《中考语法完全突破记忆大纲》第2讲：冠词与数词

第二讲：冠词与数词

一、冠词

注意：用a还是用

1. 不定冠词的用法

(1) 表示初次提到的人或物。

如: A boy is waiting for you.

(2) 表示一类人或物

如：A horse is an animal.

(3) 用于某些固定词组或短语中。

如：a little, a few, a lot, many a, in a minute, have a cold, all of a sudden（突然）2. 定冠词的用法

(1) 表示上文提到过的人或事物。

如: I saw a boy yesterday. The boy was very tall.

(2) 特指双方都明白的人或物。

如: Open the door, please.

Give me the book.

(3) 指世上独一无二的事物前。

如：The sun is bigger than the earth.

(4) 与单数可数名词连用，表示一类人或物。

如: The cat is a lovely animal.

(5) 与复数可数名词连用，表示整个群体。

如：They are the teachers of this school. [他们是这所学校的(全体)教师。]

比较：They are teachers of this school. [他们是这所学校的(部分)教师。）

(6) 用于形容词/副词最高级、序数词前，及形容词only、very、same前。

如：I live on the second floor.

He is the same age as you.

(7) 用于乐器前。

如：He plays the piano very well.

(8)用于姓氏复数前，表示一家人或夫妇。用于某些形容词前，表示一类人。

如：The Smiths are watching TV.

The old are taken good care of.

(9) 用于江、河、湖、海、群岛、山脉前。

如：the Yangtze River, the Pacific Ocean

注意：独山的表达方式通常用Mount +名字，如：Mount Tai(泰山)

(10) 用于by后表示计量单位。

如：The waiters are paid by the hour/day.(这些服务员按小时/天计酬。) (11) 代替物主代词，用于表示身体部位的名词前。

如：He caught the man by the arm.

Tom hit the thief in the face.

(12) 用于某些固定词组或短语中。

如：in the day, in the rain, in the middle of

3. 不用冠词（零冠词）的情况

(1)在专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词前一般不用冠词。

如：I am in Class Two, Grade Three.

We can not live without air.

(2) 名词前已有作定语的指示代词、物主代词、不定代词时不用冠词。

如：Pass me that book.

The letter is in her bag.

(3) 复数名词指一类人或事物不用冠词。

如：Horses are animals.

(4)星期、月份、季节和节日名称前不用冠词。

如: It’s Sunday today.

(5) 三餐、球类、学科名词之前不用冠词。

如：When do you have lunch?

He often plays football.

(6)由介词by引导的交通工具名词前不用冠词。

We traveled by train.

(7)在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不加冠词。

如：Miss Li, Professor Chen

(8)两个相同及相对的名词并用时不加冠词。

如：face to face, day and night, father and son, side by side

(9) 某些固定词组或习惯用语中不用冠词。

如: at night, go to school, by bus, on foot, at home, at work, in trouble, in line, at school, at noon, in time, in English, on time, for example

4. 冠词对意义的影响

英语中有一些词组，用the不用the，其含义和用法大相径庭。

如：in hospital（生病住院）, in the hospital（在医院里做其他事）, at table（在吃饭）, at the table(在桌子旁),

in class（在上课）, in the class（在教室里）,

go to church（去教堂做礼拜）, go to the church（去教堂做某他的事）, three of us（我们中的三个）, the three of us（我们三个）,

in front of(在前面）, in the front of（在某物内部的前面）

1. 数词的分类

基数词和序数词

基数词表示数目的多少；

序数词表示数目的顺序，其前通常加定冠词the。

2. 基数词的构成

(1) 1-12为独立的单数。

如：one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve

(2) 13～19的基数词以-teen结尾。

如：thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen

(3) 20～90整十位的基数词以-ty结尾。

如：twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety。

(4) “几十几”由十位数和个位数之间加连字符“-”构成。

如：36→thirty-six；58→fifty-eight；

(5) 101～999的基数词由百位数后加and，再加十位数或个位数构成。

如: 365→three hundred and sixty-five

(6)1000以上基数词的表示方法：从右向左用分节号“，”分节，每三个数字为一节，第一个分节号前用thousand，第二个分节号前用million，第三个分节号前用billion。

如：

2,418,000,000→two billion, four hundred and eighteen million

或two thousand, four hundred and eighteen million。

注意：hundred, thousand, million, billion等用在具体的数字后面时用单数；

如：

three hundred people，fifty thousand trees

当thousand, million, billion等前面没有具体的数字时通常用复数，并与of连用。

hundreds of 数百的；成百上千的；thousands of 数千的；成千上万的；

millions of 数百万的

如：

There are hundreds of people who need new housing.

3. 序数词的构成

(1) 第一、第二、第三分别为first, second, third。

(2) 第四至十九都是由相应的基数词加-th构成。

如：fourth, seventh

注意第五、第八、第九和第十二的拼写有所变化，分别为fifth, twelfth, eighth, ninth。

(3)十位数的序数词由相应的基数词变y为i，再加上-eth构成。

如:twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth, ninetieth

(4) 第二十一至第九十九的序数词只需在个位数上采用序数词形式，十位、百位、千位以上的数字均用基数词表示。

如：

第四十七→forty-seventh 第六十五→sixty-fifth

(5)第一百、第一千、第一百万分别在相应的基数词后面加上-th。

如: hundredth, thousandth, millionth

(6)序数词的缩写形式，由阿拉伯数字加序数词的后两个字母构成。

如：

第一→1st；第二→2nd；第四十五→45th；第一百零六→106th

4. 数词的其他形式

分数由基数词和序数词合成，分子用基数词，分母用序数词。若分子大于1时，分母用复数形式，即序数词加-s 。带分数的读法为“整数+and+分数”。

如：

→one half 或 a half →one fourth 或 one (a) quarter

→three quarters 或 three fourths →three and five sixths

注意：

(1) 和带分数连用的名词用复数。

如：

hours three and a half hours 或three hours and a half

(2). 如果带分数的整数部分是1，名词读在带分数之后时，名词要用复数；而名词读在1与分数之间时，名词则用单数。

如：

miles one and a third miles 或one (a) mile and a third

(2).小数

整数与小数之间用小数点隔开。读小数时，小数点后面的数字要单独读出。小数点读作point(点)，零读作zero 。如果整数是零,往往不读出。

如：

0.1→zero point one 或point one

0.03→zero point zero three

2.25→two point two five

14.163→fourteen point one six three

注意：

与小数连用的名词的数：整数是零时,名词用单数形式,其他情况名词用复数形式。

如：

0.27 metre → zero point two seven metre ；

1.26.metres → one point two six metres

(3) 百分数 14341 2 536132113

用percent表示。

如：5% →5 per cent (缩写：5.PC)，读作five percent

(4) 时刻的表达法

①分钟数+时钟数

半小时以内用（含半小时）“分钟数+past+时钟数”，表示“几点过几分”；

超过半小时则用“分钟数+to+时钟数”，表示“差几分钟到几点”。

如：7:05→five past seven；

5:31→twenty-nine to six（差29分6点）

②时钟数+分钟数

如：6:30→six thirty；5:20 →five twenty

(5) 年、月、日的表达法

年份用基数词,日期用序数词。

如：2009年5月1日可以写作May 1(st), 2009，

读作May the first, two thousand and nine (或twenty o nine);

也可写作1(st) May, 2009，读作the first of May, two thousand and nine (或twenty o nine);

也可全用阿拉伯数字表达，但要注意英美差异，英国先写日子，美国先写月份。

如：6, 8, 2009

=2009年8月6日(英国) ；=2009年6月8日(美国)

(6) 电话号码及编号

①用No. +基数词。

如：1号：No. 1；6路公共汽车：No.6 bus

②用the+序数词+名词。

如：the fifth lesson 第五课；the First World War 第一次世界大战

③用名词（首字母大写）+基数词（若用英语拼写，首字母要大写）。

如：第一课：Lesson One；四班Class Four

电话号码4013586：Tel. No. 4013586

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