当前位置：文档库 › 英文文献+中文翻译

英文文献+中文翻译

University of serious sex ratio imbalance is only appearance, which is backed by the deep crisis in the field of education issues, "boy crisis" is a topic in recent years repeatedly hit the newspapers. Boy crisis really hit the side of the tentatively set, but the tactics scene outgoing information display, liberal arts majors should the teachers exclaimed, "red fat green thin" the. Gender imbalance in the ratio of universities is a global topic, while in China there are very distinct imprint. Full curing oriented education increased boy crisis will affect the quality of basic education, the more long-term space-time point of view, will also affect the innovation in this country. Red fat green thin "Colour" safflower, less green leaves! "Hebei Province, a normal university admissions officers issued a sigh from the scene said. The school Chinese language and literature this year planned enrollment of 328 people, including recruiting boys and only 63 people.

The past six years, this profession has been hovering in the proportion of male and female students on this base. And in the stands for high-level personnel diversified postgraduate training, the boys almost total defeat, are invariably multiple graduate professional "Detachment of Women", such as a hospital 2009 graduate enrolled 108 girls, 12 boys; boys 14 2010 people, girls 118; 2011, 18 boys and girls 131. "Weak" situation in some departments, especially the performance arts, Communication University of China Yanzhao Ban the teacher said, the proportion of men and women graduate Communication University is 1: 2.

Renmin University of China (School of Economics doctoral tutor Vigilant Degree Foreign Economic and Trade University was invited to give lectures, the ratio of male and female students that the school is 2: 8 surprise after "90 years of the last century, when I recruit graduate students, generally 20 people inside there are three or four girls, now more than half are girls. "proportion of male and female students in some liberal arts faculties imbalances beyond his imagination.

In some of the boys take the absolute advantage of the traditional engineering colleges, there have been an increasing number of female faces, great come from behind the trend. In the province of a College of Engineering, for example, years ago, the school is a 7 to 1 ratio of men and women, and now that number nearly 2 to 1. Such as machinery, forging, which used to be dubbed the "blacksmith" professional, "quasi-female artisans" figure continues to increase.

Beginning in 2007, the country in the number of college enrollment of girls than boys for the first time, after always appear overwhelming numerical superiority. "In the past girls Engineering Department is 'national treasure', now the boys became liberal arts faculties 'national treasure'."

Not only in the number of college girls than boys, school achievement and school performance is also very impressive. College entrance exam to the public is most concerned about, for example, in 1999, the college entrance exam provinces accounted for 65.22 percent of boys, girls accounted for 34.78%; 10 years later, this proportion, 47% of boys, girls accounted for 53%.

On the participation of community organizations and scholarship allocation, girls arts faculties is champion, in recent years, the national scholarship winners issued by the Ministry of Education, the girls winning proportion is far higher than boys, the

proportion of male and female parts of the award-winning Teachers' Colleges Even more staggering 1:10.

In the past, sharp increase in the number of female students has been considered by the education gap between men and women, it is a reflection of educational equity and social progress. "College girls increased, does not indicate the status of women in improving." Face of the raging tide of girls, some scholars universities expressed cautious optimism. Vigilant Degree noted, college gender imbalance is a global problem, in the eyes of the people should accept the boys in higher education, the results can reach the bottom line or the number of admissions to school boys big desire is attenuated.

In most developed American higher education, for example, recently apply to college has been a shortage of excellent men. In order to maintain a sufficient number of boys, American freshmen results are not entirely based on the average SAT or ACT score may be. Some schools insist on men and women should be enrolled in the same conditions, the result is the number of female students accounted for nearly two-thirds.

In the West, a wide range of talent evaluation, the school boys trade down, and did not lead to too much criticism. While respecting the tradition of China have relevant practice is questionable object.

The past two years, Shanghai International Studies University, China People's University and other universities in the early batches of admission, in the case of the lowest score demarcation line, take the difference between men and women admitted methods. As China University of Political Science in Guangdong this year, the girls Toudang 632 points higher than boys Toudang line 588 points 44 points. Test with different points, this phenomenon has caused widespread controversy in the community. Some people think it alleged discrimination against women, contrary to the education fair. Response from the aspect university said the move was to balance the proportion of men and women, is the embodiment of independent school. International schools enrollment, boys have a certain inclination. "We know that serious imbalance in sex ratio for teaching, student development, interpersonal relationships and other aspects of disadvantage, but few can be chosen boy, can not leave the girls do not score." The person in charge of the Normal University said they still insist on Admission men and women under the same conditions. In some colleges and universities, sex ratio is a sensitive topic, the school often do not favor boys declared on certain policies. They tend to win the girl you analyze the test scores of boys in many objective reasons: discrimination against girls and the competitive pressure is too large, women were more precocious than men, in the consciousness aspects of learning, fun boys, as girls hard.

A college official told reporters, on the men and women were queuing too hard on university admission and undesirable. The reason more likely to prefer boys school from employment consideration, because the current employer in the community under the same conditions preference for boys and girls at a disadvantage relative employment, and the level of employment is an important reference for educational administrative departments to measure the level of running colleges and universities,

employment rate may lead to a yellow card. University "Weak" Although there is an international background of its existence, in China Que Tu show distinctive local characteristics. A normal university educators appear in Local Normal Universities sex ratio showed a drop of geometric deeply worried. "Not to mention the girls too much classroom climate and other factors, many of these students will have to walk into primary and secondary school classrooms, will further exacerbate the School Teachers 'Detachment' phenomenon."

Early childhood education and compulsory education "Detachment of Women" phenomenon, has become common practice. In a number of public kindergartens Shijiazhuang displayed on bulletin boards, in addition to the cook and the security men, the teachers are the "daughter of country"; Park Elementary School is still "red fat green thin", one of the few male teachers more for the grandparents.

Although female teachers attentive, professional and other strengths, the community was worried, male teachers scarce imbalances make the campus a lack of masculinity, boys more likely to become a sissy, loss of perseverance and courage, will also affect the teachers' mental health, Female teachers prevalence of depression, anxiety symptoms.

A District Education Office Shijiazhuang director told reporters that the number of male and female teachers do not have detailed statistics, but small

Learn majority of female teachers is an indisputable fact, the district would also like to introduce compulsory education more male teachers to balance gender, and supply normal universities there is a problem, male teachers, especially comprehensive assessment of good Male Teachers graduates rare, this shortage has intensified in recent years the trend.

Teachers College scholar said that not the local normal universities do not want to recruit more men, the reason why these institutions attractive to boys of poor education, inadequate investment in the long-term consequences. "In the worldly point of view, the boys are more hungry for success and wealth, the girls often diagram of a secure job, the current rural primary and secondary teaching is just a secure job. Our investment in education accounted GDP4% of shouted goal for many years, has been difficult to fulfill, the treatment of primary and secondary school teachers and civil servants in fact there is not a small gap compared, it is difficult to attract good boys to join basic education. "

In basic education, the boys had been living in disadvantage. Related departments of the sample survey found that urban and rural areas, compulsory education of girls was better than boys overall score. Starting in 2008, the Beijing small rise in early admissions policy recommendation outstanding student pilot in the recommended outstanding student, the proportion of female students was significantly higher than boys. Experts fear that as more and more female teachers to augment the compulsory school, for teaching and student growth are negative, especially the many boy "vulnerable." "Girls in Normal Universities little more unbearable." A teacher complained Teachers College, now he walked into the classroom, they see the girls sitting in front of uniform, listen carefully taking notes, not number more boys lazily curled up in a corner, looked up effort, also attention span.

中文翻译

大学男女比例严重失调只是表象，其背后是教育领域的深层次危机问题“男孩危机”是近年来屡屡见诸报端的一个话题。男孩是否真的遭遇危机姑且置之一边，但从高招现场传出的信息显示，文科专业的老师们又该惊呼“红肥绿瘦”了。高校男女比例失衡是一个全球性话题，而在中国又有极其鲜明的烙印。应试教育的全面固化加重了男孩危机，并将影响到基础教育的质量，从更长远的时空来看，还将影响到这个国家的创新力。

近六年来，此专业男女生比例一直在此基数上徘徊。而在代表高层次人才的硕博研究生培养上，男生几乎完败，多个硕士研究生专业都是清一色“娘子军”，如，某院2009级硕士研究生招收女生108名，男生12名；2010级男生14人，女生118人；2011级男生18人，女生131人。“阴盛阳衰”的情况在一些文科院系表现尤为明显，中国传媒大学研招办的老师介绍说，传媒大学男女研究生比例为1：2。

中国人民大学( 经济学院博士生导师顾海兵应邀赴对外经济贸易大学讲学，得知该校的男女生比例为2：8之后大吃一惊。“上个世纪90年代，我在招研究生时，一般20个人里头有三四个女生，现在一半以上都是女生。”某些文科院系的男女生比例失衡超过他的想象。

在一些男生占据绝对优势的传统工科院校，也出现了越来越多的女性面孔，大有后来居上之势。以省内某工科院校为例，多年前该校男女比例是7比1，现在这个数字将近2比1。诸如机械、锻造，这些过去被戏称为“打铁匠”的专业，“准女工匠”的身影在持续增多。从2007年开始，国内普通高校招生中的女生数量首次超过男生，之后一直出现压倒性数量优势。“以前工科院系女生是‘国宝’，现在文科院系的男生成了‘国宝’。”

高校女生不仅在数量上超越男生，入学成绩和校内表现亦让人刮目相看。以公众最关注的高考状元为例，1999年，各省高考状元男生占65.22%，女生占34.78%；10年后，这一比例为，男生占47%，女生占53%。在参与社团组织和奖学金分配上，文科院系的女生更是独占鳌头，近几年来，在教育部所颁发的国家奖学金获奖者中，女生获奖比例远高于男生，部分师范院校的男女获奖比例甚至达到惊人的1：10以上。过去，女大学生数量剧增一直被视为男女受教育差距缩小，是教育公平和社会进步的一种体现。“大学女生增多，并不表明女性地位在提高。”面对来势汹汹的女生潮，一些高校的学者对此表示了审慎的乐观。

顾海兵注意到，大学生男女比例失调是个全球性问题，在人们眼中更应该接受高等教育的男生，成绩能够达到招生底线或有大上学愿望的男生数量正在衰减。以高等教育最发达的美国为例，近来申请上大学的优秀男生一直出现短缺现象。为了保持足够多的男生，美国新生入学的成绩并不完全根据SAT或者ACT的平均成绩而定。部分学校坚持男女应在同等条件下入学，造成的结果是女生人数占到近2/3。在西方，人才评价的多元化，学校对男生降格以求，并没有招致过多的非议。而在有尊师重教传统的中国，相关做法是质疑的对象。

近两年，上海外国语大学、中国人民大学等高校在提前批次的录取上，在划定最低分数线的情况下，采取了男女区别录取的方法。如中国政法大学今年在广东的理科女生投档线632分，比男生投档线588分高出44分。同考不同分，这一现象在社会上引起了广泛争议。有人认为它涉嫌歧视女性，有违教育公平。来自高校方面的回应说，此举是为了平衡男女比例，是自主办学的体现。国际上名校的招生，对男生都有一定倾斜。“我们知道，男女生比例严重失调对于教学、学生成长、人际关系等方面不利，但可挑选的男生少，不能放着高分的女生不要。”上述师范类院校负责人说，他们仍然坚持男女在同等条件下入学。在部分高校，男女生比例是个敏感话题，校方往往不会公开宣称在某些政策上偏向男生。他们往往会为你分析女孩在考分上完胜男生的诸多客观原因：女生受到的歧视和竞争压力偏大，女性比男性更加早熟，在学习的自觉性方面，男生贪玩，不如女生刻苦。

一位高校负责人告诉记者，在男女分别排队录取上过分苛责大学并不可取。学校之所以偏爱

男生更多可能从就业考虑，因为目前社会上的用人单位在同等条件下更偏爱男生，女生就业相对处于劣势，而就业率的高低是教育行政部门衡量高校办学水平的重要参考，就业率低可能会引来黄牌。

大学“阴盛阳衰”固然有其存在的国际背景，在中国却突显出鲜明的本土特色。一位师范大学的教育工作者对目前地方师范院校出现男女比率几何式落差表现出深深忧虑。“且不说女生过多对课堂气氛等影响，这些学生将来很多都要走进中小学课堂，会进一步加剧中小学教师‘娘子军’现象。”

幼儿教育和义务教育阶段的“娘子军”现象，已蔚然成风。在石家庄市的多家公立幼儿园，公示牌上显示，除了炊事员和保安为男性外，师资均为“女儿国”；小学校园内仍然是“红肥绿瘦”，为数不多的男老师多为爷爷辈。

女教师虽有细心、敬业等长处，社会各界还是担心，男教师稀少的失衡状况会让校园缺少阳刚之气，男孩子更易变得娘娘腔，失去毅力和勇气，也会影响到教师心理健康，女教师普遍存在抑郁、焦虑症状。

石家庄某区教育局办公室主任告诉记者，目前手头没有男女教师数量的详细统计，但小

学女教师占绝大多数已是不争的事实，区里也想在义务教育阶段多引入一些男教师来平衡性别，而师范院校的供给出现了问题，男教师，特别是综合评定为优秀的男师范毕业生凤毛麟角，这种短缺近年来有加剧趋势。

上述师范院校学者说，并非地方师范院校不想招更多的男生，之所以这些院校对男生的吸引力差，是教育长期投入不足的恶果。“在世俗的眼光里，男孩子对成功和财富更为渴求，女孩子往往图一份安稳的工作，目前的农村中小学教职还仅仅是一份安稳的工作。我们教育投入占GDP4%的目标喊了多年，一直难以兑现，中小学教师待遇和公务员相比事实上还存在不小的差距，因此很难吸引到优秀的男生投身基础教育。”

在基础教育阶段，男生就已居于劣势。相关部门对城乡的抽样调查发现，义务教育阶段女生总体成绩明显优于男生。从2008年开始，北京市小升初试行优秀生推荐入学政策，在被推荐的优秀生中，女生的比例明显高于男生。专家们担心，随着越来越多的女教师充实到义务教育阶段的学校，对教学和学生成长都不利，尤其是众多男生“伤不起”。

“师范院校女生多得让人难以忍受。”一位师范院校的老师抱怨道，现在他一走进课堂，就见到女生们齐刷刷坐在前排，认真听讲做笔记，为数不多的男生懒洋洋地蜷缩于某个角落，一抬头的功夫，还有人溜号了。

“大学男女比例严重失调只是表象，其背后是教育领域的深层次危机问题。”顾海兵说。他认为，现行的教育观念和选拔模式相对更适合女孩子的性格心理特点。我们的中小学教育往往要求学生做听话的好孩子，调皮捣蛋容易被贴上“坏孩子”的标签。男生天性独立爱冒险，不愿意受控制，不按常理出牌，不原意照老师圈定的规矩行事，这样的举动往往得不到老师的包容，因为常受批评，得不到鼓励，不受重视，久而久之，学习兴趣会减弱，人也会变得懈怠，甚至和学校产生对立情绪。而女生比男生更容易服从，讲究按部就班，相对获得好感的机会更多，更易在鼓励和嘉许中获得正能量。

另一方面，现行的应试教育和评价导向对那些“野性难驯”的男生杀伤力颇大。从小学开始学生守望着大量必修课，遵循标准答案。特别是对文科类专业来说，肯用功、记忆力好的女学生容易考出好成绩，男孩精力旺盛却无处发挥。进入大学后，有三分之二的课程依然是必修课，学生将大量精力花费在必修课上，指定标准答案，他们没有充足时间考虑自己真正偏好的领域。加之大学里诸多社会实践课缺乏量化的考核指标，一些综合考评的加分方式根本无法反映出学生的真实能力。

“真正的大学，70%以上都应当是选修课，利用选修课来引导学生，而不是以灌输式的必修课来管住学生，更不是以统一的模式和标准分数论英雄的地方。”顾海兵认为，目前的男孩

危机，从某种程度上讲是某些教育制度扼杀创造力和创新能力的危机，喜欢冒险的雄性完全败给了喜欢按部就班的女性。一些富爱冒险的男孩在竞争中提前出局，远离学校，很难简单地判断这对他个人是有利还是有害。“如果孟非在大学里学一圈，可能就毁了，不是今天这个样子。”

“但从长远来看，它会扼制创新，影响国家的竞争力。”顾海兵建议，从男孩危机中改革现行的教育观念和选拔模式

中小学教师女性多

在前不久发布的教师蓝皮书《中国中小学教师发展报告（2012）》中指出，中小学教师队伍愈加“女性化”，女性教师所占比例已经达到52.93%。从小学到初中、高中阶段，女性教师占教师总体比例分别为57.11%、48.2%和46.9%。有学者认为，教师队伍不合理的“女性化”，对男性学生的性别意识发展、学业提高及创新能力等将带来不利影响。

对此，记者走访了北京的一些中小学校，得到的普遍反馈都是女教师偏多的情况十分属实，并且随着年级的增长，男性教师的比例略有提高。然而，对于女教师偏多的事实，无论校长、教师还是学生家长，大家的态度倒并不一致。

知名教育博主“边角儿”表示，这个问题不同人看法不同。“我的观点是男老师、女老师性别不是大问题，教师的能力不分男女。”在他看来，女教师多不一定是坏事，国家经济发展以后人们对知识的渴望使得女教师的地位逐步提高，甚至女教师已经成为男性婚姻对象的第一选择。“社会地位、家庭地位的提高，对于女教师的心态是个积极因素，而这种心态会直接作用于学生身上。”

对于男性来讲，之所以只有少部分男性选择教育行业的工作，主要同社会回报比以及就业观念有关系。在基础教育担任教师工作，教育的回报恐怕很难同其他行业、企业相比。因此，一线年轻男教师中，除了自身对这个行业热爱的以外，也只有体育男教师更多一些了。“毕竟现在的社会劳动岗位还没有那么紧张，如果真到了十分难找工作的地步，相信也会有更多男老师愿意加入到基础教育的教师工作行列中来。”

在此之前，如果能有主动意愿加入的男老师，肯定是怀有对教育非常热爱的感情前来，而且很可能是某方面的专家。业内人士认为，教师的职业不能用自然科学的思维方式来看待，甚至教师属于艺术范畴，相当一部分工作能力表现为口才、影响力、魅力。因此，对于基础教育的人才引进关键在于多元化，只不过这种性别倾向的问题暂不能回避。教育本身是个性化的，教师这个工作也是以个体劳动为主要形式的集体合作项目，要考虑教师个体需要和个体发展。如果一个人能将兴趣和职业进行“捆绑”，远要比单纯将其作为事业的效率更高。但如果刻意为了性别平衡，而拒绝了很优秀的女教师，对于学校来讲得不偿失。

关于力的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

五、外文资料翻译 Stress and Strain 1.Introduction to Mechanics of Materials Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that i s known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies”. The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components. Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanics behavior of the body. Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles in the study of mechanics of materials . On many occasion we will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for predicting mechanics behavior, but at the same time we must recognize that these formulas cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the been made in the laboratory. Also , many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by theoretical means, and experimental measurements become a practical necessity. The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fascinating blend of both theory and experiment, with experiments pointing the way to useful results in some instances and with theory doing so in others①. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made experiments to adequate to determine the strength of wires , bars , and beams , although they did not develop any adequate theo ries (by today’s standards ) to explain their test results . By contrast , the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler(1707-1783) developed the mathematical theory any of columns and calculated the critical load of a column in 1744 , long before any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his results ②. Thus , Euler’s theoretical results remained unused for many years, although today they form the basis of column theory. The importance of combining theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident as we proceed with

平面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译平面设计任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面

设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。

10kV小区供配电英文文献及中文翻译

在广州甚至广东的住宅小区电气设计中,一般都会涉及到小区的高低压供配电系统的设计.如10kV高压配电系统图,低压配电系统图等等图纸一大堆.然而在真正实施过程中,供电部门(尤其是供电公司指定的所谓电力设计小公司)根本将这些图纸作为一回事,按其电脑里原有的电子档图纸将数据稍作改动以及断路器按其所好换个厂家名称便美其名曰设计(可笑不?),拿出来的图纸根本无法满足电气设计的设计意图,致使严重存在以下问题:(也不知道是职业道德问题还是根本一窍不通) 1.跟原设计的电气系统货不对板,存在与低压开关柜后出线回路严重冲突,对实际施工造成严重阻碍,经常要求设计单位改动原有电气系统图才能满足它的要求(垄断的没话说). 2.对消防负荷和非消防负荷的供电(主要在高层建筑里)应严格分回路(从母线段)都不清楚,将消防负荷和非消防负荷按一个回路出线(尤其是将电梯和消防电梯,地下室的动力合在一起等等,有的甚至将楼顶消防风机和梯间照明合在一个回路,以一个表计量). 3.系统接地保护接地型式由原设计的TN-S系统竟曲解成"TN-S-C-S"系统(室内的还需要做TN-C,好玩吧?),严格的按照所谓的"三相四线制"再做重复接地来实施,导致后续施工中存在重复浪费资源以及安全隐患等等问题.. ............................(违反建筑电气设计规范等等问题实在不好意思一一例举,给那帮人留点混饭吃的面子算了) 总之吧,在通过图纸审查后的电气设计图纸在这帮人的眼里根本不知何物,经常是完工后的高低压供配电系统已是面目全非了,能有百分之五十的保留已经是谢天谢地了. 所以.我觉得:住宅建筑电气设计,让供电部门走!大不了留点位置,让他供几个必需回路的电,爱怎么折腾让他自个怎么折腾去.. Guangzhou, Guangdong, even in the electrical design of residential quarters, generally involving high-low cell power supply system design. 10kV power distribution systems, such as maps, drawings, etc. low-voltage distribution system map a lot. But in the real implementation of the process, the power sector (especially the so-called power supply design company appointed a small company) did these drawings for one thing, according to computer drawings of the original electronic file data to make a little change, and circuit breakers by their the name of another manufacturer will be sounding good design (ridiculously?), drawing out the design simply can not meet the electrical design intent, resulting in a serious following problems: (do not know or not know nothing about ethical issues) 1. With the original design of the electrical system not meeting board, the existence and low voltage switchgear circuit after qualifying serious conflicts seriously hinder the actual construction, often require changes to the original design unit plans to meet its electrical system requirements (monopoly impress ). 2. On the fire load and fire load of non-supply (mainly in high-rise building in) should be strictly sub-loop (from the bus segment) are not clear, the fire load and fire load of non-qualifying press of a circuit (especially the elevator and fire elevator, basement, etc.

四字格的翻译

中口历年真题：高尔基说过：“书籍是人类进步的阶梯。”0103 Gorgy once said, “Books are steps toward human progress.” 廉政建设0203 building of an honest and clean government 全神贯注0203 with rapt attention; concentrate on 改革开放0303 the reform and opening-up policy 远见卓识0303 foresighted, foresight 扩大内需0309 expand the domestic need 以邻为伴、与人为善0403 making partnership and being friendly to the neighboring countries 友好合作0403 friendly cooperation 艰辛努力0403 arduous efforts 名列前茅0503 rank among the best 携手前进0509 j oin hands and advance together 相知无远近，万里尚为邻0509 Distance can never separate real friends. 多姿多彩0603colorful 色彩斑斓0603 colorful 日新月异0603change dramatically with each passing day 光芒四射0603 shining; brilliant 鲜艳夺目0603shining; brilliant 安居乐业0603live and work in peace and happiness/contentment 朝气蓬勃，充满活力0603 dynamic; vigorous; energetic 莘莘学子0609(many) students 青春洋溢0609young 书香浓郁0609 academic/cultural atmosphere 息息相关0703 be closely related to/ concern sth. 坚定不移0709 persists unswervingly in 独立富强，民生幸福0709 an independent and prosperous country, and a comfortable and happy life for the people 孜孜以求0709 assiduously (seek) 自主创新0803 independence and innovation, independent and innovative 情投意合0809have an affinity for each other 不虚此生0903 make our life meaningful 附庸风雅0909 mingle with men of letters and p ose as lovers of culture 暗自窃笑0909 titter 翩然而至1003 advent/ arrival 此起彼伏1003(ring) one after another, echo each other 中流砥柱1003play the backbone role 力挽狂澜1003turn the tide 攻坚克难1003overcome the current difficulties 柳暗花明1003have bright prospects 华洋杂居1009co-inhabited by Chinese locals and foreign nationals 生活百态1009 all aspects of people’s life 丰富多彩1009 colorful

英文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译学院：专 2011年6月电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html, Overview https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html, is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html, is part of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html, Framework,and when coding https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html, applications you have access to classes in https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html, Framework.You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime(CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic and C#.These languages enable you to develop https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html, applications that benefit from the common language runtime,type safety, inheritance,and so on. If you want to try https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html,,you can install Visual Web Developer Express using the Microsoft Web Platform Installer,which is a free tool that makes it simple to download,install,and service components of the Microsoft Web Platform.These components include Visual Web Developer Express,Internet Information Services (IIS),SQL Server Express,and https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html, Framework.All of these are tools that you use to create https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html, Web applications.You can also use the Microsoft Web Platform Installer to install open-source https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html, and PHP Web applications. Visual Web Developer Visual Web Developer is a full-featured development environment for creating https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html, Web applications.Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html, Web pages on your own computer.Visual Web Developer includes a local Web server that provides all the features you need to test and debug https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html, Web pages,without requiring Internet Information Services(IIS)to be installed. Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html, Web pages on your own computer.

英文论文及中文翻译

International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f5929046.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能李专，肖鹏，熊翔粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日）摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材

唯美的中文翻译成英文

唯美的中文翻译成英文 Abandon 放弃 Disguise 伪装 Abiding 持久的，不变的~friendship Indifferent 无所谓 Forever 最爱 I know what you want 我知道你想要什么 See you forget the breathe 看见你忘了呼吸 Destiny takes a hand.命中注定 anyway 不管怎样 sunflower high-profile向日葵，高姿态。 look like love 看起来像爱 Holding my hand, eyes closed you would not get lost 牵着我的手，闭着眼睛走你也不会迷路 If one day the world betrayed you, at least I betray the world for you! 假如有一天世界背叛了你，至少还有我为你背叛这个世界! This was spoiled child, do not know the heart hurts, naive cruel. 这样被宠惯了的小孩子，不知道人心是会伤的，天真的残忍。

How I want to see you, have a look you changed recently, no longer said once, just greetings, said one to you, just say the word, long time no see. 我多么想和你见一面，看看你最近的改变，不再去说从前，只是寒暄，对你说一句，只说这一句，好久不见。 In fact, not wine, but when the thought of drinking the unbearable past. 其实酒不醉人，只是在喝的时候想起了那不堪的过去。 The wind does not know clouds drift, day not know rain down, eyes do not understand the tears of weakness, so you don't know me 风不懂云的漂泊，天不懂雨的落魄，眼不懂泪的懦弱，所以你不懂我 Some people a lifetime to deceive people, but some people a lifetime to cheat a person 有些人一辈子都在骗人，而有些人用一辈子去骗一个人 Alone and lonely, is always better than sad together 独自寂寞，总好过一起悲伤 You are my one city, one day, you go, my city, also fell 你是我的一座城，有一天，你离开了，我的城，也就倒了。

中英文翻译与文献

Monolithic integrated circuit history The monolithic integrated circuit was born in the late-1970s, has experienced SCM, MCU, the SOC three big stages. SCM namely monolithic microcomputer (Single Chip Microcomputer) the stage, mainly seeks the best monolithic shape embedded system's best architecture. “the innovation pattern” obtains successfully, has established SCM and the general-purpose calculator completely different development path. In founds on the embedded system independent development path, Intel Corporation has lasting achievements. MCU namely micro controller (Micro Controller Unit) the stage, the main technological development direction is: Expands unceasingly when satisfies the embedded application, the object system request's each kind of peripheral circuit and the interface circuit, underline its object intellectualization control. It involves the domain is related with the object system, therefore, develops the MCU heavy responsibility to fall inevitably on electrical, the electronic technology factory. Looking from this angle, Intel fades out the MCU development also to have its objective factor gradually. Is developing the MCU aspect, the most famous factory family belongings count Philips Corporation. Philips Corporation by it in embedded application aspect huge superiority, MCS-51 from monolithic microcomputer rapidly expand to micro controller. Therefore, when we review the embedded system development path, do not forget Intel and the Philips historical merit. Monolithic integrated circuit is the embedded system's road of independent development, to the MCU stage development's important attribute, seeks application system's on chip maximized solution;

汉语四字格及新词翻译

汉语四字格翻译汉语中四字结构的翻译在很多时候，非常令人头疼棘手，很多同学要么误认为这些都属于成语，要么总想在英语中找一个形式与之对应的翻译来处理。其实不然，汉语中出现的四字格，很多只是为了读起来上口，对仗，并没有太深的寓意，我们只需简单的理解一下意思，我们在很多情况下可以将四字格前后两个词语分开来处理，首先判断该结构属于什么词类，然后再分析前后两个词语间的逻辑关系，用相应的单词或者表达处理即可。请看下面的例子：（一）并列关系这种四字结构，前后两个词语属于并列关系，我们只要能够将前后两个词语分别译成相应的英语译文，中间用并列连词“and”连接即可。名山大川famous mountains and great rivers 名胜古迹scenic spots and historical sites 湖光山色landscape of lakes and hills 青山绿水green hills and clear waters 奇松怪石strangely-shaped pines and grotesque rock formations 平等互利equality and mutual benefit 扬长避短play up strengths and avoid weaknesses 反腐倡廉fight corruption and build a clean government 简政放权streamline administration and institute decentralization 集思广益draw on collective wisdom and absorb all useful ideas 国泰民安the country flourish and the people live in peace and harmony 政通人和the government functions well and people cooperate well 国计民生national welfare and the people’s livelihood 辞旧迎新bid farewell to the old year and usher in the new 徇私舞弊bend the law for personal gain and engage in fraud 流连忘返linger on with no thought of leaving for home 国际局势复杂多变the complex and volatile international situation 开拓进取blaze new trails and forge ahead 求同存异seek common ground while shelving differences （二）语意重复这种四字结构前后两个词语的语意是一样的，如果前后两个词语都翻译就构成语意重复了，广袤无垠的中华大地the boundless expanse of the Chinese territory 高瞻远瞩的决策a visionary/far-sighted decision 贯彻落实重大决策carry out/ implement a series of major policy decisions 层峦叠嶂peaks rising one after another 优胜劣汰survival of the fittest 延年益寿prolong one’s life 灵丹妙药panacea / miraculous cure

中文地址翻译成英文地址的方法和技巧

中文地址翻译成英文地址的方法和技巧中文地址的排列顺序是由大到小，如：Ｘ国Ｘ省Ｘ市Ｘ区Ｘ路Ｘ号，而英文地址则刚好相反，是由小到大。如上例写成英文就是：Ｘ号，Ｘ路，Ｘ区，Ｘ市，Ｘ省，Ｘ国。 1.各部分写法 ●Ｘ室：Room Ｘ ●Ｘ号：No. X ●Ｘ单元：Unit Ｘ ●X楼/层：X/F ●Ｘ号楼：Building No. Ｘ ●住宅区/小区：ResidentialQuater ●Ｘ街：ＸStreet ●Ｘ路：ＸRoad East/Central/West东路/ 中路/ 西路芙蓉西二路/ West 2nd Furong Road Central Dalian Rd. /大连中路芙蓉中路的“中”可以用Central，也有用Middle的，一般用Mid比较简洁。 ●Ｘ区：ＸDistrict ●Ｘ镇：ＸTown ●Ｘ县：ＸCounty ●Ｘ市：ＸCity ●Ｘ省：ＸProvince ●国家（State）中华人民共和国：The People’s Republic of China、P.R.China、P.R.C.、 China ●X信箱：M ailbox X 请注意：翻译人名、路名、街道名等，最好用拼音。各地址单元间要加逗号隔开。

2.英文通信地址常用翻译 201室/房Room 201 二单元Unit 2 马塘村MatangVallage 一号楼/栋Building 1 华为科技公司Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

xx公司xx Corp. / xx Co., Ltd. 宿舍Dormitory 厂Factory 楼/层Floor 酒楼/酒店Hotel 住宅区/小区Residential Quater 县County 甲/乙/丙/丁A/B/C/D 镇Town 巷/弄Lane 市City 路Road（也简写作Rd.，注意后面的点不能省略）一环路1st Ring Road 省Province(也简写作Prov.）花园Garden 院Yard 街Street/Avenue 大学College/University 信箱Mailbox 区District A座Suite A 广场Square 州State 大厦/写字楼Tower/Center/Plaza 胡同Alley（北京地名中的条即是胡同的意思）中国部分行政区划对照自治区Autonomous Region 直辖市Municipality 特别行政区Special Administration Region 简称SAR 自治州Autonomous Prefecture