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中国矿业大学考博英语阅读题及其解析

A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but,if properly handled,it may become a driving force.When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War,it had a market eight times larger than any competitor,giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best,its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.

It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.Just as inevitably,the retreat from Geng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq: qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi predominance proved painful.By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness.Some huge American industries,such as consumer electronics,had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition.By1987there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none:Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes.For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had which sat at the heart of the new computer age,was going to be the next casualty.

All of this caused a crisis of confidence.Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted.They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing,and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well.The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline.Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.

How things have changed!In1995the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling.Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle.Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.“American industry has changed its structure,has gone on a diet,has learnt to be more quick-witted,”according to Richard Cavanagh,executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government,“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute,a think-tank in Washington,DC.And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as“a golden age of business management in the United States.”

11.The U.S.achieved its predominance after World WarⅡbecause_____.

[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal

[B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before

[C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors

[D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy

12.The loss of U.S.predominance in the world economy in the1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_____.

[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market

[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises

[C]machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions

[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market

13.What can be inferred from the passage?

[A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.

[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.

[C]The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.

[D]A long history of success may pave the way for further development.

14.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S.economy in the1990s can be attributed to the____.

[A]turning of the business cycle

[B]restructuring of industry

[C]improved business management

[D]success in education

名师解析

11.The U.S.achieved its predominance after World WarⅡbecause_____.

美国在二战后取得优势地位是因为_____。

[A]it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal.

它为该目标付出了艰巨的努力。

[B]its domestic market was eight times larger than before.

它的国内市场比以前大八倍。

[C]the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors.

战争摧毁了大多数潜在竞争对手的经济。

[D]the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy.

它无与伦比的劳动力规模给了经济推动力。

【答案】C

【考点】事实细节题。

【分析】第一段指出，“二战后，美国就进入了这样的一个辉煌的历史时期。它拥有比任何竞争者大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。它的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是技术最好的。美国及其民众的富庶是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧洲人和亚洲人连做梦也不敢想的”。因此利用排除法，确定答案是[A]。

12.The loss of U.S.predominance in the world economy in the1980s is manifested in the fact that the American_____.

上个世纪80年代美国优势地位的丧失可以从美国_______事实中看

出来。

[A]TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market

电视工业已经退到国内市场

[B]semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises

半导体产业已经被外国公司接管

[C]machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions

机床业已经自取灭亡

[D]auto industry had lost part of its domestic market

汽车工业已经丧失了部分国内市场

【答案】D

【考点】事实细节题。

【分析】[A]选项错误，因为第二段中说“到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。(现在这一家也没有了：Zenith于7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。)”说明它连国内市场也保不住了。[B]选项错误，文中第二段最后一句提到，“在一段时间内，半导体制造业似乎要成为下一个受害者”，可是事实上没有。[C]选项中谈到的机床业已经自取灭亡的说法错误，因为文中提到机床制造业“岌岌可危”(on the ropes)，但是还没有灭亡呢。[D]是合适的，因为第二段第六句提到，“进口车和纺织品横扫国内市场”。

13.What can be inferred from the passage?

从本文中可以推断出哪个选项?

[A]It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.

在自我怀疑和盲目骄傲之间摇摆是人的本性。

[B]Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.

激烈的竞争会导致经济的发展。

[C]The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.

经济的复苏依靠国际的合作。

[D]A long history of success may pave the way for further development.

一个长期成功的经历会为进一步的发展铺平道路。

【答案】B

【考点】推断题。

【分析】第三段提到，“所有这一切导致了信心危机。美国人不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始怀疑自己的商业经营方式出了问题，也怀疑不久他们的收入就会下降。20世纪80年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因作了一次又一次的调查。那些有时耸人听闻的结果中充满着对来自国外的加剧的经济竞争的警告”。第四段提到了“90年代的经济复苏。其中的含义是：在竞争的压力下，美国人在80年代产业结构调整，美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了急智，因此带来了90年代的经济复苏”。因此可以得出激烈的竞争会导致经济的发展。另外三个选项都不合适。

14.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S.economy in the1990s can be attributed to the____.

作者似乎相信美国经济在上个世纪90年代的复苏可以归结于____。

[A]turning of the business cycle经济周期的转折

[B]restructuring of industry行业重组

[C]improved business management改善了的工商管理

[D]success in education教育的成功

【答案】A

【考点】作者观点题。

【分析】在第四段，作者指出，“1995年，美国可以对过去5年的稳步发展作一回顾，而日本还在奋力挣扎。很少有美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代”。这里作者实际上对当前美国人的盲目乐观情绪进行了批评，认为90年代的增长是由美元贬值或经济周期的转机等因素造成的。

[B]是“Richard Cavanaugh”的看法。[C]是“Stephen Moore”的看法。[D]选项文中没有提及。

难句解析：

For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age,was going to be the next casualty.

【结构分析】本句的主句是：“it looked as though the making of semiconductors was going to be the next casualty”。有两个定语从句，分别是：“which America had invented”和“which sat at the heart of the new computer age”。

全文翻译：

长时间不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的障碍，但若处理得当，它也有可能转化为一种积极动力。二战后，美国就进入了这样的一个辉煌的历史时期。它拥有比任何竞争者大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。它的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是技术最好的。美国及其民众的

富庶是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧洲人和亚洲人连做梦也不敢想的。

当其他国家逐渐富有，美国从这一领先地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。同样不可避免的是其从领先地位上退出的痛苦。到了20世纪80年代中期，日益衰退的工业竞争力让美国人感到茫然不知所措。一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，在国外竞争面前，已经萎缩或消失。到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。(现在这一家也没有了：Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。)外国制造的汽车和纺织品正横扫国内市场。美国的机床工业也岌岌可危。有一段时间，好像下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。

所有这一切导致了信心危机。美国人不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。他们开始怀疑自己的商业经营方式出了问题，也怀疑不久他们的收入就会下降。20世纪80年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因作了一次又一次的调查。那些有时耸人听闻的结果中充满着对来自国外的加剧的经济竞争的警告。

情况的变化可真快啊!1995年，美国可以对过去5年的稳步发展作一回顾，而日本还在奋力挣扎。很少有美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。如今，对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代。“美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了急智”，哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德·卡佛纳如是说。华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的史蒂芬·莫尔说：“作为一个美国人我感到自豪，因为看到我们的企业正在提高自身的生产率。”哈佛商学院的威廉·萨尔曼相信人们将会把这一时期视为“美国企业管理的黄金时代”。

本文由“育明考博”整理编辑

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Passage10肺癌 Among all the malignancies,lung cancer is the biggest killer;more than 100,000Americans die of the disease,giving up smoking is one of obvious ways to reduce the risk,but another answer may lie in the kitchen.According to a new report,even heavy smokers may be protected from developing lung cancer by eating a daily portion of carrots,spinach or any other vegetable or fruit containing a form of vitamin A called carotene. The finding,published in The Lancet,is part of a long-range investigation of diet and disease.Since1957,some American researchers have monitored the dietary habits and medical histories of2,000middle-aged men employed by the Western Electric Co.in Chicago.Led by Dr.Richard Shekelle of St.Luke’s Medical Center,and the researchers recently began to sort out the links between the subjects’dietary patterns and cancer.Other studies of animals and humans have suggested that vitamin A offers some protection against lung cancer.The correlation seemed logical,explains Shekelle,since vitamin A is essential for the growth of the epithelial(上皮的)tissue that lines the airways of the lungs. But the earlier research did not distinguish between the two different forms of the vitamin.“Preformed”vitamin A,known as retinol,is found mainly in liver and dairy products like milk,cheese,butter and eggs.But vitamin A is also made in the body from carotene,which is abundant in a variety of vegetables and fruits, including carrots,spinach,squash,tomatoes,sweet potatoes and apples.

考博英语阅读理解模拟练习(一)

The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects:transportation and storage. Both aspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing.The costs of both trans-porting and storing are built into the prices of products.Transportation can be by truck, rail-way,ship,or barge.For some items,such as exotic plants and flowers,or when rapid delivery is essential,air freight may be used. Storage,or warehousing,is a necessary function because production and consumption of goods rarely match:items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made.Inventories build up, both in warehouses and at retail establishments,before the foods are sold.The transporta-tion function is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retail stores. Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price.If,for example,no agricultural product could be stored,all food would have to be put on the market immediately.This would,of course,create a glut and lower prices drastically.There would be an immediate benefit to consumers,but in the long run they would suffer.Farmers,because of low prices,would be forced off the land,and the amount of food produced would decrease.This,in turn,would raise consumer prices. Warehouses for storage are of several types.Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers. Public warehouses,in spite of their name,are privately owned facilities,but they are in-dependent of manufacturer ownership.General-merchandise warehouses store a great variety of products. Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods,especially food products.Grain ele-vators are a kind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling.A bonded warehouse is one that stores foods,frequently imported,on which taxes must be paid before they are sold. Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples. The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse.Many large com-panics have several manufacturing plants,sometimes located outside the country.Each plant does not make every company product but specializes in one or more of them.The distribution center allows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place.Its purpose is to minimize storage and to ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than build up extensive inventories.It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover.Very large corporations will have several distribution centers regionally or internationally based 1.The main subject of this passage is______. A)transportation and storage B)storage of products C)distribution center

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考博心得之考博英语阅读理解阅读理解在大家看来，是英语考试中最关键的部分，因为这部分所占的分数最多，在试卷中的地位举足轻重。有很多方面的书籍，介绍大家如何来提高阅读理解水平，却很少提到不同类别的英语考试试卷中，都有自己的出题特点。其结果是，大凡英语考试，大家都采用几乎一样的思考模式，这在相当程度上影响了具体类别考试复习时的针对性。首先，介绍如何提高阅读理解的基本功很多参考书中（推荐一本考博英语阅读理解精练220篇(上下册)）。都提到在阅读时，不能读出声来，要快速的阅读。要达到这个水平需要相当的训练，可惜的是大部分考生由于各种原因，没有这样的条件。根据个人的体会，阅读中，碰到的最大问题往往不是理解不了其中内容，经常让人头痛的是阅读过程中，会在一些关键地方碰到自己不认识的单词，大大影响了自己对文章的领悟。所以第一个基本功还是词汇部分，我们不需要把大纲中所有的词汇（考博英语10000词汇详解）都会拼写，因为除了写作之外，会认某个词与会写某个词没区别，即使是写作，用到的词也都是常见的。学会用自己的呼吸来控制自己的阅读，进而提高阅读速度。这点可能不少朋友没有听说过吧，对，这是我自己体会后总结出来的。针对一个句子，大家要学着在吸气的过程中，看明白前半部分的意思，而在呼气的过程中，看明白后一半的内容。开始训练时，大部分人达不到这个要求，没关系，重新吸气，呼气，直到这个句子看懂。选择的文章不要太难，但也不能过于简单，仔细体会这个过程。我比较推荐的一个方法是：充分利用选择填空题目，在要填空的位置上，先写上正确的答案，然后尝试着在一个呼吸过程中看懂它所表述的意思。这不仅将来能提高选择填空的阅读速度，也提高了语感。当训练的差不多后，可以转入阅读文章了，把呼吸和大脑的思维连贯性统一起来。其次，阅读理解过程中，需要从头读到尾吗？这个问题，我也曾经问了自己很多次。经过尝试后，我总结的经验是没必要。说起来大家可能不相信，我觉得阅读理解，如其说是阅读，不如说是把文章的内容结构搞懂：这篇阅读理解分了几个段落？每个段落中最重要的那个主旨句要表达的是什么意思？文章作者是以什么口气、什么态度来看待自己文章所描述的内容的？实际就是从宏观上把握作者的意图全面阅读有什么不？第一个就是浪费时间，考试中的时间是最宝贵的，如果费了不少时间读懂了文章的某些内容（即使是比较重要的），可偏巧这在后边的题目中又没有体现出来，不就是浪费时间和精力吗？第二就是使得人容易忘记其他部分的内容，当我们看第一段的时候，看明白它的内容了，可当你把最后一段也看懂之，第一段的内容你还能记得多少呢？这个问题在阅读理解进行到第三篇，第四篇的时候尤其突出，以至于头晕脑胀。相信很多人有这个感觉，英语考试过程中，觉得自己脑力不够用，或者考试结束后有朦胧的倦意。这对后边题目的完成绝对是个巨大威胁。第三就是缺乏对整个文章的理解，由于在全面阅读过程中，人的精力集中在具体句子的理解上，冲淡了整体的认识，而几乎每个阅读理解后的题目中，总少不了1个或2个关于文章整体概括性的题目，稍有偏差，就会出错。

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