NO4.2

1 Physicists rejected the innovative experimental technique because, although it----some problems, it also produced new----.

A clarified.. data

B eased.. interpretations

C resolved.. complications

D caused.. hypotheses

E revealed.. inconsistencies

2 During a period of protracted illness, the sick can become infirm, ----both the strength to work and many of the specific skills they once possessed.

A regaining

B denying

C pursuing

D insuring

E losing

3 The pressure of population on available resources is the key to understanding history; consequently, any historical writing that takes no cognizance of----facts is----flawed.

A demographic.. intrinsically

B ecological.. marginally

C cultural.. substantively

D psychological.. philosophically

E political.. demonstratively

4 It is puzzling to observe that Jones's novel has recently been criticized for its----structure, since commentators have traditionally argued that its most obvious----is its relentlessly rigid, indeed schematic, framework.

A attention to.. preoccupation

B speculation about.. characteristic

C parody of.. disparity

D violation of.. contradiction

E lack of.. flaw

5 It comes as no surprise that societies have codes of behavior; the character of the codes, on the other hand, can often be----.

A predictable

B unexpected

C admirable

D explicit

E confusing

6 The characterization of historical analysis as a form of fiction is not likely to be received----by either historians or literary critics, who agree that history and fiction deal with----orders of experience.

A quietly.. significant

B enthusiastically.. shifting

C passively.. unusual

D sympathetically.. distinct

E contentiously.. realistic

7 For some time now, ----has been presumed not to exist: the cynical conviction that everybody has an angle is considered wisdom.

A rationality

B flexibility

C diffidence

D disinterestedness

E insincerity

8 STUDY: LEARN::

A pervade: encompass

B search: find

C gather: win

D agree: keep

E accumulate: raise

9 CORRAL: HORSES::

A den: lions

B meadow: sheep

C herd: cattle

D nest: birds

E coop: chickens

10 LULLABY: SONG::

A narrative: volume

B lecture: tutor

C paragraph: page

D diatribe: discourse

E invective: compliment

11 DIE: SHAPING::

A glue: attaching

B anchor: sailing

C drill: boring

D pedal: propelling

E ink: printing

12 MERCENARY: MONEY::

A vindictive: revenge

B scholarly: library

C immaculate: cleanliness

D thirsty: water

E belligerent: invasion

13 AUTHORITA TIVENESS: PUNDITS::

A dedication: signatories

B sobriety: executors

C sensitivity: literati

D recklessness: warriors

E allegiance: partisans

14 STRUT: WING::

A lever: handle

B axle: wheel

C buttress: wall

D beam: rivet

E well: pipe

15 FA WN: IMPERIOUSNESS::

A equivocate: directness

B elaborate: originality

C boggle: imagination

D manipulate: repression

E coddle: permissiveness

16 TROUBLED: DISTRAUGHT::

A annoyed: disillusioned

B disturbed: interrupted

C covetous: rapacious

D outmoded: ostentatious

E tranquil: placid

The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands

was due in great measure to the

interaction between two ecologically (5) synchronized groups of these animals,

the hunting carnivores and the

herbivores that they hunted. The

interaction resulting from the

differences between predator and prey (10) led to a general improvement in brain

functions; however, certain components

of intelligence were improved far more

than others.

The kind of intelligence favored by (15) the interplay of increasingly smarter

catchers and increasingly keener

escapers is defined by attention-that

aspect of mind carrying consciousness

forward from one moment to the next. It (20) ranges from a passive, free-floating

awareness to a highly focused, active

fixation. The range through these states

is mediated by the arousal system, a

network of tracts converging from (25) sensory systems to integrating centers

in the brain stem. From the more relaxed

to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity

to novelty is increased. The organism is

more awake, more vigilant; this

(30) increased vigilance results in the

apprehension of ever more subtle signals

as the organism becomes more sensitive

to its surroundings. The processes of

arousal and concentration give attention (35) its direction. Arousal is at first

general, with a flooding of impulses in

the brain stem; then gradually the

activation is channeled. Thus begins

concentration, the holding of consistent (40) images. One meaning of intelligence is

the way in which these images and other

alertly searched information are used in

the context of previous experience.

Consciousness links past attention to (45) the present and permits the integration

of details with perceived ends and

purposes.

The elements of intelligence and con- sciousness come together marvelously (50) to produce different styles in predator

and prey. Herbivores and carnivores

develop different kinds of attention

related to escaping or chasing. Although

in both kinds of animal, arousal

(55) stimulates the production of adrenaline

and norepinephrine by the adrenal

glands, the effect in herbivores is

primarily fear, whereas in carnivores

the effect is primarily aggression. For (60) both, arousal attunes the animal to what

is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience

forethought as we know it,but the animal

does experience something like it.

The predator is searchingly aggressive, (65) innerdirected, tuned by the nervous

system and the adrenal hormones,

but aware in a sense closer to human

consciousness than, say, a hungry

lizard's instinctive snap at a passing (70) beetle. Using past events as a

framework, the large mammal predator is

working out a relationship between

movement and food, sensitive to

possibilities in cold trails and distant (75) sounds-and yesterday's unforgotten

lessons. The herbivore prey is of a

different mind. Its mood of wariness

rather than searching and its attitude

of general expectancy instead of (80) anticipating are silk-thin veils of

tranquility over an explosive endocrine

system.

17 The author is primarily concerned with

A disproving the view that herbivores

are less intelligent than carnivores

B describing a relationship between animals' intelligence and their ecological roles

C establishing a direct link between

early large mammals and their modern counterparts

D analyzing the ecological basis for

the dominance of some carnivores over other carnivores

E demonstrating the importance of hormones in mental activity

18 The author refers to a hungry lizard (lines 68-69) primarily in order to

A demonstrate the similarity between

the hunting methods of mammals and those of nonmammals

B broaden the application of his argument by including an insectivore

as an example

C make a distinction between higher

and lower levels of consciousness

D provide an additional illustration

of the brutality characteristic of predators

E offer an objection to suggestions

that all animals lack consciousness

19 It can be inferred from the passage that

in animals less intelligent than the mammals discussed in the passage

A past experience is less helpful in ensuring survival

B attention is more highly focused

C muscular coordination is less highly developed

D there is less need for competition among species

E environment is more important in establishing the proper ratio of prey

to predator

20 The sensitivity described in lines 70-76 is most clearly an example of

A "free-floating awareness" (lines 20-21)

B "flooding of impulses in the brain stem" (lines 36-37)

C "the holding of consistent images" (lines 39-40)

D "integration of details with perceived ends and purposes" (lines 45-47)

E "silk-thin veils of tranquility"(lines 80-81)

21 The author's attitude toward the mammals discussed in the passage

is best described as

A superior and condescending

B lighthearted and jocular

C apologetic and conciliatory

D wistful and tender

E respectful and admiring

22 The author provides information that would answer which of the following questions?

I. Why is an aroused herbivore usually

fearful?

II. What are some of the degrees of

attention in large mammals?

III. What occurs when the stimulus that causes arousal of a mammal is

removed?

A I only

B III only

C I and II only

D II and III only

E I, II and III

23 According to the passage, improvement

in brain function among early large mammals resulted primarily from which of the following?

A Interplay of predator and prey

B Persistence of free-floating awareness

in animals of the grasslands

C Gradual dominance of warm-blooded mammals over cold-blooded reptiles

D Interaction of early large mammals

with less intelligent species

E Improvement of the capacity for memory among herbivores and carnivores

24 According to the passage, as the process

of arousal in an organism continues, all of

the following may occur EXCEPT

A the production of adrenaline

B the production of norepinephrine

C a heightening of sensitivity to stimuli

D an increase in selectivity with respect

to stimuli

E an expansion of the range of states mediated by the brain stem

Tocqueville, apparently, was wrong.

Jacksonian America was not a fluid,

egalitarian society where individual

wealth and poverty were ephemeral (5) conditions. At least to argues E. Pessen

in his iconoclastic study of the very

rich in the United States between 1825

and 1850.

Pessen does present a quantity of (10) examples, together with some

refreshingly intelligible statistics, to

establish the existence of an

inordinately wealthy class. Though

active in commerce or the professions, (15) most of the wealthy were not self-made,

but had inherited family fortunes. In no

sense mercurial, these great fortunes

survived the financial panics that

destroyed lesser ones. Indeed, in (20) several cities the wealthiest one

percent constantly increased its share

until by 1850 it owned half of the

community's wealth. Although these

observations are true, Pessen

(25) overestimates their importance by

concluding from them that the undoubted

progress toward inequality in the late

eighteenth century continued in the

Jacksonian period and that the United (30) States was a class-ridden, plutocratic

society even before industrialization.

25 According to the passage, Pessen indicates that all of the following

were true of the very wealthy in the

United States between 1825 and 1850 EXCEPT:

A They formed a distinct upper class.

B Many of them were able to increase

their holdings.

C Some of them worked as professionals

or in business.

D Most of them accumulated their own fortunes.

E Many of them retained their wealth

in spite of financial upheavals.

26 The author's attitude toward Pessen's presentation of statistics can be best described as

A disapproving

B shocked

C suspicious

D amused

E laudatory

27 Which of the following best states

the author's main point?

A Pessen's study has overturned the previously established view of the social and economic structure of early nineteenth- century America.

B Tocqueville's analysis of the United States in the Jacksonian era remains the definitive account of this period.

C Pessen's study is valuable primarily because it shows the continuity of the social system in the United States throughout the nineteenth century.

D The social patterns and political

power of the extremely wealthy in the United States between 1825 and 1850

are well documented.

E Pessen challenges a view of the

social and economic system in the

United States from 1825 to 1850, but

he draws conclusions that are incorrect.

28 BOISTEROUS:

A grateful

B angry

C clever

D frightened

E quiet

29 EMIT:

A absorb

B demand

C mistake

D prevent

E require

30 METAMORPHOSE:

A move ahead

B remain unaltered

C descend slowly

D examine in haste

E prepare in advance

31 ALLY:

A mediator

B felon

C adversary

D inventor

E conspirator

32 OFFHAND:

A accurate

B universal

C appropriate

D premeditated

E disputatious

33 BROACH:

A keep track of

B lay claim to

C close off

D soothe

E simplify

34 GIST:

A artificial manner

B trivial point

C informal procedure

D eccentric method

E singular event

35 DIVESTITURE:

A acquisition

B promotion

C subsidization

D consultation

E monopolization

36 EXTANT:

A extensive

B extraneous

C extricable

D extinct

E extra

37 TRACTABILITY:

A infertility

B implausibility

C incorrigibility

D impenetrability

E indefatigability

38 NOISOME:

A attractively fragrant

B subtly flattering

C consistently patient

D softly glowing

E gradually diminishing

1 The ----of mass literacy coincided with the first industrial revolution; in turn, the new expansion in literacy, as well as cheaper printing, helped

to nurture the----of popular literature.

A building.. mistrust

B reappearance.. display

C receipt.. source

D selection.. influence

E emergence.. rise

2 Although ancient tools were----preserved, enough have survived to allow us to demonstrate an occasionally interrupted but generally----progress through prehistory.

A partially.. noticeable

B superficially.. necessary

C unwittingly.. documented

D rarely.. continual

E needlessly.. incessant

3 In part of the Arctic, the land grades into the landfast ice so----that you can walk off the coast and not know you are over the hidden sea.

A permanently

B imperceptibly

C irregularly

D precariously

E slightly

4 Kagan maintains that an infant's reactions to its first stressful experiences are part of a natural process of development, not harbingers of childhood unhappiness or ----signs of adolescent anxiety.

A prophetic

B normal

C monotonous

D virtual

E typical

5 An investigation that is----can occasionally yield new facts, even notable ones, but typically the appearance of such facts is the result of a search in a definite direction.

A timely

B unguided

C consistent

D uncomplicated

E subjective

6 Like many eighteenth-century scholars who lived by cultivating those in power, Winckelmann neglected to neutralize, by some -----gesture of comradeship, the resentment his peers were bound to feel because of his----the high and mighty.

A quixotic.. intrigue with

B enigmatic.. familiarity with

C propitiatory.. involvement with

D salutary.. questioning of

E unfeigned.. sympathy for

7 In a----society that worships efficiency, it is difficult for a sensitive and idealistic person to make the kinds of----decisions that alone spell success as it is defined by such a society.

A bureaucratic.. edifying

B pragmatic.. hardheaded

C rational.. well-intentioned

D competitive.. evenhanded

E modern.. dysfunctional

8 TABLECLOTH: TABLE::

A tent: ground

B shirt: hanger

C window: sill

D sheet: mattress

E cloud: earth

9 CANV AS: PAINTER::

A leather: shoe

B brush: palette

C chisel: wood

D marble: sculptor

E hammer: carpenter

10 MANSION: RESIDENCE::

A limousine: automobile

B chandelier: candle

C tuxedo: wardrobe

D diamond: rhinestone

E yacht: harbor

11 DOOR: ROOM::

A rudder: anchor

B boat: ship

C patio: terrace

D hatch: hold

E basement: attic

12 CHOREOGRAPHY: DANCE::

A ceremony: sermon

B agenda: advertisement

C poetry: recitation

D instrumentation:: conductor

E plot: story

13 EV APORA TE: V APOR::

A petrify: stone

B centrifuge: liquid

C saturate: fluid

D corrode: acid

E incinerate: fire

14 ASSUAGE: SORROW::

A retaliate: antipathy

B dampen: ardor

C entrust: reliability

D counsel: reluctance

E withhold: appreciation

15 NUMB: INSENSIBLE::

A reflect: luminous

B burnish: lustrous

C heckle: raucous

D repulse: odious

E braid: sinuous

16 AUDACIOUS: TREPIDA TION::

A refractory: intransigence

B laconic: volubility

C sordid: aspiration

D cursory: accumulation

E derisive: subordination

"I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most

intense." Virginia Woolf's provocative

statement about her intentions in

(5) writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been

ignored by the critics, since it

highlights an aspect of her literary

interests very different from the

traditional picture of the "poetic" (10) novelist concerned with examining states

of reverie and vision and with following

the intricate pathways of individual

consciousness. But Virginia Woolf was a

realistic as well as a poetic novelist,

(15) a satirist and social critic as well as

a visionary: literary critics' cavalier

dismissal of Woolf's social vision will

not withstand scrutiny.

In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged (20) by the questions of how individuals are

shaped (or deformed) by their social

environments, how historical forces

impinge on people's lives, how class,

wealth, and gender help to determine (25) people's fates. Most of her novels are

rooted in a realistically rendered social

setting and in a precise historical time.

Woolf's focus on society has not been generally recognized because of her (30) intense antipathy to propaganda in art.

The pictures of reformers in her novels

are usually satiric or sharply critical.

Even when Woolf is fundamentally

sympathetic to their causes, she portrays (35) people anxious to reform their society

and possessed of a message or program

as arrogant or dishonest, unaware of

how their political ideas serve their

own psychological needs. (Her Writer's (40) Diary notes: "the only honest people

are the artists," whereas "these social

reformers and philanthropists...harbor...

discreditable desires under the disguise

of loving their kind....") Woolf detested (45) what she called "preaching" in fiction,

too, and criticized novelist https://www.wendangku.net/doc/054564455.html,wrence

(among others) for working by this method.

Woolf's own social criticism is

expressed in the language of observation (50) rather than in direct commentary, since

for her, fiction is a contemplative, not

an active art. She describes phenomena

and provides materials for a judgment

about society and social issues; it is (55) the reader's work to put the observations

together and understand the coherent

point of view behind them. As a moralist,

Woolf works by indirection, subtly under－

mining officially accepted mores, mocking, (60) suggesting, calling into question, rather

than asserting, advocating, bearing

witness: hers is the satirist's art.

Woolf's literary models were acute social observers like Checkhov and (65) Chaucer. As she put it in The Common

Reader. "It is safe to say that not a

single law has been framed or one stone

set upon another because of anything

Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we (70) read him, we are absorbing morality at

every pore." Like Chaucer, Woolf chose

to understand as well as to judge, to

know her society root and branch-a

decision curcial in order to produce art (75) rather than polemic.

17 Which of the following would be the

most appropriate title for the passage?

A Poetry and Satire as Influences on

the Novels of V irginia Woolf

B Virginia Woolf: Critic and Commentator

on the Twentieth-Century Novel

C Trends in Contemporary Reform Movements as a Key to Understanding Virginia Woolf's Novels

D Society as Allegory for the Individual

in the Novels of V irginia Woolf

E Virginia Woolf's Novels: Critical Reflections on the Individual and on Society

18 In the first paragraph of the passage, the author's attitude toward the literary critics mentioned can best be described as

A disparaging

B ironic

C factious

D skeptical but resigned

E disappointed but hopeful

19 It can be inferred from the passage that Woolf chose Chaucer as a literary model because she believed that

A Chaucer was the first English author to focus on society as a whole as well as on individual characters

B Chaucer was an honest and forthright author, whereas novelists like D, H, Lawrence did not sincerely wish to change society

C Chaucer was more concerned with understanding his society than with calling its accepted mores into question

D Chaucer's writing was greatly, if subtly, effective in influencing the moral attitudes of his readers

E her own novels would be more widely read if, like Chaucer, she did not overtly and vehemently criticize contemporary society

20 It can be inferred from the passage that the most probable reason Woolf realistically described the social setting in the majority of her novels was that she

A was aware that contemporary literary critics considered the novel to be

the most realistic of literary genres

B was interested in the effect of a person's social milieu on his or her character and actions

C needed to be as attentive to detail

as possible in her novels in order to support the arguments she advanced in them

D wanted to show that a painstaking fidelity in the representation of reality did not in any way hamper the artist

E wished to prevent critics from charging that her novels were written

in an ambiguous and inexact style

21 Which of the following phrases best expresses the sense of the word "contemplative" as it is used

in line 51 of the passage?

A Gradually eluc idating the rational structures underlying accepted mores

B Reflecting on issues in society without prejudice or emotional commitment

C A voiding the aggressive assertion

of the author's perspective to the exclusion of the reader's judgment

D Conveying a broad view of society

as a whole rather than focusing on an isolated individual consciousness

E Appreciating the world as the artist sees it rather than judging it in moral terms

22 The author implies that a major element of the satirist's art is the satirist's

A consistent adherence to a position

of lofty disdain when viewing the foibles of humanity

B insistence on the helplessness of individuals against the social forces

that seek to determine an individual's fate

C cynical disbelief that visionaries

can either enlighten or improve their

societies

D fundamental assumption that some ambiguity must remain in a work of art

in order for it to reflect society and

social mores accurately

E refusal to indulge in polemic when presenting social mores to readers for

their scrutiny

23 The passage supplies information

for answering which of the following questions?

A Have literary critics ignored the

social criticism inherent in the work

of Chekhov and Chaucer?

B Does the author believe that Woolf

is solely an introspective and visionary novelist?

C What are the social causes with which Woolf shows herself to be sympathetic in

her writings?

D Was D. H. Lawrence as concerned as

Woolf was with creating realistic settings

for his novels?

E Does Woolf attribute more power to

social environment or to historical forces

as shapers of a person's life?

It is a popular misconception

that nuclear fusion power is free

of radioactivity; in fact, the

deuterium-tritium reaction that nuclear (5) scientists are currently exploring with

such zeal produces both alpha particles

and neutrons, (The neutrons are used to

produce tritium from a lithium blanket

surrounding the reactor.) Another common (10) misconception is that nuclear fusion

power is a virtually unlimited source of

energy because of the enormous quantity

of deuterium in the sea. Actually, its