阀(有些直列式发动机通过一根外部气管将废气通到EGR阀)。EGR阀一般安装化油器下面的一根板上,或者直接安装在进气歧管上。

EGR阀是一个真空操纵的流量控制阀。借助膜片处的控制真空打开EGR阀,就能让废气流过该阀而进入进气歧管。在这里,废气与空气-燃油混合气混合,稀释了混合气,尽管仍能完全燃烧,但燃烧室温度却降低了。

为了确保EGR系统该工作的时候能工作,采用了许多不同的控制装置。理想的情况是,当发动机达到工作温度时,以及发动机在除了怠速和大节气门开度之外的工况下工作时,EGR系统应该正常工作。在今天的汽车上所能见到的各种EGR控制装置有:温控真空开关(TVS)、喉管真空放大器(VV A)、背压传感器、EGR真空调节器(EVR)、压力反馈EGR (PFE)传感器和压力传感器(EPT)。

EGR阀有各种设计。正背压EGR阀在膜片的中央部位有一个通气阀。一个小弹簧保持该通气阀开启,废气的通道从锥形阀通过阀杆到达放气阀。当发动机运转时,废气压力加给放气阀。发动机在低速时,废气压力不足以打开放气阀,发保持关闭。

随着发动机转速和车速的增加,废气压力也会增加。达到预定的节气门开度时,废气压力将EGR阀通气孔关闭。当控制真空加给膜片时,膜片和阀就被向上提升,因而阀开启。如果在发动机不运转的情况下,来自外部真空源的真空就被加到正背压EGR阀上,由于真

空通过通气孔而放掉,因此阀将不会打开。

在负背压EGR上,常闭的通气孔位于膜片的中心。废气的通道从锥形阀的下端,经过阀杆到达通气阀。当发动机低速运转时,排气系统中就存在高压脉冲。然而,在这些高压脉之间存在着低压脉冲。随着发动机转速的增加,在给定的时间内,气缸点火的次数会增加,因而排气系统中各个高压脉冲会靠得很近。

在发动机和车速较低时,排气系统中的负脉冲使通气阀保持开启。当发动机转速和车速增加到预定值时,排气负压脉冲就会下降,通气阀关闭。在这种情况下,EGR阀开启。当在发动机不运转的情况下,将来自外真空源的真空加给负背压EGR阀时,通气孔关闭,真空应该将EGR阀打开。

一个数字式EGR阀内含有多达三个由PCM直接操纵的电磁阀。每个电磁阀都含有一个可动柱塞,柱塞的锥形端与一个节流孔贴合。当给任何一个电磁阀通电时,其柱塞就会升起,废弃就会通过节流孔进入进气歧管。电磁阀和节流孔具有不同的尺寸。PCM可以操纵其中一个、两个或者全部三个电磁阀动作,从而提供所需要的废气循环量,获得最佳的NO X 控制效果。

EGR阀内含有一个EGR阀位置即EGR阀升程传感器,该传感器是一个线性电位计。该传感器的信号电压在1V(EGR阀关闭时)到4.5V(EGR阀全开时)之间变化。

为了用脉冲宽度调节原理对EGR阀柱塞和EGR流量进行精确控制,PCM给EGR电磁阀线圈发送通/断脉冲信号。EGR阀位置(EVP)传感器为PCM提供一个反馈信号,告诉PCM EGR阀的指令位置是否达到。

2)内部废气再循环

EGR降低了部分负荷时发动机废气中的氮氧化合物(一氧化氮NO和少量的二氧化氮NO2,合称为氮氧化合物NO X)。内部废气再循环系统的目的是在没有采用发动机外部管路的情况下,来控制废气的再循环。

在传统的增压箱节流发动机上,在部分节气门开度时,进气道与排气道之间存在一个压力差。对四冲程发动机,排气行程接近终了时,进气门开启,后面接着一个进气门和排气门同时开启的时期。在这个气门重叠期内,进气道的低压促使燃烧室内的残余废气倒流入进气道。结果,燃烧室内的压力下降又促使排气道内的废气倒流回燃烧室。这些残余废气稀释了进入的空气-燃油混合气。

对新鲜进气的稀释降低了峰值燃烧温度和压力,因而降低了废气中的NO X含量。过度的稀释会导致不完全燃烧或不稳定燃烧,从而引起了碳氢化合物(HC)的增加。稀释的最佳程度随着发动机的转速和负荷的变化而变化。按照常规,利用一种外部废气再循环系统就能获得最佳运行状况所需要的稀释要求。这种外部废气再循环系统借助于外部管路和控制阀,使数量得到计量的废气进行再循环。

3.蒸发排放控制系统

汽油易挥发。过去,这些蒸发的排放物被放到大气中。来自汽车的全部HC排放物中有20%来自汽油箱。1970年,限制汽油箱排放物排放到大气中的排放法规获得通过。为了消除这个污染源,研制了蒸发排放控制系统。该系统的作用是收集和保存来自汽油箱和化油器的蒸发排放物。活性炭罐用来收集燃油蒸汽。燃油蒸汽吸附在活性炭上,一直到发动机起动时,在发动机真空的作用下,这些蒸汽才被吸入发动机,与空气-燃油混合气一起燃烧掉。使用该系统要求使用密封的汽油箱盖。这个汽油箱盖对系统工作如此重要,以至于现在许多州都将汽油箱盖的监测纳入州排放检测计划中。1970年前的小汽车通过一个通气式汽油箱盖,将燃油蒸汽放到大气中。今天,采用了密封式汽油箱盖,并采用了改进设计的汽油箱。汽油箱内必须有汽油蒸汽聚集的空间,以便能将这些蒸汽通往活性炭罐。一只清污阀用来控制进入发动机的蒸汽流量。此清污阀受发动机真空的控制。该系统的一个常见故障就是清污

阀损坏和发动机的真空直接将燃油吸进进气系统。这将加浓混合气并使火花塞被脏污。大多数活性炭罐都有一个滤网,应将其定期更换。当燃油经济性变差时,应该对该系统进行检查。

在某些发动机上,动力控制模块(PCM)允许在某些工况下,进气歧管真空将汽油蒸汽吸入燃烧室。所有这些发动机都采用占空比清污控制系统。PCM通过操纵占空比EV AP 清污电磁阀来控制蒸汽流量(图7-3)。

4.空气喷射系统

由于没有内燃机效率能够达到100%,所以排气中总是存在某些未燃燃料,这就增加了碳氢化合物排放。为了消除这个排放源,研制了空气喷射系统。燃烧需要有燃料、氧和热。三者缺一,燃烧就无法进行。在排气歧管内,有足够的热量来支持燃烧。如果引入一些氧,那么任何未燃的燃料都会燃烧。这种燃烧不会产生动力,但却会使过多的碳氢化合物排放得到降低。与在燃烧室里的情况不同,这种燃烧是不可控制的,因此,如果废气中的燃油含量过多的话,就会出现爆炸,并发出爆裂声。有时,在正常情况下(如减速),肺气肿的燃油含量也过高。在这些情况下,我们会要求关闭空气喷射系统。这是通过分流阀来实现的。使用分流阀,而不是关闭空气泵,即可使空气不流向排气歧管,而转移到别处。由于所有这些都是在燃烧过程完成之后进行的,所以这是一种对发动机性能没有影响的排放控制。

新型的空气喷射系统采用了ECM控制(图7-4)。当发动机在低温时,PCM就会给控制电磁阀通电。这就使空气流到空气转换阀。空气转换阀通电,从而将空气引入到排气道。

发动机升温后,即在闭环模式,PCM就会给控制电磁阀断电,从而使空气流到催化转化器的两个催化床之间。这就给氧化催化剂提供了额外的氧,从而降低了HC和CO排放,同时还使第一个催化床保持较低的氧量水平。这就使还原催化剂能更有效地降低NO X排放值。

5.催化转化器

汽车排放物的控制有三种方法。一是促成更加完全的燃烧,使燃烧的有害副产物减少;二是使过多的碳氢化合物返回到发动机进行燃烧;三是提供一个可供氧化或进行燃烧的额外场所。这种额外的场所就使催化转化器。催化转化器的外观像一只消声器。它位于排气系统中消声器的前面。在催化转化器内,有用铂或钯制成的很多小球或一个蜂窝结构。铂和钯用作催化剂(催化剂是一种用于加速化学反应过程的物质)。当废气中的碳氢化合物和一氧化碳从催化剂上经过时,就会被氧化而转变成二氧化碳和水。随着催化转化器工作,就会产生热。废气中有害成分越多,催化转化器工作就越艰难,产生的热量就越多。在某些情况下,由于过热,可能会看到转化器发光。如果转化器难以净化污浊的废气,它将自我损毁。含铅汽油也会在铂和钯催化剂层上形成一个涂层,而导致转化器失效。

汽车专业英语翻译综合

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研究生英语读写译教程1_18单元翻译练习答案

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汽车专业英语翻译

About car engine Of all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile. 在汽车的所有部件中,汽车发动机是最复杂的组件,其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。 There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 事实上,按动力来源分发动机有很多种,如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。就像其字面意思一样,内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧,通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。 Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. 发动机是整部车的动力来源。能量来自于活塞在气缸内的(往复)直线运动。然而这种(往复)直线运动必须要转换成旋转运动才能驱动车轮。活塞与连杆通过一个销来连接,这个销称为活塞销。连杆的下部连接于曲拐。连杆把活塞的上下往复运动传递给曲拐,从而将往复直线运动转变成旋转运动。连杆和曲拐的连接使用大的轴承,称之为连杆轴承,类似的轴承也用于将曲轴连接到机体,称之为主轴承。 They are generally two different types of cooling system:water-cooling system and air-cooling system.Water-cooling system is more common.The cooling medium, or coolant, in them is either water or some low-freezing liquid, called antifreeze.A water-cooling system consists of the engine water jacket, thermostat, water pump, radiator, radiator cap, fan, fan drive belt and neccessary hoses. 主要有两种类型的冷却系统:水冷和风冷。水冷系统更为普遍。系统所用冷却介质或是冷却液常委水或其他低凝固点液体,称为抗凝剂。一个完整的水冷系统包括机体水套,节温器,水泵,散热器,散热器罩,风扇,风扇驱动皮带和必需的水管。 A water-cooling system means that water is used as a cooling agent to circulate through the engine to absorb the heat and carry it to the radiator for disposal.The ebgine is cooled mainly through heat transfer and heat dissipation.The heat generated by the mixture burned in the engine must be transferred from the iron or aluminum cylinder to the waterin the water jacket.The outside of the water jacket dissipates some of the heat to the air surrounding it, but most of the heat is carried by the cooling water to the radiator for dissipation.When the coolant temperature in the system reaches 90°,the termostat valve open fully, its slanted edge shutting off

汽车专业英语翻译

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汽车专业英语课文翻译4

Fuel Supply System of Gasoline Engine(UNIT SEVEN) All the gasoline engines have substantially identical fuel systems and run on a mixture consisting of fuel vapor and air. The fuel system comprises the units designed to store, clear and deliver fuel, the units intended to clean air and a unit for preparing a mixture from fuel vapor and air. In a fuel system different components are used to supply fuel from the fuel tank into the engine cylinder. Some of the important components are fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, intake manifold and fuellines or tubes connecting the tank, pump and the carburetor. The fuel tank is a fuel container used for storing fuel. It is made of sheet metal. It is attached to the vehicle frame with metal traps and is located at the rear of the vehicle. They are mounted in a boot or boot-floor pan in case of front-engined cars and small commercial vehicles. In order to strengthen the tank as well as to prevent surging of fuel when the vehicle rounds a curve of suddenly stops, baffle plates are attached to the inside of the tank. A cap is used to close the filler opening of the tank. The fuel line is attached at or near the bottom of the tank with a filtering element placed at the connection. The other components of the fuel tank are the fuel gauge sending unit, a vent pipe, receiving unit. To prevent the dirt and water from entering the luggage compartment, a sealing strip is fitted between the fuel tank and boot floor pan. Moreover to limit the transmission of frame distortion to the tank giving rise to squeaking as the metal parts get rubbed together, rubber or felt pads are often fitted between the mountings and the tank. Provision is also made against drumming of the tank by these mountings. The tank may be placed at the side of the chassis frame for convenience in case of large commercial vehicles. The length of the connecting lines or tubes from the tank to the carburetor is also restricted by this at the same time. A porous filter is attached to the outlet lines. By drawing fuel from the tank through the filter, any water in the bottom of the tank as well as any dirt into the fuel gathers on the surface of the filter. To keep the fuel always under atmospheric pressure, the filter pipe or tank is vented. In order to prevent dirt in the fuel from entering the fuel pump or carburetor, fuel filters and screens are used in the fuel system. If the dirt is not removed from the fuel, the normal operation of these units will be prevented. The engine performance will also be reduced.

研究生英语读写译教程 第11-health原文翻译及课后答案

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汽车专业英语翻译

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汽车专业英语课文翻译1

Types of Automobiles(UNITTWO) 汽车的类型 The automobile industry is a fast developing industry. Form the later 18th century when the first automobile was put on road, this industry has developed tremendously. Now there are thousands of factories all over the world manufacturing numerous types of automobiles. This industry employs crores of men and women directly and indirectly in allied industries. The automobile engines are also being used in engine powered machines for agriculture, construction and manufacturing processes. Various types of small engines are also being used in lawn movers, power saws, snow removers and similar equipment. The automobile industry is a developing and demanding industry which does not find its end or saturation point. There is a great demand for varied types of automotive products, vehicles and engines. There is also a great demand for trained and experienced persons in this industry for diagnosing motor vehicle troubles, repairing and replacing engines components, transmissions, propeller shafts, differentials, axles, steering system components, brake system components, suspension components, air conditioners, heaters, body and glass work. 汽车产业是一个迅速发展的行业。形成后18世纪当第一汽车被放在路,这个行业的发展极大。现在有成千上万的工厂世界各地制造许多类型的汽车。这个行业雇佣了卢比的男性和女性直接和间接地在盟军的产业。汽车引擎也被用于发动机动力机器为农业、建筑业和制造业的过程。各种类型的小引擎也被用于草坪搬家公司,电锯,雪消毒剂和类似的设备。汽车行业是一个发展中国家和要求行业没有找到它的结尾或饱和点。有大量需要不同类型的汽车产品,汽车和发动机。还有一个巨大的需求训练和经验丰富的人在这个行业对诊断机动车麻烦、维修和更换引擎组件、变速箱、螺旋桨轴、差异、轴、转向系统组件,制动系统组件,悬挂组件、空调、热水器、身体和玻璃的工作。 There are numerous types of automobiles used in the world. There are in general three main classifications of the various types of vehicles. 有许多类型的汽车在世界上使用。一般有三种主要分类的各种类型的车辆。 The single-unit vehicles or load carriers. 车辆的单件或负载运营商。 Articulated vehicles. 铰接车辆。 The heavy tractor vehicles. 沉重的拖拉机车辆。 Single-unit vehicles are of conventional four-wheel type. The great majority of vehicles are of two axle design, In these vehicles the front axle is a steering non-driving axle and the rear axle is the driving axle. With the passage of time, a great many changes have taken place in the number of axles and the driving arrangements. 单一制车辆四轮类型的传统。绝大多数的车辆被两个轴的设计,在这些车辆前轴是转向非驱动轴和后轴驱动轴。随着时间的流逝,许多变化已经发生轴的数量和驾驶的安排。 In this classification, digital terms like 4×2, 4×4, 6×4etc,are commonly used. The first figure denotes the total number of wheels and the second figure the number of driving wheels. 在这个分类、数字术语像4×2、4×4、6×4等,被普遍使用。第一个图表示轮子的总数和第二

汽车专业英语课程标准

《汽车专业英语》课程标准 一.课程性质与任务 《汽车专业英语》是汽车技术服务与营销专业的一门专业必修课程。随着中国汽车工业的飞速发展,有越来越多的外商进入中国市场,大量的国外汽车信息及汽车资料以及与外商、客户的交流对于我们汽车技术服务与营销专业来说尤为重要,这就需要我们了解、精通、掌握汽车专业通用语言——汽车专业英语。 本课程的主要任务是:本课程针对汽车销售实践中可能遇到的英文资料的类型,如整车性能特点、各系统零部件名称、车主手册等选用有代表性的实例,用英汉对照讲解,并将相关口语交流揉合在实例中,以培养学生汽车专业英文资料的理解能力,并能够用英语进行实际的交流并销售汽车。 二.课程设计思路 近年来,随着经济全球化的日益深入和汽车工业的不断发展,我国人民消费水平的提高以及汽车保有量的逐年增加,进口汽车大量涌入。同时,国内汽车制造业零部件的本土化比例也在不断提升,汽车技术正在迅速地与国际接轨,这就要求汽车专业人员必须具备汽车专业英文资料的阅读理解能力,为此,编者编写了这本《汽车专业英语》。。 本书以实用和交际为目的,把汽车知识和英语技能结合起来,既可供汽车专业人士和管理营销人士阅读和学习,也可作为职业院校学习汽车英语时的教材。本书在选材方面力求涉及面广,既涉及汽车的

发展、文化、环保和安全等方面的科普知识,又涵盖了汽车发动机、底盘等汽车专业知识。把高职高专基础英语教学内容和汽车专业英语课程内容进行科学合理的整合,将常用和实用的专业知识渗透到基础英语中。 每个单元由四个部分组成: (1)听说部分; (2)对话部分; (3)阅读部分(含三篇课文); (4)相关专业词汇和短语部分。 对话部分涉及汽车销售及售后领域,主要包括客户接待、汽车介绍、价格协商、支付方式、汽车维修等方面;本书阅读部分题材新颖,取材于最新报刊、杂志。 三.课程内容 章节内容建议课时Unit1 TheVehicleworld 4 Unit2 HistoryofAutomobiles 4 Unit3 FamousCars 4 Unit4 CelebritiesintheAutoWorld 4 Unit5 LogosofAutomobiles 4 Unit6 TheProductionofAutomobiles 4 Unit7 TheLifeoftheAutomobiles 4 Unit8 AutomotivePollutionControlandFuel-efficiency 4

汽车专业英语部分翻译

(6)Maintain correct viscosity (free flowing at all temperatures). 保持正确的粘度(在所有温度下自由流动)。 When the brake fluid boils, it becomes vapor. A vapor can be compressed, but a liquid cannot be compressed. Pressing on the brake pedal will compress the vapor in the lines instead of transferring the pressure through the fluid. This can lead to partial or complete braking system failure, sometimes called brake pedal fade. Mountain driving puts increased duty on brakes and brake fluid. The boiling point drops at high altitude. This naturally increases the tendency towards vapor lock. In fact, vapor lock in the hydraulic braking system is the primary reason for brake pedal fade. 当制动液沸腾时,它变成蒸汽。可以压缩蒸汽,但不能压缩液体。按压制动踏板将压缩管线中的蒸汽,而不是将压力传递通过流体。这可能导致部分或完全制动系统故障,有时称为制动踏板褪色。山地驾驶增加了刹车和制动液的使用。沸点在高海拔下降。这自然增加了气体锁定的趋势。事实上,液压制动系统中的汽油锁是制动踏板褪色的主要原因。 Vehicle manufacturers recommend brake fluid that meets or exceeds SAE (Societyof Automotive Engineers)andDOT (Department of Transportation) specifications. 车辆制造商推荐符合或超过SAE(汽车工程师协会)和DOT(运输部)规格的制动液。 Standard brake fluid (DOT 3) is composed chiefly of equal parts of alcohol and castor oil. This combination of fluids works well under normal conditions but it easily boils and becomes a vapor under heavy-duty applications. It also tends to separate when exposed to low temperatures. 标准制动液(DOT 3)主要由酒精和蓖麻油组成。这种流体组合在正常条件下工作良好,但在重载应用下容易沸腾并成为蒸气。暴露于低温时也容易分离。The increasing requirements of brake fluid led to the development of silicone brake fluid,such as DOT 5. This fluid achieved low water pickup and good corrosion protection and also provides good lubrication qualities and rubber compatibility. 制动液的要求越来越高,导致了DOT 5等硅胶制动液的开发。该液体实现了低吸水率和良好的防腐蚀性能,并且还具有良好的润滑性能和橡胶相容性。 5.Brake valves 5.闸阀 There are typically five types of valves in vehicle braking system to adjust the braking force distribution. 车辆制动系统中通常有五种类型的阀门来调节制动力分布。 (1)Metering valve (1)计量阀 Most vehicles that have front disc and rear drum brakes are equipped with metering valve. This metering valve controls, or delays the flow of brake fluid to the front brakes. The rear drum brakes take longer to respond than the front disc brakes. The valve ensures that front disc brake do not act before the rear drum brake. The delays is long enough to allow the rear drum brakes time to react. This delay is particularly necessary during light braking and on slick road surfaces.

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