英汉语言对比练习
Chapter 1
Ⅰ. Answer Questions
Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary.
1. What are synthetic languages(综合语)? How are they characterized?
2. What are analytical languages（分析语）? How are they characterized?
3. How man formal changes are possible to English words? Is there any formal change（形态变化）in Chinese language?
4. Why English language is more flexible is word order（语序）? Why is it not so in Chinese?
5. What is the usual word order in English sentences? Which are the nine types of inversion in English sentences?
6. What are the E—C differences in formal words（形式词）?
7. How many kinds of formal words （形式词）are there in English language?
8. How is English phonological system(语音系统) formed? How is Chinese one?
9. Does Chinese phonological and characteristic system have any advantage in literary forms?
10. Why Chinese is called Tone Language（声调语言）?
Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.
11.综合语的特征是，分析语的特征是。
12. 英语有变化，词序比汉语，但相对。
13. 英语属于语言。
14. 、和是表达语法意义的三大手段。
15. 形态变化就是词的变化，包括形态和形态。
16. 现代英语的变化主要包括、、、、、、、等变化。
17. 汉语的数量助词有，动态助词有、和等。
18. 汉语结构助词、、类似于应用英语形态变化，但缺乏普遍性。
19. 英汉语在主谓宾的排列上都是顺序。
20. 汉语的定语一般放在名词的，英语的定语一般放在名词的。
21. 汉语没有形态变化，少用或不用词，没有从句，名词之前定语的长度。
22. 汉语的事件顺序和逻辑顺序是按照、、的顺序。
23.英语的虚词包括、、、、。
24.汉语的虚词包括、和。
25. 英语的语音系统由、、和组成。
26. 汉语的语音系统由、和组成
Ⅲ.Translation between E/C Languages
Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the use of omission strategy. Try to make your translation brief.
27. 中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的就是不对的。（what is right is right, what is wrong is wrong, no matter he is a Chinese or foreigner, dead or alive）.
28. 她有野心，她姐姐野心更大，想成为一个大明星。
29. 在当今中国，人人都在练功夫，功夫课也成为中国中部地区一些中学的必修课。
30.上学的，上学了；下海的，下海了。(some went to college, and the other got into business)
31. 这是一部美国的热门影片。
32. 周恩来举止优雅，待人体贴。
33. 如蒙早日寄来样品和报价，我方将不胜感激。
34. 我们大家都看出他能说会道。
35. 这笔资金注入，将给这个城市带来活力。
36. 骄傲使人落后。
37. 一把大火把整个村子烧成了白地。
38. 我们必须阻止陌生人靠近。
39. 我觉得自己就要死了样的。
40. 他觉得全身上下的肌肉都在颤动。
41. 这种结果真让我郁闷。
42. 该型汽车速度快，效率高，行动灵活。
43. 新疆产地毯图案新颖，色调雅致，备受青睐。
44. According to John, my cousin, London was most beautiful then.
45. In three hours we reached Washington monument, our destination
46. Chinese understandably spoke with proud of their achievements in the last decade.
47. I asked him to teach me French.
48. I invited him for a dinner at my home.
49. The earthquake reduced all the houses into pieces.
Chapter 2
Ⅰ. Answer Questions
Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary.
1. Why English is called compact（聚集）language while Chinese diffuse（流散）one?
2. What is the basic structure in English sentence?
3. How many basic sentence types are there in English language?
4. In which way English sentences can be enlarged?
5. In which means can the compactness of English sentence be guaranteed?
6. Which is the characteristic of Chinese predicates?
7. What are the regular types of Chinese sentence?
8. Why there are many illogical expressions in Chinese? Give some examples.
9. How is Chinese sentence variation embodied?
10. How do you understand the quotation in the end of the paragraph?
Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.
11. 英语的主谓结构由和组成。
12. 英语的主谓结构。可以归结为五种基本句型，即、、、
和。
13. 英语基本句型的变式有、和。
14. 英语基本句型的扩展可以通过和进行。
15. 英语句子不流散的原则是一致原则，包括一致、一致和一致。
Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages
Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the choice of subject in your translation. Try to make your translation brief.
16. The unexpected return of his wife gave him a big surprise.
17. I am glad that you close the door when you leave.
18. He who pollutes pays
19. The town was visited by a storm.
20. Punishment should be given to the violators of laws.
21. 这种自行车价廉物美，在中东很畅销。
22. 中国地大物博人口众多，中国人过去也常常以此自豪。
23. 教高年级的翻译课，我不是很有经验。
24. 婚姻的事，年轻人自己做主了。
25. 女儿的心事，做娘的清楚得很。
26. 这件事我还被蒙在鼓里呢。
27. 钱，我来想办法。
28. 改革的目的是为了发展生产力。
29. 她很喜欢中国画。
30. 他点点头，意思是他听见了，但没表示同意或不同意。
31. 我们深信，我方的产品会受到欧洲市场的欢迎。
32. 我很荣幸今天有机会参加这个派对。
33. 一个外表和谈吐都很美国化的中年人，坐到了车里。
34. 吃苦在前，享受在后。
※<第三章>
Chapter 3
Ⅰ. Answer Questions
Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary.
1. What is the definition in Chinese of hypotaxis（形合）?
2. What is the definition in Chinese of parataxis（意合）?
3. What is relative? What is conjunction? What are their functions?
4. What are the functions of preposition?
5. What are the advantageous of hypotaxis in your opinion?
6. Why Chinese tend to use covert cohesion?
7. What are the regularities in Chinese language organization?
8. What means of parataxis are used in Chinese language?
9. How to turn English into Chinese in terms of their meaning and structure?
10. What are the characteristics in hypotactic structure?
Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.
11. 汉语意合法采取的手段包括、、和。
12. 英译汉时，往往要先分析句子的、，才能确定句子的功能、意义。
13. 英语的形合手段包括、和。
14. 关系词包括、、和。
15. 英语常常综合应用、、和，把各种成分连接起来，
构筑成长短句子，表达一定的语法关系。
Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages
Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the choice of subject in your translation, lest incoherence subjects are used. Note that English sentences are often constructed with connections, and Chinese ones, without. Try to make your translation brief.
16. 他很有能力。
17. 这个问题至关重要。
18. 中国成功地加入了WTO，对世界的经济格局造成了深刻的影响。
19. 中国正在发生着日新月异的变化。
20. 克林顿总统的演说给人的印象深刻。
21. 柯灵，生于1909年，浙江绍兴人，中国现代作家。
22. 孟轲慢慢长大了。但是他非常贪玩，不爱学习。
23. 尽管如此，我们仍应小心从事。
24. 我在上海工作的时候认识她的。
25. 我谨代表你们所有的美国客人向你们表示感谢，感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。
26. 他们兄弟二人自小就是孤儿。
27. 我国少数民族大约有五千万人。
28. 同一个世界，同一个梦想。
29. 是人都会犯错误。
30. It is the goal to be realized in near future.
31. The device should meet/satisfy the condition required.
32. The guests present include some foreign visitors.
33. The teacher who is having class is a new comer.
34. Interestingly, the writer said that he had never been against romanticism.
35. The football match was put off because of rain.
36. In spite of the title, the article will really on how not to grow old.
5
※<第四章>
Chapter 4
Ⅰ. Answer Questions
Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary.
1. Why English language is characterized in subordination（从属结构）?
2. What are the grammatical reasons for complex English?
3. What is tree-structure（树形结构）?
4. What is bamboo structure（竹形结构）?
5. what is“散句”、“松句”、“紧缩句”、“省略句”、“流水句”?
6. What is end open（尾开放）? What is front open（首开放）?
7. What make Chinese sentence simplex? In which way can Chinese clause be called simplex?
8. How to break and rearrange English complex sentence to make a good E-C translation?
9. How to build up the simplex Chinese sentence into a complicated English one?
10. How significant is rewriting in understanding complex English sentences?
Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.
11. 汉语句子的长度以为宜。
12. 英语句子呈封闭，开放。
13. 汉语句子呈开放，收缩。
14. 根据英语和汉语在句子结构上的差异，要破句重组，。
15. 英语句子一般可称为结构，汉语句子结构。
16. 汉语造句一般采用纪事法，常用分句或流水句来逐层叙述思维的各个过程。
Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages
Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Try to make your translation brief. Pay attention to the choice of antecedent in a subordinate structure.
17. 因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态，由于通讯工
具不足，就变得更加严重了。
18. 我们的第一个目标是解决温饱问题，这个目标已经实现了。
19. 一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这又什么标准可以衡量吗？
20. 钓鱼是一项陶冶情操的运动，有益于身心健康。
21. 那棵树花小，叶子大，很难看，我没买。
22. 他头发淡黄，面色苍白，无精打采，但仍略有风度。
23. The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.
24. A food safety program is a document which tells what steps you and your business are you
taking so as to make sure that all the food you sell are safe.
25. Somehow our path took us toward the park across the bridge high above the rolling waters of
the water.
26. The WIPO is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva.
5※<第五章>
Chapter 5
Ⅰ. Answer Questions
Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary.
1. How do you understand Leech’s remarks on page 76?
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of impersonal style?
3. Why Englishmen tend to use impersonal subject?
4. What terms can serve as impersonal subject?
5. What’s your opinion on the use of structure of imperson al subject and animate predicate?
6. Why Chinese tend to use personal subjects and predicates?
7. What is the relationship between impersonality and formality?
8. What are the advantages of freedom in selection of subjects in translating?
9. How will the problem be solved in Chinese that an agent of action is unknown or absent?
10. What relationships are there between passive voice and impersonal style?
Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.
11. 物称表达法的优点是，缺点是。
12. 人称表达法的优点是，缺点是。
13. 物称作主语的情况一般有三，即：、和。
14. 常用“无灵主语”搭配“有灵动词”。
15. 物称主语常常与语态搭配使用，这样造成客观正式的感觉。
16. 在汉英转换中，用代替常常是一种有效的手段。
Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages
Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the choice of impersonal subject which makes a coherent and brief sentence. Try to make your translation brief.
17. 四川省有座峨眉山，山顶有个舍身塔。
18. 门口站着两个卫兵，严峻冷漠。
19. 远处山谷里有一条河从山上流下来。
20. 台上坐着主席团。
21. 将来中国富强了，也永远不称霸。
22. 在单位，他教训手下，在家里，老婆教育他。
23. 我爱别人，别人也爱我，我想要是就是这些。
24. 为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？
25. 众所周知，狗是永远成不了猫的。
26. 她打开窗户让新鲜空气进来。
27. 我不敢肯定伤员是否能抢救过来。
28. 很高兴收到来信。
29. 去把头发剪了。
30. 我们已经把计划做好了。
31. 可把我累坏了。
32. 他把那小女孩吓得哭了。.
33. 这天气把人热得睡都睡不好。
34. 有人。
35. 有七八个领奖的人。
36. 有机会就抓住，不能迟疑。
37. She paid another visit to the SummerPalace.
38. The news broadcasting made no mention of the riot.
39. She had high praise of Dr. Hopkins, though she had no idea of his theory.
40. He went away with the lights on.
41. Don’t forget have your shoes on.
5※<第六章>
Chapter 6
Ⅰ. Answer Questions
Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary.
1. Please retell Baker’s remarks on page 86.
2. What are the agentive reasons（施事原因）for use of passive structure?
3. In what syntactic consideration will a passive structure be required to use?
4. What rhetoric effects the use of passive structure is aimed to achieve?
5. In what text genres passive structure is regularly used?
6. How many types can texts be classified into in terms of functions? What are they?
7. What are the disadvantages of passive structure?
8. Why the use of passive structure is limited in Chinese?
9. What means are there in Chinese language to avoid passive structure?
10. How would the problem be solved when agent is absent?
Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.
11. 英语中多采用被动结构的原因有原因、要求，考虑和需要。
12. 被动结构常用于信息类文体，这类问题主要有文体、文体、文体和
文体。
13. 意义被动式是指用结构表达意义。
14. 汉语中避免使用被动结构的方法有：、、和。
Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages
Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to whether active or passive voice should be applied. Try to make your translation brief.
15. 埃德加斯诺因为同情红色中国而遭到迫害。
16. 他们受到热烈的欢迎。
17. 他的建议已经为政府所接受。
18. 几天时间这个国家就武装起来了。
19. 大火把整家旅馆给毁了。
20. 自然光实际是由许多颜色组成的。
21. 大坝使江河得到控制。
22. 最终达成了一项协议。
23. 你最好在月底之前把这台机器修好。
24. The bowl is broken.
25. The house was surrounded by trees.
26. We would be outdated by the developing world if we stop progressing.
27. My glasses were taken away.
28. The danger of global nuclear war has been greatly reduced.
29. Some people are toiled to death，some worried to death and some bored to death.
30. The pilots were trained in Florida.
31. His body was found at the end of the road.
32. Voltage is not controlled with this switch.
33. A new oil field with storage of more than 1000 million tons was found in Tangshan, Hebei
Province.
34. No work can be done without energy.
35. The President was asked why he had ordered to attack Iraq on basis of false intelligences.
36. He was shown around the park near the camp.
37. He was given a dinner in his honor during his trip to China.
38. It must be pointed out that we have fully carried out the duty on my part stipulated in the
contract.
39. Flint was used in pottery industry.
40. She was blamed for her sister’s fault.
41. The ship was destined for Shanghai.
42. I am afraid that I will be laughed at.
43. Rockets have been widely used in exploration of the universe.
5※<第七章>
Chapter 7
Ⅰ. Answer Questions
Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary.
1. Please retell the English passage on page 106.
2. Why stative expressions occur more in English than in Chinese?
3. What is nominalization? What are its advantages in sentence arrangement?
4. What are the disadvantages of nominalization? Demonstrate them with some examples.
5. How agentive nouns can be used for replacement of verbs?
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of nouns in replacement of adjectives in
headline phrases?
7. How many ways are possible in descriptions of action, activity or changing state?
8. Why dynamic expressions are more used in Chinese language?
9. How to succeed in translation between stative and dynamic expressions?
10. What characterizes Chinese repetition and parallel of verbs?
Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.
11. 名词化是指用来表达原来属于表达的概念。
12. 英语常采用抽象表达法的原因有三，一是，二
是，三是因为本身有很多虚化手段。
13. 英语中一词多义的现象十分普遍，如power 一词可以表示、、和
等。
14. 句子过多使用抽象名词容易造成冗长、死板的印象，若用，则可使句自显得轻松、活泼。
15. a hard worker 若用句子可表示为：。
16. 常常造成介词在使用频率上的优势。
Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages
Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the conversion of part of speeches between verb, noun, preposition, adjective and adver . Try to make your translation brief.
17. 他表示希望再到中国来。
18. 这表明他主要关心的是政治。
19. 他是个骗子,这种可能性总是存在的。
20. 我们不得不面对这样的事实：前景不妙。
21. 按我表哥约翰的说法，伦敦这个时候最漂亮。
22. I treated you as distinguished guests.
23. He mistook Mr. Wang for his uncle.
24. I am really angry.
25. Pass me this salt, please.
26. They are politely sad.
27. China denied up-floating its RMB exchange rate as expected.
28. Yet, the fact that I was alive was ignored.
29. There was the possibility that a small electrical spark might by pass the most careful made
circuit.
5※<第八章>
Chapter 8
Ⅰ. Answer Questions
Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary.
1. How do you think about Young’s remar ks on page 128?
2. Why abstract expressions are widely used in English language?
3. Is there any grammatical reason for the English expression trend?
4. What grammatical means are available to form abstract nouns?
5. What is polysemy(一词多义)? Give some examples of word with poleseme.
6. Why abstract expression is not prevailing in Chinese language?
7. How to concrete the abstract English expression in Chinese specific ones?
8. How to avoid abusive use of abstract words?
9. What advantages do abstract expressions have?
10. Name some examples of abstract formulation.
Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.
11. 英语抽象的表达法主要体现在。
12. 英语有大量的词义虚化手段，比如hood可以表示、、和
等。
13. 一般说来，英语词义内涵比较广泛，词的用法比较灵活，和的
现象非常普遍。
14. 与英语相比，汉语用词倾向具体，常常以的形式表达的概念。
15. 在英汉转换中，汉语常用、、等手段来
表达英语的抽象意义：
Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages
Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the use of certain functional words for signification of actions and the ascertainment of word meaning in terms of polysemy. Try to make your translation brief.
16. 我回家去吃中饭。
17. 我不是来赚钱的。
18. 观众热烈鼓掌要那位明星出来。
19. 第二天早晨，她腋下夹者几本书回来了。
20. 我们应当起来保卫自己的合法权力。
21. 周恩来笑了起来，说：“一点点”，一面说，一面用食指和拇指比画着。
22. 她抱住女儿的头痛哭。他拉过一把椅子放在客人的背后。暑假他坐火车去西安参观。
23. The doctor was having an operation.
24. The plant has been in operation for some months.
25. The men are making black-market operation.
26. The operation of the drug lasted for two hours.
27. Special mechanical operation is available in this machine-tool.
28. The military operation was conducted for testing new weapons.
29. We have learned the four operations.
30. The store is in their operation.
31. We are leaving from the station at six o’clock.
32. He left his family three months ago.
33. I must go back; I’ve left my keys.
34. Leave the washing to tomorrow.
35. Nothing has been left after the flood.
36. They left three children to me while they were in happy holidays.
37. Leave my hair go!
38. Two from five leaves three.
39. Since World War Ⅱ, the US has been the world’s largest economy.
40. The US and China both demonstrates the potential of trade to improve the lives of our people.
41. There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems; more than transient
everydayness.
42. In fact, those powerless can never benefit from the power generated from the Dam.
43. He was in his mid-twenties.
5※<第九章>
Chapter 9
Ⅰ. Answer Questions
Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary.
1. What is Fowler’s definition of euphemism?
2. Why euphemism is popular in English language?
3. How many styles are there in English euphemism?
4. What is the effect of implicitness? How many types can implicitness be classified?
5. Please name some indirect ways of strong affirmation.
6. What is the use of double negative and indirect negation?
7. Please exemplify English periphrasis (迂回)．
8. What is the relationship between euphemism and politeness?
9. How frequently is euphemism used in Chinese language?
10. Name some of Chinese terms for euphemism.
Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.
11. 委婉说法是用一种比较的方式来谈论不宜直言的人或事。
12. 美国社会常见的委婉语包括军方委婉语、、和等。
13. 英语中含蓄的表达方法有克制陈述、、、等。
14. 即用反对语的否定来表示肯定。
15. 英语中常见的委婉否定方法有、等。
Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages
Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the shift between positive /negative and the differences in negative section between English/Chinese sentences. Try to make your translation brief.
16. Appearances are deceptive.
17. He was utterly at a loss
18. .His explanation is far from satisfactory.
19. To do that is beyond my ability.
20. They never met without a bitter quarrel.
21. Students, without exception, shall submit their homework.
22. There is little I have to say, but I felt there was something in his words.
23. I would rather go back to make another study than begging a bread under the government
service.
24. He made a narrow escape from the traffic accident.
25. The mayor denied the accusation of his taking bribes and illegal favor of the petroleum
contractor.
5※<第十章>
Chapter 10
Ⅰ. Answer Questions
Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary.
1. In which ways repetition can be avoid in English language?
2. Why English students are told not to repeat words, sounds and clauses?
3. What kinds of repetition are abnormal in English language?
4. What sub-types can pro-forms be classified into？
5. Why omission can be used in English language for replacement of repetition without impairment of meaning and
coherence?
6. How to use variation for replacement of words having appeared?
7. What is the role of reduplication(重叠)in Chinese language?
8. List some types of sentences with special usage of “是”（特殊是字句）.
9. How avoid repetition in translation from Chinese into English?
10. List the usage of the terms“搞”,“抓” and“弄”in Chinese language, with examples.
Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook.
11. 英语中可以用于避免重复的方法有、、和。
12. 在英语中、、和出现重复都认为是不正常的。
13. 排比是将以上结构相似、意思相关、语气一致的词组或句子排列成串的修辞方式。
14. 汉语的特点便于字和词的重叠。
15. 有意重复使用同一词、语甚至句、段，用来强调作者的意思，加强语气和情感，以取得更好的表达效
果，这在修辞学上称为。
16. “你是个大人物，平时清也请不到”。句子中重复的“请”字表达意思。
17. 除了排比外，汉语还常用另一种重复的方法，即。
Ⅲ.Translate between E/C Languages
Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the methods in English language to avoid repetition. Try to make your translation brief.
18. 有什么吃什么，有米饭吃米饭，有馒头吃馒头。
19. 他这样教英语简直是误人子弟，误得还不浅。
20. 幸福家庭也有幸福家庭的烦恼。
21. 什么时候有空就什么时候来我办公室坐坐。
22. 看中哪本就可以拿哪本。
23. 谁干活最多，谁就拿最多。
24. 是旅行，她不会去的。
25. 是吃的，就给我拿来。
26. 朋友是朋友，生意是生意。
27. 我们是我们，他们是他们，不要相提并论。
28. 这件衣服便宜是便宜，就是质量不怎么样。
29. 你的计划好是好，就是有点冒险。
30. 这间房子是大，就是旧了点。
31. I like strong tea, I suppose weak is better for you.
32. Ignorance is the mother of fear and of envy.
33. Jesse opened her eyes. They were filled with tears.
34. He is your friend as well as mine.
35. The cook turned pale, and asked the housemaid to shut the door, who asked the watcher, who
asked the driver, who pretended not to have heard.
36. We shall learn how to analyze and solve problems.
37. They intended to put off instead of canceling the meeting.
38. We paid visits to some old friends, to PeikingUniversity and the Great Wall.
39. Invasion of a country without UN permission is violation of international law—in particular the
UN Charter.
40. We wanted to send them more aid, more weapon and a few more men.
41. We have made mistakes, suffered from them, studied them, and corrected them.
英汉语言差异比较研究
英汉语言差异比较研究 廖国强夏宏钟 （四川理工学院，四川643000） 摘要：在经济全球化的当今世界，我们对外交往中跨文化的言语交际显得愈发重要。本文通过对英汉语言的对比研究，就两种语言中常见的差异点进行了分析与归纳。 关键词：英语汉语差异 语言是文化的载体, 不同的文化氛围自然会呈现不同的文化形态，而这种文化差异反映到语言层面上则表现为语言差异。著名语言学家赵元任认为，“所谓语言学理论，实际上就是世界各民族语言综合比较分析研究得出的科学结论。”通过对比分析和研究，我们不仅可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性与差异，认识不同语言的各个层面的相似性和差异性，而且能够有意识地注意不同语言各自的表现方法，有利于跨文化交际中防止语言表达错误，避免运用失当，从而达到成功交际的目的。 1. 谱系的差异 作为世界通用语言的英语，属于印欧语系（Indo-European language family）,是一种拼音（alphabetic）文字，单词有重音、次重音等，没有四种声调（tone）,但句子可以有不同的语调（intonation）；汉语属于汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan language family），是一种表意（ideographic）文字，音节有四种声调变化，语调也很丰富。 2. 语言类型的差异 英汉语言从形态学分类来看，英语属于综合分析语（synthetic-analytic language），是从综合型向分析型语言发展的语言，即主要通过词本身形态变化（inflected forms）来表达语法意义；汉语是以分析型为主的语言（analytic language），即语法关系不是通过词本身的形态变化来表达，而是通过虚词和词序（word order）等手段来表示。 3.词汇的差异 1）功能上的差异 英语的冠词和汉语的量词、助词为各自语言所独有，通常无直接对应。英语中无汉语中的助词，但可通过动词的时态和体式、句式陈述与疑问等与汉语的助词功能相对应；汉语中也没有英语中的关系词和反身代词，但可通过词组、短句和相应的词汇运用来替代；英语中谓语动词的使用要受一定限制，汉语中动词的使用灵活，受限小，因而导致汉语多用动词，英语多用名词的现象；英语中的连词和介词的使用频率比汉语中更高；英汉语言都有许多相同的构词手段，但重叠法汉语常用，如千千万万、家家户户、干干净净等，英语罕用；英语的典型特征是词缀丰富，汉语的典型特征是形态变化少；英语多代词，汉语多实称；英语多变化，力戒重复，常常用替代、省略和变换的表达方法避免重复。汉语用词不怕重复，常常运用实称、还原、复说的表达方法。如：He hated failure，he had conquered it all his life，risen above it, despised it in others. 他讨厌失败，他一生曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。 2）词序上的差异 英语句中单词修饰语一般放在中心词前面，短语和从句一般放在中心词后面，汉语定语无论单词还是词组一般放在中心词前面；英语的谓词状语一般可出现在动词前后，汉语的谓词状语常在动词之前；英语中叙述和说明事物时，习惯于从小到大，从特殊到一般，从个体到整体，从近到远。汉语的顺序一般则是从大到小，从一般到特殊，从整体到个体，从远到近，两者顺序完全相反。 3）词义上的差异
英汉语言对比分析
龙源期刊网 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/055371109.html, 英汉语言对比分析 作者：张俊娜 来源：《校园英语·月末》2018年第12期 【摘要】对比分析就是将两种或两种以上的语言进行对比研究，从而正确揭示语言之间的共同点和不同点。文章通过大量典型的实例对英汉两种语言在词汇、句子结构层面进行对比分析，揭示了英汉两种语言的差异，为英语学习者提供帮助。 【关键词】英汉；对比；句子结构 【作者简介】张俊娜，山东科技大学外国语学院。 一、对比分析理论概述 归纳对比分析时Theo Van Els指出：对比分析有助于分析母语和所学外语的异同，从而能解释和预测外语学习过程中可能出现的错误，以便为语言教学提供教学材料以迁移理论为心理学基础的对比分析重视语言之间的对比，强调的重点在于母语和外语的差异上，正如Lado所言：如果目标语中的知识与母语相似，那么学习者学起来会感到很容易；如果与母语不同，则学习者学起来会很困难。本研究通过比较英汉两种语言，帮助英语学习者找到英汉语之间的差异，有利于解决他们在学习过程中可能出现的问题与困难。对比分析理论和方法对外语教学有着重要的指导意义。英汉语言对比分析不仅能够帮助英语学习者了解其语言特点和表达规律，在复杂的语言现象中找到学习重点，而且有助于他们排除母语的影响，提高学习效果。 二、英汉语言对比分析 本文主要从词汇、句子结构方面对英汉语进行对比分析，并通过大量实例，使英语学习者意识到英汉语言的差异，促进英语的学习。 1.词汇层面对比分析。在学习英语词汇时，因为英汉语义并不是一一对应的，所以不能按照汉语逐字翻译为相应汉语。英汉词汇可从以下几个方面进行对比： （1）词语搭配。英汉两种语言在长期使用中形成了各自不同的固定词组和搭配用法，翻译时要注意词语搭配，避免两种语言词语搭配的混淆。例如，“看书”的看应翻译成“read”而不是“watch，look”，又如汉语的“开”，通常翻译为“open”，但“开”同时有很多含义：开始，举行，等，如：开门（ open the door），开会（ hold a meeting），开业（ start a business），开公司（ form a company）。因此，在学习过程中应在具体语境中理解和掌握单词的意义与应用，总结英语的搭配规律，整体记忆固定搭配和习惯用法。
英汉语言对比练习
Chapter 1 Ⅰ. Answer Questions Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary. 1. What are synthetic languages(综合语)? How are they characterized? 2. What are analytical languages（分析语）? How are they characterized? 3. How man formal changes are possible to English words? Is there any formal change（形态变化）in Chinese language? 4. Why English language is more flexible is word order（语序）? Why is it not so in Chinese? 5. What is the usual word order in English sentences? Which are the nine types of inversion in English sentences? 6. What are the E—C differences in formal words（形式词）? 7. How many kinds of formal words （形式词）are there in English language? 8. How is English phonological system(语音系统) formed? How is Chinese one? 9. Does Chinese phonological and characteristic system have any advantage in literary forms? 10. Why Chinese is called Tone Language（声调语言）? Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook. 11.综合语的特征是，分析语的特征是。 12. 英语有变化，词序比汉语，但相对。 13. 英语属于语言。 14. 、和是表达语法意义的三大手段。 15. 形态变化就是词的变化，包括形态和形态。 16. 现代英语的变化主要包括、、、、、、、等变化。 17. 汉语的数量助词有，动态助词有、和等。 18. 汉语结构助词、、类似于应用英语形态变化，但缺乏普遍性。 19. 英汉语在主谓宾的排列上都是顺序。 20. 汉语的定语一般放在名词的，英语的定语一般放在名词的。 21. 汉语没有形态变化，少用或不用词，没有从句，名词之前定语的长度。 22. 汉语的事件顺序和逻辑顺序是按照、、的顺序。 23.英语的虚词包括、、、、。 24.汉语的虚词包括、和。 25. 英语的语音系统由、、和组成。 26. 汉语的语音系统由、和组成 Ⅲ.Translation between E/C Languages Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the use of omission strategy. Try to make your translation brief. 27. 中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的就是不对的。（what is right is right, what is wrong is wrong, no matter he is a Chinese or foreigner, dead or alive）. 28. 她有野心，她姐姐野心更大，想成为一个大明星。 29. 在当今中国，人人都在练功夫，功夫课也成为中国中部地区一些中学的必修课。 30.上学的，上学了；下海的，下海了。(some went to college, and the other got into business) 31. 这是一部美国的热门影片。 32. 周恩来举止优雅，待人体贴。 33. 如蒙早日寄来样品和报价，我方将不胜感激。
英汉语言对比研究论文
摘要 随着科学技术的迅猛发展和经济全球化，各国人们之间的交流已是一个必然趋势，我们对外交往中，跨文化的言语交际也显得愈发重要。 语言是文化的载体，文化差异反映到语言层面上则表现为语言差异，不同的国家和民族的语言表现出的文化背景和思维模式都有所不同，因此我们有必要把英语与母语进行对比分析，进一步认识英语和母语的特性与差异，从而促进文化交际。 本文将从语言与文化、综合语与分析语、刚性与柔性、形合与意合，四个角度对英汉两种语言进行对比与分析，从细节之处去感受两种语言的微妙差别，从而对英语的学习有更深刻的认识。 关键词：语言与文化综合语与分析语刚性与柔性 形合与意合英汉两种语言
内容 一、引言 二、教材篇 1.语言与文化 2.综合语与分析语 3.刚性与柔性 4.形合与意合 三、课堂篇 四、疑惑篇 五、结语
英汉对比研究 语言是一面镜子，它反映着一个民族的文化，揭示该民族文化的内容；语言既是社会的产物，又是人类历史和文化的结晶。同时语言与文化互相影响，互相作用;理解语言必须了解文化，理解文化必须了解语言。 汉语和英语则是在不同的历史背景和社会形态中形成 的两种截然不同的语种，本质上都浸透着各自民族文化的特征，但是由于东西方不同的历史文化背景又使得汉英两种语言在交流中产生了碰撞。 本文将从语言与文化、综合语与分析语、刚性与柔性、形合与意合，四个角度对英汉两种语言进行对比与分析，进一步认识英语和母语的特性与差异从而对英语的学习有更 深刻的认识，进而促进文化交际。 一、教材篇 1.语言与文化 语言和文化之间有着必不可分的内在联系：一方面，语言是文化的一个重要的因素，另一方面，文化的许多要素需要借助语言来表达，即：语言是文化的重要载体，文化是语言的管轨。语言是文化的基石——没有语言，就没有文化；语言又受文化的影响，反映文化。可以说，语言反映一个民
英汉语言对比分析期末考试资料 - 副本
一引入 1.What Is Language Transfer?谈谈自己的想法并举两个例子 Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . Odlin (1989: 27) 迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的影响。奥德林 Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。 Examples of Negative Transfer：He only eat two meal a day. Morphological transfer （词形迁移）Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese. 在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。 Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population. Collocation transfer (搭配迁移)The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of ‘population’, can have a numerical pre-modifier. Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。 3.中文的竹式结构，英文的树式结构能够举例说明 从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。 开始家人是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。 The chunks of a sentence seem to be connected and yet separated, like sections of a bamboo linked by the joints and yet relatively independent and self-contained. As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead. --Jimmy Carter Branches and sub-branches : Adverbials and attributes Trunk line: S + V + (O)
英汉语言对比研究及对比分析综述
英汉语言对比研究及对比分析综述 摘要：对英汉语言对比研究及对比分析进行了综合性论述，其中包括研究的性质、范围与方法, 研究的历史与现状及研究的宗旨与目的。从近百年英汉语言对比研究的历史中，归纳了十个重要的研究目的。 关键词：英汉语言对比研究对比分析综述 一、英汉语比较研究的性质、范围与方法 1.英汉语比较研究的性质 英汉语比较研究属于语言学之下的比较语言学的一个分支。 2. 英汉语比较研究的范围 英汉语比较研究的范围大致可分为两类：第一类为语言本体或纯语言研究, 也指英汉语本身的层次结构研究,不涉及其他外在因素[1]；钱冠连称之为“语言实体”的研究[2]；萧立明称之为“语言符号系统”的研究。萧立明将语言符号系统总结性地划为十大层次：（1）区别性特征；（2）音位；（3）音节；（4）词素；（5）词；（6）词组；（7）从句；（8）句子；（9）句群；（10）语篇[3]。第二类为语言综合研究, 即结合社会、文化、心理、国情等外在因素研究语言[4], 钱冠连称之为语言实体附着因素的研究[5]。 从目前所研究的趋势来看,中国英汉语比较研究的学者们对语言本体和语言综合研究都很重视, 尤其是对语言综合研究。事实上,语言综合研究不仅更加符合语言本身的意义和存在,也可以促使人们加深对语言的认识—这种认识包括对语言的发展规律、语言发展规律的生成机制、语言个性与共性的并存、语言发展
未来趋势等方面的了解。 3.英汉语比较研究的方法 英汉语比较研究的方法, 首先应该注意三个结合即宏观研究与微观研究相 结合共时性研究与历时性研究相结合个性(差异性、异质性)与共性(普遍性、同一性)相结合。 但是, 以汉语为主体还是以英语为主体的方法论问题,目前暂时还没有达成一致的共识。从现有的研究成果来看,多数还是以英语为主体, 以英语语言或语法理论为参照系统作英汉语比较研究。当然,也还是有强调应以汉语为主体的[6]。 关于主体性问题, 笔者认为在排除意识形态干扰的基础上可以从三个方面 来考虑从语言材料来看, 应当是双向研究, 因为涉及到英、汉两种语言。从研究目的来看, 应当以汉语为主体,即以解决汉语本土问题、创立现代汉语语言理论为主, 象早期的马建忠、赵元任、王力一样。因为汉语的特征阐述清楚了,其他诸如对外汉语教学、英语教学、翻译理论建设等问题就会迎刃而解。从语言学体系来看, 汉语应当借鉴英语语言理论和语法体系,这不仅是因为英语先汉语而建立语言理论体系,而且更重要的一点是因为从语言的发生学或语言哲学来看, 英汉语的同大于异。事实上,人类所有的语言中都存在着共同点,这种共同点是直接建立在人类思维本质的基础即逻辑上的[7]。 同时，我们还可以用到对比分析的方法。对比分析最早是由结构主义语言学家Fries和Lado提出的。对比分析以“各种语言是可比较的”这一假设为基础，以发现两种语言中二值对立（对比）的类(typologies)为其研究目标。对比分析可以归属为中介语研究、语言应用研究以及双语研究。对比分析即属于理论语言学，又属于应用语言学，以后者为主。对比分析的心理基础是迁移理论、学习理论中
英汉语言对比与翻译练习
英汉语言对比与翻译练习 注意事项： １．英汉语言句法／句式差别； ２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律； Sentences: 1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in most cases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar. 2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出 了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。 3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marching rapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed. 4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointed to a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on. 5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots. 6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.. 7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. 8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds, pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned. 9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load. 10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down. 11.Starvation was a remote threat. 12.There is a crying need for a new remedy. 13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on the phone. 14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me. 15.She was always a crier any way. 16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream. 17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. 18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office and no returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57) 19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
英汉语言对比研究期末复习重点
综合语:A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships”. 分析语:An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.” 名词化：Nominalization refers to the replacement of clauses,which contain finite verbs,with complex structures consisting of nouns and noun adjuncts. 词化：lexicalization refers to the device that one word is used to express the meaning that one clause or phrase denotes. 形合：The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives ,for example,I shall despair if you don’t come. 意合：The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. 1.英语、汉语语篇模式 英语：演绎式是英语语篇结构的基本模式。英国人习惯开门见山，一落笔就点明主题、交代要点。然后再逐层细叙、分析推理，较常按照从一般到细节、从概括到具体、从整体到个体的原则。 汉语：比较注重话题，注重意识流，注重事理和先后顺序，常常采用非演绎式的、往往是领悟式的归纳型或是螺旋式的思维模式 英译汉时破局重组化繁为简 Eg ;In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. 门口放着一推雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。 门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色、大小不一的雨伞。 2 形合意合表现在哪些方面 英语形合：关系词和连接词介词形态变化形式等其他连接手段 汉语意合：语序反复、排比、对偶、对照紧缩局四字格 3英语句子扩展表现在那些方面 增加句子修饰语 扩展基本句型的成分 基本句型的组合 4名词作形容词举例注意那些方面 报刊标题Job Opportunity Discrimination 科技文章space shuttle flight test program 注意方面 名词定语与被修饰词之间存在种种不同的语义关系 名词定语与被修饰词之间的语义关系常常不能从字面上判断出来也不能简单的把前一个名词理解为修饰语而已 要正确理解其含义，往往还要联系其语境甚至社会文化背景知识 过分堆积名词，认为这会使语言失去活力，缺乏动态感，有时还会造成语义含混，甚至产生歧义 几个名词连用，也会让人分不清修饰词与被修饰词，甚至分不清词类。
英汉语言十大差异
英汉语言十大差异 语言毕竟是文化的载体，语言与文化，甚至历史、地理、风俗、政治、经济等常常水乳交融，它们无孔不入地反作用于语言，使语言打上深深的文化烙印。英汉翻译者，若不知英汉各自的特点，不知两者的差异，是不能想象的。不要以为，汉语是我们的母语，从牙牙学语开始，便开始接触汉语，因此，就想象自己很了解汉语。其实，这是一种误解。汉语到底有什么特点? 就汉语论汉语，因为没有距离，就看不真切，因为没有比较，就看不明白!只有当汉语和英语比肩而立，碰撞交流，才会燃爆出绚丽的火花，两者之差异，才会赫然呈现。 目前，从事英汉对比研究的学者和专著在我国并不少，但是，当我们放眼这个领域，就觉得有必要正面回答一个问题：英汉对比研究的目的是什么? 弄明白英汉的差异，并不是我们研究的最终目标，至多只能是一种手段而已，而手段总得服务于一定的目的。英汉对比研究的一个重要的目的应该是：服务于翻译。 译界的实践证明：只有对英汉之差异了然于心，译者才能做到下笔如有神。下面结合英汉翻译的实际，对英汉之间的明显差异作鸟瞰式分析和归纳。 1．英语重形合(Hypotaxis)，汉语重意合(Parataxis) 汉语重意合，结构松弛，多以意思连接的积累式分句(Accumulative Clause)或独立的单句(independent Sentence)，其彼此的逻辑关系多以句序之先后加以暗示。 有的语言学家以“竹节句法”写英句，所谓“竹节”，则指其断不可缺的种种连接词(Connectives)；有以“流水句法”写汉句，所谓“流水”，指少用乃至不用连接词的行文流畅。 美国的翻译学家Eugene A．Nida在其Translating Meanings (1983)一书中曾经深入浅出地说明了英汉这一差异： 就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学上最重要的一个区别就是形合和意合的对比，在英语以及大多数的印欧语言中，句子的从属关系大多是用连接词如，although，because，when，in order that，so及so that等词明确地表达出来。但是，这同一概念，我们用意合的方法基本上也可以表达出来；那就尽说，将两个句子放在一起并无连接词表明其相互关系，而从句子本身的意思中体现出来。例如，我们说because it is late，I must leave．在这里两个句子的逻辑关系是用连接词 because加以表达的。然而我们也可以说it is late，I must leave．在这里，虽然无明确的词汇表明彼此的关系，但是这种关系显然是存在的。 以上Nida所言，有一点需要加以纠正。他说：“我们也可以说It is 1ate，I must leave．” 此议不妥，因为这样缺乏连接词的英句是不合其表达习惯的，至少也是拙句(C1umsy Sentence)。比如： An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once travelling in China． 译文：一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。 英语原句是一个典型的形合句，而相应的汉译则是意合句。假如，将英语原句改成意合句，那读上去还有英语味吗? There was an Englishman．He could not speak Chinese．He was once travelling in China．同理，假如我们将此句译成：一个不会说中国话的英国人有一次在中国旅行。读上去便稍有绕口之嫌。 从语法范畴分析， 英语动词的时体显得极为丰富，从理论言，英语有十六个时态。若就“形态结构”的视角进行观察比较，似又可得出这样一个结论：英语是一种更为形式化的语言，它注重形式的变化。就语法范畴言，英语的代词（名词）可以有性、数或格的形态变化， 动词还可有时、体、态、气等形态变化，等等。
英汉语言对比练习答案2
1．翻译下列句子，注意调整语序 1）A reader’s perception of the loose, slangy, colloquial, shirt-sleeved quality of much modern prose will be sharpened if he has experienced the conscious elegance of eighteenth-century writers and the solemn lecture-hall pronouncements of the Victorians. （按照逻辑顺序译） 【译文】如果一位读者读过18世纪作家的作品，体会到其刻意追求典雅的语言风格，又读过维多利亚女王时代的人在演讲大厅上所作的庄严的发言，他定能更深刻地理解很多现代散文作品那种结构松散、口语色彩浓、好用俚语、不拘形式的语言风格。 2）He felt a qualm in his stomach, and it was more in memory of his own loneliness than anticipation of hers.（按照信息中心译） 【译文】他感到一阵心酸，与其说是预见了她的凄凉，倒不如说是想到了他自己的孤独。 3）Based on national realities and taking reasonable aspects of foreign economies, Chinese economists are working to establish socialist market economy, which ensures economic activities follow the requirements of the law of value and the changing relationship between supply and demand. （按照搭配需要译） 【译文】在立足本国实际和借鉴海外经济合理成分的基础上，中国经济学者正致力于建立社会主义市场经济，要保证经济活动遵循价值规律的要求，适应供求关系的变化。 4）For example, a girl student who had difficulty studying made dramatic strides when she got a better desk lamp and moved her desk away from her bed.（按照时间顺序）【译文】例如，有位女学生，原来学习很吃力，但自从换了一盏好台灯，并把桌子从床边搬开以后，学习就取得了长足的进步。
英汉对比研究综述
英汉对比研究综述 摘要：本文是对英汉对比研究进行综述。文章首先阐述了比较语言学和对比语言学的异同，继而回顾了我国英汉对比研究的历史与现状，讨论了英汉对比研究的实用价值以及宗旨和目标，最后论述了对比研究是理论和方法。 关键词：对比研究、异同、历史与现状、实用价值、宗旨目标、理论方法 正文： 近年来，我国与外国的交往日益频繁，国内出现了外语热，而外国也出现了汉语热。这种局面大大促进了我国的外语教学、对外汉语教学以及翻译事业，也有力地推动了我国对比 语言学的研究。人们在外语教学中逐渐认识到，要学好外语，必须了解其特点，最有效的方 法就是与母语的特点作比较。熟悉外语和母语的特点，并加以科学对比，分析其差异的因素，这无疑将有助于确定教学中的重点和难点，增强教学的预见性和针对性，从而提高教学的效果。 一、比较语言学和对比语言学 “对比”和“比较”在语言研究和语言实践中是经常出现的字眼，常被混为一谈。其实作为学科，它们有着本质的区别， 比较语言学，又称历史比较语言学，是一门把两种或两种以上语言放在一起加以共时比较或把同一种语言进行历时比较的学科。它旨在重构原始语，理清语言之间的亲属源流关系， 阐述它们的体系和特质，最终建立其谱系关系，比较语言学的目的主要是求同。 对比语言学属于共时语言学，它是对两种或两种以上的语言作共时的、常为静态的考察 和分析，指出它们中各个层次，即语音、词汇、语法、语义、篇章等之间的相似之处和不同之点，并努力运用哲学、心理学、民族学等各学科的知识与理论去阐释这些不同之点所产生的根源的学科。对比语言学的主要目的是觅异。 作为研究方法，“对比”和“比较”是密不可分的，人类研究事物、认识事物离不开比较，对各种语言现象的阐释是建立在比较分析之上的。“只有比较才能看出各种语文表现法 的共同之点和特殊之点。”要对比必须进行比较，因为“一种事物的特点，要跟别的事物比较才显出来”。所以，“对比”与“比较”是你中有我、我中有你，互相依赖的关系。 二、英汉对比分析的历史及现状 英汉对比研究作为语言学的一个分支，兼具有理论语言学与应用语言学的性质，其任务主要是对英汉两种语言进行共时和历时的对比研究，描述并解释英汉语之间的异同，并将研究成果应用于语言研究和其他领域。英汉对比研究应分为三个层次：语言的表层结构；语言表达方法；语言哲学。从学科上看，英汉语言对比可分为英汉对比语言学、英汉翻译学和英汉对比文化学三个学科。从实践上看对比语言学也是两个方向：一个是理论研究方向； 一个是应用研究方向。 在国外真正进行英汉语言对比的首推赵元任，他1933年撰文对汉语和英语语调进行了对比。国内的英汉或汉英语言对比研究可追溯到1898年出版的马建忠的《马氏文通》和严复 的《英文汉估》。 根据中国英汉语比较研究会的老会长刘重德先生的观点我国的的对比研究史可以分为三个时期：1898—1949年可称为英汉对比研究的第一时期，从马建忠的《马氏文通》和严复的《英文汉估》算起，到四十年代末。这期间，英汉对比研究从草创到发展，成绩显著。 “虽有移植的问题，但其中包含着认真的鉴别和自己的独特创造，对汉语语言学的建立做出了巨大的贡献，开创了择善化用的传统。”这种评价应该说是恰如其分的。1949 —1976年是
英汉语言差异
英汉语言差异 摘要: 本文主要以英汉语言实例为出发点,力求多方位,全角度地展示英汉两种语言特征的差异性。从而揭示出英汉两种语言的不同特征。通过对比分析,发现:汉语为突出主题,注重意合,具有静态性,实说性和临摹性的分析语;而英语为突出主语,注重形合,具有动态性,虚用性和剪辑性的综合分析语。认识这两种语言的差异性特征有助于英汉互译工作,并能促进英语学习。 关键词:英语特征;汉语特征 Comparison of Different Language Characteristics Between Chinese and English Abstract: Based on practical examples, this paper attempts to indicate the different characteristics between Chinese and English. By comparison and analysis,we can draw a conclusion that Chinese is atopic prominent , paratactic , dynamic, concrete, and chronicle, analytic language while English is a subject prominent, hypotactic, stative, abstract, non chronicle, synthetic analytic language. Be aware of the different characteristics of these two languages is a great help to translation. Keywords: Characteristics of Chinese; Characteristics of English 正是由于英汉语言分属不同的语系，各自有着不同的语言类型、文字系统、语音系统以及词法上的差异，因此英汉语言在句法上也存在很大的差异。英译汉时必须使用汉语的句法来表达英语的意思。如果按照英语句法直译，译文将受到英语表达方式的影响和束缚，违反汉语表达习惯。反之，汉译英时也必须采用英语的句法来表达汉语的意思，尽可能适应英语的表达方式和习惯。因此，熟悉英汉语言句法上的差异对正确地进行英汉翻译十分重要。 一、英语重形合，汉语重意合 英语重形合、汉语重意合是英汉两种语言在句法特征上的最主要区别之一。所谓形合是指主要靠语言本身语法手段，所谓意合是指主要靠句子内部逻辑联系。英语句法特征是“形合”，注重语法形式和功能。句子要按照语法规则来组织
英汉语言对比-练习题-2-reference answers
Chapter 2 Ⅰ. Answer Questions 15This is because English language has rigid rules on sentence structure centered on subject-predicate；English sentences are developed from subject-predicate structures. 16The simplest English sentence consists of only a subject and a predicate, based on which many components are attached or derived. And the verb is the core, the number of nouns attachable to the verb is called the verb’s valence. As Chinese language focuses on internal theme instead of external representation, Chinese sentences can hardly be classified according to verb variation like English sentences are 17SV, SVP,SVO, SVOO,SVOC 18Declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative. 19A) to add modifiers; B) to extend the elements in the basic sentence a) grammatical concord; b) notional concord; c）principle of proximity 20It can be verbs, nouns, or adjectives; it can be one verb or more than one verbs or nor verbs; it can be one word or word phrases. Nouns and pronouns （包括代词） verbs：吃饭好 words referring to time, location, conditions：只有下定决心才行preposition：由你负责此事 phrases：我疯了怎么可能？我就这样怎么了？ 21Theme sentences; transitive sentence; relative sentences; exclamative sentence; existential sentence; ownership sentence; descriptive sentence; and explicative sentence 22In summary, Chinese sentences are characterized in three uncertainties—Uncertainty of subject; uncertainty of predicate; uncertainty in the relation between subject and predicate. 23Chinese sentence variation is embodied by large number of ambiguous sentences and full sentence and minor sentences. For example: 他欠你的钱；是前天发的电报；房间干干净净。 24Jespersen points out, analysis means suppleness, and synthesis means regidity; in analytic language you have the power of kaleidoscopically arranging and rearranging the elements that in synthetic forms are in rigid connexion. Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks 25名词性短语和动词性短语 26.主语+谓语；主语+动词+表语；主语+动词+宾语；主语+动词+