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高考近5年全国卷真题语法专项-定语从句

高考近5年全国卷真题语法专项-定语从句
高考近5年全国卷真题语法专项-定语从句

定语从句

一.考点概述:

本考点是历年高考中考查的重点,主要考查关系代词(who, which,that,whose,whom)和关系副词(when, where, why)的用

法;考查形式:语法填空和短文改错;其次阅读理解和完型填空中长难

句的分析等

二.考点聚焦

功能:相当于形容词,修饰名词或代词,在句中作定语

位置:定语从句置于被修饰词之后

例如: He is the man who studies in USA.

本句中涉及到三个概念:

1.先行词即 the man:被定语从句饰的词称为先行词

先行词一般是名词和不定代词,如:some-, any-, every-和no与-boy, -thing的合成词;或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词,人称代词也同样

可作先行词。

2. 引导词即who:起连接的作用

引导词分两类:关系代词和关系副词

关系代词:who;which;that;whose;whom

关系副词:when;where;why

3.从句即studies in USA.:引导词之后的句子。

三.考点精讲

1. 关系代词 : who;which; that; whom; whose

其中关系代词who;which;that;whom用于后面的从句缺主语或宾语的情况

(1)who:指代先行词是人(可做从句的主语或宾语)

She is the girl who I teach in China.(从句缺宾语)

That is the man who teaches us English.(从句缺主语)

(2)which:指代先行词是物(做从句的主语或宾语)

That is the book which I want.(从句缺宾语)

There is a bird which stands in the building.(从句缺主语)

(3)that: 指代先行词是人或物(做从句的主语或宾语)

She is the girl who/that I teach in China.(从句缺宾语)

There is a bird which/that stands in the building.(从句缺主语)

(4)whom;指代先行词是人,但只用于从句是缺宾语的情况。

She is the girl who/whom I teach in China.(从句缺宾语)

That is the man whom teaches us English.(从句缺主语,本句用whom是错误的)

(5)whose:指代从句中缺定语的情况(表示所属关系)

That is the building whose windows broke last night.(本句中的windows是属于

the building构成一种所属关系即缺少building’s)

2.关系副词:when;where;why(该三个词主要用于从句是不缺主语或是宾语的情况

即从句是个完整句)

(1) when:指代先行词表时间如:time;month;year;occasion等(形式上等于介词

+which)

I still remember the day when /on which I came to Beijing.(该从句是一个完整的句子,先行词是the day在从句中需要加个介词on来做状语的成分即I came to Beijing on the day)

(2)where :指代先行词是地点的词如:place;house;school;也可以是模糊的词如:point;stage;work;situation等(形式上等于介词+which)

That is the place where/in which I was born .(该从句I was born也是一个完整句,即不缺主语或宾语的,此时where可以换成in which)

(3)why:指代先行词是表原因的词即:reason(形式上只能是等于for+which)

That is the reason why/for which he was late for school.

四.非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用,缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开。

The house, which I bought last year, has a lovely garden.

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

I still remember the day, when I came to Beijing.

五.总结

定语从句三步法:

1. 找出先行词

2. 判断从句是不是完整句:

完整句考虑关系副词:when;where; why

不是完整句考虑关系代词:that;who;which;whom;whose

3. 选择合适的关系词

注意:

(1)定语从句中是没有引导词what;

(2)非限制性定语从句中无引导词that;

The house, that I bought last year, has a lovely garden.(错误)

改为The house, which I bought last year, has a lovely garden.

(3)先行词做从句的宾语时,可省引导词

That is the book which I want.(从句缺宾语)可改为That is the book I want.

(4)在定语从句中,当先行词指物时,下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which

1.先行词被①形容词最高级②序数词③数词几种词修饰或被④only、any、few、little、no、all、one of等修饰时。

2.先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。

3.先行词中既有人又有物时。

He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus.

4.先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。

The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.

5.当主句中含有疑问词which时。

Which are the books that you bought for me ?

(5)宜用which而不用that的情况

(1)在非限制性定语从句中

(2)在关系词前有介词时

(3)当先行词本身是that时

(4)当关系词离先行词较远时

2015年—2019年全国卷语法专项

语法填空

1.I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone

mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ___are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.(2015年全国1)

解析:本句中的从句是缺主语的,所以考虑关系代词,通过判断先行词是

mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River,表示物所以填that或which。2.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-

1980s, _____ I was the first Western TV reporter.(2016年全国1)

解析:本句意思是我和熊猫的关联要追溯到20世纪80年代,那时我是第一

个西方的记者。通过判断本句是个非限制性定语从句,而从句是完整句考虑

关系副词,先行词是the 1980s,表示时间所以填when

3.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, lived from

roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks.(2016

年全国3)

解析:一些人认为伟大的中国学者孔子,生活在公园前的551到479,影响了筷子的发展。本句的从句是缺主语,考虑关系代词,先行词是

Chinese scholar Confucius,表示人,所以填who。

4.Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, is not good for the

health.(2017年全国1)

解析:本题通过判断是考查非限制性定语从句,从句是缺主语,考虑关系代

词,先行词是前面整个句子,表示个事件,填which。

5.But Sarah, has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that

she has brains as well as beauty.(2017年全国3)

解析:Sarah和顶级模特已经参加了表演,想证明她有智慧和美丽。本句的

从句是缺主语,先行词是Sarah,表示人,填who。

6.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in

2014________showed a mere five to 10 minutes day of running reduced the risk

(2018年全国1)of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.

解析:两个评论家也做了研究,在2014年被发表,这项研究表明5到10分钟跑步可以减少心脏病和早死的风险。本句中的从句缺少主语,考虑关系代

词,先行词是study,填that或which。

7.The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the

government started a soil-testing program ________ gives specific fertilizer

recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.

(2018年全国2)

解析:政府开始了一项土壤测试项目,这个项目对农民给出了具体的建议。

本句中从句缺少主语考虑关系代词,先行词是program,填that或which。

8.Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,

____ she opened with her late husband Les.(2019年全国2)

解析:Irene Astbury每天在宠物店从9点到5点工作,她和她后来的丈夫创

办的。本句考查的是非限制性定语从句,因为从句she opened后缺少宾语,考虑关系代词,先行词是shop,表示物,填which。

9.We were first greeted with the barking by a pack of dogs,seven to be exact.They

were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.(2019年全国3)

解析:这些狗都受到了主人的良好训练,并且这些狗主人在照顾动物上有丰

富的经验。本句中从句是had great experience前没有主语,考虑关系代词,先

行词是their masters,表示物,填who。

短文改错

1.In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that

is on the rooftop of their house.(2017年全国2)

解析:在空闲时间,他们在花园里种蔬菜很感兴趣,而这些花园是在他们的

屋顶上。本句中定语从句that is on the rooftop of their house.前有个逗号,所以是非限制性定语从句,把that改为which

2.Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at

that time: car magazines and musical instruments.(2017年全国3)

解析:在照片中,我的周围是那时我生命中非常重要的东西:车刊和乐器。

本句的中的从句they were very important修饰the things来做定语,所以they 改为which或that。

3.They also had a small pond, which they raised fish.(2018年全国1)

解析:他们有一小的池子,在那里他们可以喂养鱼。本句中的从句they

raised fish.是个完整句,所以which改为where。

4.In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is

created for them.(2019年全国3)

解析:在咖啡店,顾客们在有历史的氛围中玩得很开心,这个环境是为他们

而建的。本句中从句what is created for them.是修饰environment,因为定语从句中没有引导词what,所以改为that或which。

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