2011北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析

Part Two:Structure and Written Expression(20%)

Directions:For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked、Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet、

11. Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question that

a wide solution、

A.admits of B、requires of C、needs of D、seeks for

12.In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded

that the medium is the message、

A.accustomed to split and divided

B.accustomed to splitting and dividing

C.accustomed to split and dividing

D.accustomed to splitting and divided

13.Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value、

A、at itself

B、as itself

C、on itself

D、in itself

14. us earlier, your request to the full、

A、You have contacted…we could comply with

B、Had you contacted…we could have complied with

C、You had contacted…could we have complied with

D、Have you contacted…we could comply with

15.The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy、

A、discard

B、discreet

C、discord

D、disgorge

16、Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious their

psychology、No one can shield himself such an influence、

A、on…by…at

B、by…for…in

C、from…in…on

D、through…with…from

17、The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety、Now it appears to create

、

A、bore

B、bored

C、boredom

D、bordom

18、Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz、

A、lacked

B、lacking

C、for lack of

D、lack of

19、There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine、

A、that have to

B、have to

C、having to

D、has to

20、The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it、

A、none the worse

B、none the better

C、never worse

D、never better

21、As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color、

A、cried out for…cried out for

B、cry out for…cry out for

C、had cried out for…cried out for

D、had cried out for…cry out for

22、While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very 、

A、trigger

B、meager

C、vigor

D、linger

23、Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology、

A、as much the Africans are detribalized

B、the Africans are much being detribalized

C、as much as the Africans are being detribalized

D、as much as the Africans are detribalized

24、We admire his courage and self-confidence、

A、can but

B、cannot only

C、cannot but

D、can only but

25、In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed to

notice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical、

A、inundating

B、imitating

C、immolating

D、insulating

26、you promise you will work hard, support you to college、

A、If only…will I

B、Only…I will

C、Only if…will I

D、Only if…I will

27、It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life、

A、any concern with

B、any concern about

C、any concern in

D、any concern at

28、One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simply

when better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching、

A、resolved

B、absolved

C、dissolved

D、solved

29、People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to work

longer, live less in retirement or bailed by the government、

A、in…for…up

B、for…on…out

C、by…in…on

D、on…for…out

30、The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollars

A、soared

B、soured

C、sored

D、sourced

Part Three: Close Test (10%)

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank、Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet、

2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006、In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years、Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling、

Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy、People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies、These days, high-quality copies are 35、According to the Pew Internet project, people use software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops、I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm、But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse、Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid、

38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework、The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract、“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things、”

31、A、As B、Same C、Thus D、So

32、A、stagnating B、declining C、increasing D、stultifying

33、A、taking B、robbing C、stealing D、pirating

34、A、upgraded B、inferior C、ineffective D、preferable

35、A、numerous B、ubiquitous C、accessible D、effortless

36、A、so B、this C、that D、much

37、A、satisfy B、help C、reconcile D、equate

38、A、Based B、Capitalizing C、Reflecting D、Drawing

39、A、match up with B、fill in C、fit into D、set up

40、A、constraints B、consciousness C、norm D、etiquette

Part IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)

Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements、For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given、Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question、Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet、

Passage One

Cancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way、Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings、Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have

cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw、Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges、The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos)、In the second century A.D., Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances、Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim、Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B.C.concluded: “There is no treatment、”

The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light、In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis)、The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is、This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity、”

At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness believed to be br ought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence、In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes、William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy、”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression、As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene、Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort、“It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer、

41、According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians 、

A、called cancer the crab

B、were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant ones

C、found out the cause of cancer

D、knew about a lot of malignant tumors

42、Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?

A、Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancer

B、In the past, people did not fear cancer

C、Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinement

D、Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer

43、Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?

A、Modern cancer care is very effective

B、There is a lot more cancer now

C、People understand cancer in radically new ways now

D、There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world

44、“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because 、

A、they are as fatal as cancer

B、they were considered to be “disease of civilization”

C、people dread them very much

D、they are brought by the high pressure of modern life

45、As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?

A、The care and management of cancer have development over time

B、The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different times

C、Cancer s identity has never changed

D、Cancer is the price paid for modern life

Passage Two

If you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious、There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that

the U.S. economy had become “very distorted、”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling、What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent、

This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left、(The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs、) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand、When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong、

This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years、In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”、In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U.S.consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”、There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take、There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie、

Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few、The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy、And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant、But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that、A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit、And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble、

46、According to the passage, the U.S.economy 、

A、fares quite well

B、has completely recovered from the economic recession

C、has its own problems

D、is lagging behind other industrial economies

47、Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?

A、Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary elite

B、Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselves

C、They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competition

D、They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality

48、What can be said of modern technological innovations?

A、They have lifted many people into the middle class、

B、They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich、

C、They have led to a rise of income inequality、

D、They have benefited the general public、

49、The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath 、

A、have compromised the rich with the non-rich

B、have enriched the plutocratic elite

C、have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possess

D、have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich

50、The primary purpose of the passage is to 、

A、present the financial imbalance in the U.S.

B、display sympathy for the working class

C、criticize the super elite of the Unite States

D、appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U.S.

Passage Three

Charles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him、It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director、

William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n.1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries、While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas、

The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n.10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it、Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks、

Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series、

Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality、Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species、”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended、In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975、

The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection、The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work、This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable、Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea、In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber、Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea、Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said、“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism、”

51、According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that

、

A、it was the most studied by later scientists

B、it had significant ideas about evolution

C、it was the first to talk about evolution

D、it was well received by the public

52、Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to 、

A、credit the ideas about evolution before his

B、claim himself as the father of evolution

C、introduce his grandfather to the reader

D、summarize his predecessors work

53、In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in 、

A、his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

B、his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporaries

C、the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”

D、the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution

54、We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in 、

A、a much larger book

B、a 400page book

C、scientific terms

D、plain language

55、Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect 、

A、coming up with a new idea

B、understanding the significance of the idea

C、making claims to the idea by writing books

D、convincing others of the correctness of the ides

Passage Four

Many adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest、So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality、Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body、

By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure、When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time、But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break、In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure、And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps、The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure、We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness、But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response、So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet、You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days、

During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams、Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire, resulting in sleep paralysis、Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state、This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic、Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well、

For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them、It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like、Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree、Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache、

56、According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?

A、To sleep for an average period of time、

B、To sleep deeply without dreaming、

C、To sleep less than needed、

D、To sleep modestly、

57、Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?

A、When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer、

B、When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright、

C、Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system、

D、Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system、

58、Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?

A、It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping、

B、It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming、

C、Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep、

D、Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up、

59、Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?

A、Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain、

B、Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired、

C、You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep、

D、Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep、

60、What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?

A、High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss、

B、Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory、

C、Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory、

D、High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss、

Part V: Proofreading (15%)

Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part、You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word、If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it、If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it、If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/)、Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2)、

Examples:

eg、1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago、

Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun began

eg、2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up 、

Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)

eg、3(63) Never will I not do it again、

Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)not

Wal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store、(62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs、

(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products、(64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer、(65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales、(66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store、Ace Hardware, J.C.Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs、In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online、(68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours、

(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0511381199.html,、

(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods、(71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r.Nave did dismiss that possibility、

(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it、(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores、”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days、

Part VI: Writing (15%)

Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words、Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2)、

In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places、But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks、Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment、What do you

think?

Part II Structure and Written Expression(20%)

11、【A】A项admits of“容许,有……的可能”;B项requires of“要求,要求得到”;C项needs of“满足需要”;D项seeks for“寻找,追求,探

索”。结合本题的句子大意:对人类来说,意识的扩展就是否就是一件好事就是一个可能有广泛答案的问题。因此,A项符合题意。

12、【B】在固定词组accustomed to中,“to”为介词,后面需跟名词或动名词;句中的“and”连接的两个动词为并列关系,因此都应该用动名

词形式,故选B。

13.【D】各个选项中,只有D项“in itself”就是一个固定短语,意为“以其本身而言,本质上”,其她选项at/as/on itself 短语均不存在。故选D。

14、【B】在由“if”引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中,有时可以省去连词“if”,将助动词、情态动词、be或have 等词提到主语之前。本

句表示的就是与过去事实相反的情况,从句需要用过去完成时,主句用would / could / might/ should +现在完成时,故选B。

15.【A】A项discard “丢弃, 抛弃”;B项discreet“小心的, 慎重的, 有思虑的, 贤明的”;C项discord“不与”;D项disgorge“吐出”。句

中“or”的前后为并列关系,所选词语应与root out意义相近,再结合本题句子大意:除了君主制,美国革命没有中世纪法律机构或根除。故选A。

16.【D】infected through为固定短语,“通过……感染”;the unconscious with their psychology“无意识的心理”;shield from为固定搭配

短语,“使某人摆脱……”。句子大意为:不断生活在奴隶的氛围下,她通过她们无意识的心理而得到了感染。没有人可以保护自己摆脱这样的影响。故选D。

17.【C】A项bore“令人讨厌的人”;B项bored“无聊的, 无趣的, 烦人的”;C项boredom“无聊,无趣,厌倦”;D项bordom就是一个错误

单词。create 后应跟名词,再结合句意:最早电动技术的影响就是焦虑,现在好像产生了,结合4个选项,只有C项最符合题意。

18.【B】本题中,用lack修饰dance,由于两者就是主动关系,所以用现在分词,故选B。

19.【C】本题可以用排除法。首先,空格前的“there be”句型结构完整,不缺成分,所以排除B、D两项;空格后内容就是“complains”的具体

内容,如果跟that从句,则不能放在society后,容易产生歧义,所以排除A项。故选C。

20.【B】本题考查固定搭配,none the better for it意为“不因此而好些”。故选B。

21.【D】本题可以用排除法。首先,后半句中的did修饰空格处动词短语,因此空格处应该用动词原形,故排除A、C两项;其次,由于前半句描

述的事情发生在后半句描述的事情之前,后半句用过去时,那么前半句应该用过去完成时,故排除A、B两项。因此选C。

22、【B】A项trigger“引发, 引起, 触发”;B项meager“贫乏的,不足的”;C项vigor“精力,活力”;D项linger“逗留, 闲荡, 拖延, 游移”。

结合句子大意:虽然她的努力就是巨大的,但就是结果好像非常。因此,空格处选B项最符合题意。

23.【C】本题考查句型“a s…as”,即“像……一样”,且本句为被动句,结合句子大意:西方人被自己本身较快的速度西化了,就像工业技术使

非洲人丧失部落特性一样。因此,C项最符合题意。

24、【C】A项can but“只能,不得不”;B项cannot only“不能只”;C项cannot but“不得不,禁不住”;D项无此用法。结合句子大意:我们禁

不住佩服她的勇气与自信。故选C。

25、【A】A项inundating“淹没,泛滥,使充满”;B项imitating“模仿,仿效,仿制,仿造”;C项immolating“牺牲, 献出, 献祭”;D项insulating

“使绝缘, 隔离”。结合句子大意:二十世纪三十年代,当成千上万的漫画书用打斗与杀戮淹没了年青一代时,没有人意识到其实街道上汽车的暴力损害更疯狂一些。因此A项最符合题意。

26、【C】本题为倒装句,前后都应倒装,其中only if“只有”,用于倒装;而if only“但愿”,用虚拟语气,故排除。故选C。

27、【B】本题考查固定用法:concern about + sth or sb“对……的关心／忧虑”。故选B。

28、【C】A项resolved“决心, 决定, 决心要”;B项absolved“宣布免除”;C项dissolved“解散,使终结”;D项solved“解决,解答”。结合

句子大意:一间教室的学校,同时教所有年级所有的科目,当较好的交通设施允许专业空间与专业教学时,这种学校就被解散了。所以C项符合题意。

29、【B】live on“靠……生活”,bail out“帮助摆脱困境”,结合句子大意:人们的寿命越来越长,但就是储蓄不够多,这就意味着人们必须延长

工作时间,更少依赖退休,或者靠政府摆脱困境。所以B项符合题意。

30、【A】A项soared“飙升,骤然上升”;B项soured“发酵,变酸,厌烦”;C项sored“弄伤”;D项sourced“发起,寻求来源”。结合句子大意:

那一年,这个国家的赤字突然飙升到1 698亿美元的纪录。故A项符合题意。

Part ⅢCloze Test

31、【D】本题考查so的固定用法,即“so+助动词/情态动词/be动词”表示“也就是,也一样”。结合空格所在句子大意:对唱片公司来说,2009

年就是过去十年最糟糕的一年。2008年、之前的2007年与2006年亦就是如此。故选D。

32、【B】空格所在句子大意为:事实上,行业收入在过去十年一直在下降。A项stagnating“(使)淤塞, (使)停滞, (使)沉滞, (使)变萧条”;B项

declining“下倾, 下降, 下垂”;C项increasing“增加, 加大”;D项stultifying“使显得愚笨, 使变无效, 使成为徒劳”。B项符合文意。

33、【D】空格所在句子大意为:几个世纪以来,一直有人在盗用知识产权,不过,生产明显低劣的复制品曾经就是耗费时间的方式。A项taking

“拿走, 取, 占领, 获得”;B项robbing“抢夺, 抢掠, 剥夺”;C项stealing“偷, 窃取, 偷窃, 偷盗”;D项pirating“盗印, 盗版, 掠夺, 翻印”。D项符合文意。

34、【B】空格所在句子大意参考第33题。A项upgraded“使升级, 提升, 改良品种”;B项inferior“下等的, 差的, 卑的”;C项ineffective

“无效的, (指人)工作效率低的”;D项preferable“更可取的, 更好的, 更优越的”。B项符合文意。

35、【D】空格所在句子大意为:如今,制作高品质的复制品已经就是轻而易举的事情了。A项numerous“众多的, 许多的, 无数的”;B项

ubiquitous“到处存在的, (同时)普遍存在的”;C项accessible“易接近的, 可到达的, 易受影响的, 可理解的”;D项effortless“容易的, 不费力气的”。D项符合文意。

36、【C】空格所在句子大意为:正如我在过去十年内听说的那样,形势并没有那么糟糕,音乐行业正转向一个新的更好的商业模式,不过每年的

数量优势却越来越差。这里用“that”代替上段提到的一种情况。

37、【C】空格所在句子大意为:也许就是时候承认,我们永远也无法找到一种方式,把需要免费娱乐的消费者与希望得到报酬的创作者协调起

来。A项satisfy“满足, 使满意, 说服, 使相信”;B项help“帮助, 助长, 接济”;C项reconcile“使与解, 使与谐, 使顺从”;D项equate “使相等”。所选词语构成“sb with sb”的结构,只有C项正确。

38、【C】空格所在句子大意为:最近,计算机神经科学家安德斯·桑贝格反思了这个问题。A项Based(on) “基于”;B项Capitalizing(on)“利

用”;C项Reflecting(on)“思考, 反省, 怀疑, 导致, 责备”;D项Drawing(on)“戴上, 吸收, 利用, 引诱”。C项符合文意。

39、【C】空格所在句子大意为:她指出,虽然我们对所有权有强烈的本能感觉,但就是,知识产权并不总就是符合那种框架。A项match up with

“与……相配”;B项fill in“填充, 填写, 填满, 替代”;C项fit into“适合”;D项set up“设立, 竖立, 架起, 升起”。C项符合文意。40、【A】空格所在句子大意为:知识产权的本质使它很难保持社会与移情限制,阻止我们相互使用彼此的作品。A项constraints“约束, 强制,

局促”;B项consciousness“意识, 知觉, 自觉, 觉悟, 个人思想”;C项norm“标准, 规范”;D项etiquette“礼节”。A项符合文意。Part ⅣReading Comprehension

Passage One

41.【D】本题考查事实细节。根据文章第一段中的“The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made

a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos)”可知,古埃及人知道许多种带来恶果的肿瘤,而希腊人已经区分

出良性肿瘤与恶性肿瘤了,所以答案为D。

42、【D】本题考查推理判断能力。文章中共有三处提及恐惧,但与癌症并提则在最后一段,威廉·巴契南认为过度恐惧会导致癌症,但这并不

等于说人们惧怕癌症,故不选B。根据最后一段中的“Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort”可知,在浪漫主义时期与维多利亚时期,受肺结核折磨甚至死于肺结核被当成就是文雅的标志;患癌死亡那就完全不同了,排除C;通读全文,A项文中没有提到;根据最后一段中的“In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes”可知,在十八九世纪,一些医生将癌症——尤其就是乳房癌与子宫癌——的产生归咎到心理或行为方面,所以D项正确。

43、【C】本题考查推理能力。根据文章第二段最后两句话可知,癌症致死的苦状令人畏惧,但就是恐惧并没有成为公众意识中的关注焦点,而

现在不同了。医学史家罗伊·波特将其说成就是“最卓越的现代病”,慕克吉称其为“现代性最典型的产物”,这就就是其中一方面的原因。所以C项“现在,人们以全新的方式理解癌症”正确。

44、【D】本题考查推理能力。根据文章最后一段第一、二句话可知,人们曾经认为癌症就是一种“文明病”,病因与神经衰弱症与糖尿病类

似;前者就是因现代生活的压力而产生的神经衰弱,后者就是因饮食不良与懒惰而产生。在十八九世纪,一些医生将癌症——尤其就是乳房癌与子宫癌——的产生归咎到心理或行为方面。这里提到神经衰弱症与糖尿病就是为了说明癌症与它们类似,与心理与行为有关,选D。

45、【A】本题考查推理能力。根据文章第一段第一、二句可知,癌症始终如影随形,但就是纠缠的方式却有变化。诊治处理方法当然也随着

时代进步有变化,而其存在性质、表现与意义也发生了改变。作者在这两句话中隐藏了自己的观点。所以选A。

Passage Two

46、【C】本题考查概括推理能力。根据第一段内容可知。A、B项说法错误,根据常识可知D项错误,所以C项符合题意。

47、【D】本题就是细节推断题。根据第五段内容可知,现代经济的惊人发明会使一小部分企业家变得非常富有,所以A项错误;根据最后一段

内容可知,超级精英对政治的影响力很大,所以她们会担心日益扩大的收入的不平等会给社会与政治带来影响,所以D项符合题意。

48、【D】本题考查推断能力。根据第五段中的“The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved

the lives of middle class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy”可知,现代经济的惊人发明广泛提高了中产阶级消费者的生活,使一小部分企业家变得非常富有,所以D项符合题意。

49、【C】本题考查细节推理。根据最后一段内容可知,金融危机后,许多寄生银行家与精英为了自己的利益而操纵游戏,这产生了广泛且不合

理的恐惧——多数人不只生活在富人经济学中,还生活在富人政治中,富人政治影响力很大,又有狭隘利己主义的动机与对别人的冷漠,所以选C。

50、【A】本题考查概括能力。通读全文可知,本文主要介绍美国经济也存在自身的问题——贫富差距,富有消费者虽然数量很少,但就是她们

占据了不成比例的巨大收入与消费。非富有者数量很大,但就是她们只咬了国家馅饼的一小口,这非常令人惊奇,所以A选项符合题意。

51.【D】本题考查事实细节。根据文章第一段最后一句“It was understanding the idea s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin

great, according to the Arnold Arboretum s new director”可知,根据哈佛大学阿诺德树木园新主管的观点,了解进化论观点的重要性

并让公众广泛接受才使达尔文变得伟大,所以D项正确。

52、【A】本题考查事实细节。根据第二段中的“Friedman said the ‘historical sketch that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece

was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas”可知,弗里德曼说达尔文在后来杰作印刷品中附上的“历史梗概”就是为了缓与那些为自己早期观点要求声望的人的情绪,所以A项正确。

53、【B】本题考查事实细节。根据文中第五段中的“Friedman said that Darwin s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was

shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin s writing of ‘On the Origin of Species’”可知,里德曼说,达尔文关于自然选择作为进化机理的思想很少被人分享,最突出的就是阿尔弗雷德·华莱士,多年以后,她这个主题的著作在这个领域刺激了达尔文写作《物种起源》,所以B项符合题意。

54、【A】本题考查推理能力。根据文章第五段中的“Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution

and natural selection that Darwin intended In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn t see publication until 1975”可知,虽然该书长达400多页,弗里德曼说,但就是达尔文从未打算把它写成进化与自然选择的书。1856年,此书出版三年前,达尔文开始从事关于自然选择的大部头工作,这个大部头直到1975年才出版。所以A项符合题意。

55、【C】本题考查概括能力。根据文章倒数第二段内容可知,除了观念,科学发现还要求对观念重要性的认识,科学发现还要求有能力说服别

人相信观点正确。所以C项符合题意。

Passage Four

56、【C】本题考查推理能力。根据文章第三段中的Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but

researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response 可知,“modest”sleep deprivation指少于六个小时的睡眠,文中说成人每天需要七到九个小时的睡眠,sleep deprivation应该指睡眠少于需要的量,选C。

57、【B】本题考查推理能力。根据第三段“You ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone

else bedridden with a fever for three days”可知,下次您会庆幸多睡了一个小时,因为一旦感冒,别人就要发烧睡上三天。所以当其她所有人发烧时,那些睡眠充足的人通常没事,选B。

58、【D】本题考查细节。根据文章第四段中的“Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its

immobilizing state”可知,当大脑从快速眼动周期被唤醒,但身体仍然保持不动状态,大脑睡眠瘫痪就发生了,选D。

59、【B】本题考查推理能力。根据文章最后一段最后一句话可知,研究显示,快速眼动睡眠或眠梦期有助于巩固大脑一天产生的脆弱记忆,这

些记忆便于在大脑中长期组织与储存。所以B项“白天产生的记忆就是脆弱易受损的”正确。

60、【D】本题考查概括能力。第二段最后一句提到睡眠不足会导致血压升高;第三段中间提到睡眠不足与免疫功能下降有关;第四段主要讨

论睡眠瘫痪;最后一段主要讲睡眠不足使记忆丢失。概括全文,D项符合题意。

Part ⅤProofreading

61.【答案】few前加a

【解析】few含“否定意味”,a few含“肯定意味”,这里文中表示的就是肯定,所以在few前加a。

62.【答案】as改为for

【解析】“for instance”为固定短语。

63.【答案】删除to

【解析】let后跟动词原形。

64.【答案】ship to之间加it

【解析】ship后缺少宾语。

65.【答案】encourage改为encouraging

【解析】现在分词短语“encouraging”作increases的主语。

66.【答案】from改为to

【解析】根据该句前面出现的“ship to store”可知,from应该改为to。

67.【答案】that改为which

【解析】that前有逗号,该句为非限定性定语从句,非限定性定语从句应该用which引导。

68.【答案】send改为receive

【解析】该句要表达的意思就是:当订单准备好后,她们会收到短信或电子邮件提醒。所以send应该改为receive。

69.【答案】only与we之间加do

【解析】“not only but also”连接两个句子时,not only部分倒装,but also部分不倒装。后面实意动词,需要加助动词do。

70.【答案】likewise改为like

【解析】likewise“adv同样地,也”,句子中后面跟的就是名词,表列举,这里应该用介词like。

71.【答案】did后加not

【解析】该句要表达的意思就是:目前,沃尔玛的网站不包含食品,虽然Nave先生没有忽略这种可能性。句子中间的though表示让步,后面应该表示否定的意味,所以did后应该加not。

72.【答案】everything改为anything

【解析】该句要表达的意思就是:今天我们不准备谈论任何杂货店将要发生的事情。所以everything应该改为anything。

73.【答案】after改为before

【解析】一般情况下,消费者都就是先瞧再购买商品。文章这里要表达的意思就是商家努力让消费者瞧商品之前就购买,所以after应该改为before。

74.【答案】convenient改为convenience

【解析】这里应该就是指方便性,便捷性,所以用名词。用形容词的话,语法没问题,但就是语义说不通。

75.【答案】shortened改为shortening

【解析】这里表示的不就是被动,而就是正在进行的动作,所以shortened应该改为shortening。

Part ⅥWriting

【参考范文】

China government has always been committed to imposing a minimum wage system at the local level and quickening measures to plug the problem、Minimum wages of employees becomes higher in many places、Correspondingly, there is a widespread concern over the issue of higher minimum wage、In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in higher minimum wage system、Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows、Firstly, Along with minimum wage improvement, people’s living standard will be enhanced and they would be able to purchase houses, automobiles that they produced, in effect creating a market for the product to a certain extent、And secondly, the new wage policy in terms of efficiency and profit sharing aims at protecting rights and interests of laborers, to eliminate or alleviate poverty、Caring for the disadvantaged, minimum wage guarantee system attaches great importance to people with low income who are hard struggling against poverty and striving for survival、

Just a s a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”,minimum wage system is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects、To begin with, it increases unemployment、Minimum wage system has been put into force, labor demand will be reduced as a result, that is, quantity supply of labor is more than quantity demand for labor, and unemployment will be increased、In addition, it may do harm to young worker employment、Due to lack of experience, young workers have lower productivity, thus the employers only pay them lower wages、In case of minimum wage limitation, the employers will turn to experienced workers; therefore, minimum wage system may give rise to reduce the young workers’ employment opportunities、

To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of minimum wage system into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time、In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the minimum wage system、

北京大学考博英语模拟题14

北京大学考博英语模拟题14 Part ⅠVocabulary 1. The attack of the World Trade Center will leave a ______ impression on those who have witnessed the explosion. A.long B.forever https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0511381199.html,sting D.lively 答案：C [解答] 本题空格处是说留下持久的印记。long的意思是“长期的”；forever的意思是“永远”；lasting的意思是“持久的”；lively的意思是“活泼的，逼真的”。四个选项中只有C项符合题意。 2. The magician picked out several persons ______ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance. A.by accident B.on average C.on occasion D.at random 答案：D by accident偶然的。on average平均的。on occasion有时。at random随意的。 3. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered ______ yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats. A.a sharp set-back B.severe set-back C.a severe blown-up D.sharp blown-up

2011年考研英语二真题答案与解析

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