Unit19-译文及课后练习

十九单元

个令人震惊的过失

【人们经常将欧洲的高失业率仅仅归咎于诸多苛刻的规章制度。】那是错误的。

1、芬兰的财政部长最近对欧洲的一千六百万失业人口做了个大胆的承诺。他的国家在欧盟的轮回主席职位，开始于7月1日，将几乎是唯一的：这将会被记录为没有新工作创造方案。

2、也许什么都不需要。那肯定是7月3日-4日在科隆的最高会议上进行一项最新的使失业的人重新就业的计划的那些欧盟领导人的愿望，它包括自发的工作创造目标及在企业、协会、政府和欧洲中央银行之间的“宏观经济对话”。或许这可以神奇地削弱排队等候救济的长队，但不要指望它。

3、或许在通货再膨胀的触动下将帮助那些失业者再就业变得容易些。欧洲中央银行可以降低利率，欧盟政府可以给它们的经济以财政上的支持，这都可以刺激就业。但是欧洲中央银行却说在传递途径中没有更多的利率可以降了。同时坚持紧缩型财政政策与欧盟的“增长和稳定条约”相符合，这把政府的预算赤字限制在了GDP的3%以内。中央银行的银行专家们断言，欧洲的高失业率与宏观经济政策没有关系：这仅是一个“结构性”问题。

Unit 19

A shocking error

Europe’s high unemployment is often blamed on structural rigidities alone. That is a mistake

1、FINLAND’S finance minister recently made a bold promise to Europe’s 16m unemployed. His country’s presidency of the European Union, which starts on July 1st, will be almost unique: it will be marked by no new job-creation schemes.

2、Perhaps none will be needed. That must be the hope of the EU leaders who launched their latest plan to get the jobless back to work at a summit in Cologne on June 3rd-4th. It involves voluntary job-creation targets and “macroeconomic dialogue” between companies, unions, governments and the European Central Bank. Maybe this will miraculously dent the dole queues. But don’t count on it.

3、Or perhaps a touch of reflation might help to ease the unemployed back into jobs. The ECB could trim interest rates and EU governments could give their economies a fiscal boost: both would stimulate employment. But the ECB says no more interest-rate cuts are in the pipeline. And it is insisting on tight fiscal policies to conform with the EU’s “growth and stability pact”, which limits governments’ budget deficits to 3% of GDP. Europe’s high unemployment, the central bankers declare, is nothing to do with macroeconomic policy: it is solely a “structural” problem.

4、这是废话。【有些欧洲国家的失业情况是周期性的，也就是说，在不引起通货膨胀的前提下，通过经济的加速发展也可能降低失业率。】例如，德国的失业率是10.6%，国际货币基金组织评估了它的结构性失业率是8.9%，快速的经济增长可以可以减小这个缺口。即使如此，大部分欧洲国家的失业依然是结构性的。那么欧洲中央银行说宏观经济政策不能影响失业水平是不是对的呢？

5、事实上不是的。欧洲的高结构性失业不能仅仅归咎于劳动力市场的僵化。【毫不夸张地说，它的劳动力市场如同20年前那样保守僵化，但是那时候的失业率却低得多。】然而，这也有危险存在，当劳动力市场被弥补，失业率循环增长将会转变为结构型失业，使得它不受经济好转的影响。比如说，严格的劳动保护法使得那些失业的工人难以找到新工作，他们失业的时间越长，他们的技能就变得越生疏，于是越来越少的雇佣者想要雇佣他们；有些人可能就放弃找工作。无法有效地争取工作，他们不再抑制工资的需求：他们已经变成了“结构型”失业。所以，欧洲中央银行关于宏观经济政策不能影响失业的坚持可能会造成更高的结构型失业。

6、麻省理工大学的Olivier Blanchard和哈佛大学的Justin Wolfers的新研究证实了这一点。【许多研究都力图找出欧洲高失业率的症结所在，但他们的研究却是第一次将经济

4、This is nonsense. Some of Europe’s unemployment is cyclical, meaning that it could be cut by faster economic growth without sparking inflation. For example, Germany’s unemployment rate is

10.6%. The IMF estimates its structural rate at 8.9%. Faster growth could reduce the gap. Even so, the bulk of Europe’s unemployment is structural. So is the ECB right to say that macroeconomic policy cannot affect it?

5、Well actually, no. Europe’s high structural unemployment cannot be blamed on labour-market rigidities alone. Its labour markets were as just as ossified 20 years ago, if not more so; yet joblessness was then far lower. However, there is a danger that, when labour markets are gummed up, a cyclical rise in unemployment can turn into a structural one—making it impervious to an economic upturn. For example, strict employment-protection laws make it hard for workers who lose their jobs to find new ones. The longer they stay unemployed, the more their skills rust and the less employers are likely to hire them; some may give up looking altogether. Unable to compete effectively for jobs, they no longer help restrain pay demands: they have become “structurally” unemployed. So the ECB’s insistence that macroeconomic policy cannot affect joblessness could produce higher structural unemployment.

6、New research* by Olivier Blanchard of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Justin Wolfers of Harvard University confirms this. Many studies have sought to explain

方面的各种危机和劳动力市场种种苛苛刻的规章制度之间的相互影响作了量性分析。】它调查了8个劳动力市场僵化的方面：例如发放救济金的时间长短和慷慨程度、就业保护的程度、所得税的负担和工资交涉的中央集权化。这是用20个国家（15个欧盟成员加上美国、加拿大、新西兰、澳大利亚和日本）的数据经过8个五年时间研究得出的，从1960-1965开始到1995之后的五年结束。

7、Messrs Blanchard和Wolfers进行了两个测试。首先，他们假设20个国家都受到相同的并且难以察觉的冲击。【他们对抽样调查结果作了整体分析，研究失业率多年来的变化情况；然后针对不同国家劳动力市场的严格程度进一步比较，研究各国失业情况发展变化的不同之处。】他们发现8个劳动力市场僵化程度平均水平的国家，自从1960年开始失业率上升了7.2个百分点。但是在具有严格就业保护法律的国家，它的失业水平是具有松弛就业保护法律国家的两倍；救济金最慷慨的国家比救济金缺乏的国家的失业率上升了接近5倍；具有高调节性工资交涉的国家的失业率的上升程度是高分散交涉国家的4倍。这个模型很好地预示了各国之间事实上发生了什么。Europe’s high unemployment, but theirs is the first to quantify the impact of the interaction of economic shocks with

labour-market rigidities over time. It examines the role of eight

labour-market rigidities—such as the length and generosity of unemployment benefits, the degree of employment protection, the payroll-tax burden and the centralisation of wage bargaining. It does this using figures from 20 countries (the 15 EU members plus America, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and Japan) over eight five-year periods, from 1960-65 to post-1995.

7、Messrs Blanchard and Wolfers perform two tests. First, they assume that all 20 countries are hit by common but unobservable shocks. They track how unemployment has changed over time in the sample as a whole, and then they look at how its evolution differs across countries, according to how rigid their labour markets are. They find that a country with an average level of all eight labour-market rigidities would have seen a rise in unemployment of 7.2 percentage points since 1960. But joblessness would have risen twice as much in the country with the strictest employment-protection laws as in the one with the laxest. The country with the most generous unemployment benefits would have seen joblessness rise nearly five times as much as the one with the stingiest. And a country with highly

co-ordinated wage bargaining would have seen a fourfold bigger rise in unemployment than one with highly decentralised bargaining. This model predicts rather well what actually

8、【随后，两位经济学家得出这样的结论：被调查的国家或地区的失业情况有章可循，而且每个国家都有各自的特点。】他们确定了三点。（第一）自从1960年以来，大多数国家的年产量增长已经急剧下滑，平均从5%左右下降至2%左右，这使得失业率增加了1.3个百分点。第三，自从20实际80年代中期以来，随着科技的发展降低了非技术性劳动力的需求以及企业的改组，劳动力需求开始下降。在法国和西班牙，劳动力的GDP 份额已经下降了10个百分点，这使得他们的失业率提高了近2个百分点。根据第一个测试，Messers Blanchard和Wolfers发现劳动力市场的僵化放大了冲击的影响—在这个事件中更是如此。

9、这无疑是对欧洲失业问题原因的最有权威的话，作者也承认他们的一些结论存在问题。但是欧洲的这个教训已经足够清楚。如果想要欧洲的失业人口重新就业，劳动力市场就需要更灵活。【但是，僵化死板的宏观经济政策是导致高失业率的重要原因之一，除非劳动力市场自由化，否则只会使情况更糟。】happened country-by-country (see chart).

8、Next, the two economists assume that the sample economies are affected by observable,

country-specific shocks. They identify three. Annual productivity growth has fallen sharply in most countries since 1960. The average has declined from around 5% to around 2%; this has added 1.3 percentage points to the unemployment rate. Second, real (inflation-adjusted) interest rates have shot up over the past 20 years. Where they have risen by five percentage points, the jobless rate has gone up by three. Third, the demand for labour has fallen since the mid-1980s as technological change reduced the need for unskilled workers and as companies have restructured. In France and Spain the share of GDP going to labour has fallen by a tenth: this has boosted their jobless rates by around two percentage points. As in their first test, Messrs Blanchard and Wolfers find that

labour-market rigidities are magnifying the effect of shocks—even more so in this case.

9、This is by no means the last word on the causes of Europe’s unemployment. The authors admit there are problems with some of their results. But the lessons for Europe are clear enough. Labour markets do need to be more flexible if Europe’s jobless are to get back to work. But until labour markets are freed, tight macroeconomic policy is one of those shocks that can only make things worse.

New words

macroeconomic ['m?kr?u,i:k?'n?mik] a 宏观经济的

miraculously [mi'r?kjul?sli] a 神奇的

dent [dent]v 产生凹痕；削弱

reflation [ri:'flei??n]n 通货再膨胀

boost [bu:st]v 推进、提高、促进

pipeline ['paip,lain]n 管道；传递途径

cyclical ['saiklikl] a 循环的；周期的

rigidity [ri'd?iditi]n 僵化

impervious [im'p?:vi?s] a 不受影响的；无动于衷的

payroll-tax [pei r?ul t?ks]n 所得税

centralization [,sentr?lai'zei??n]n 集中；中央集权化

bargaining ['bɑ:gin]n 讨价还价；交涉，谈判

lax [l?ks] a 松弛的，松懈的；不严格的stingy ['stind?i] a 小气的，吝啬的；缺乏的

co-ordinate [k?u'?:d?nit]v 调节，协调

decentralize [di:'sentr?laiz]v 使分散；下放（权力）

identify [ai'dentifai]v 识别；确定

inflation-adjusted [in'flei??n?'d??stid] a 刨除通货膨胀因素

magnify ['m?gnifai]v 夸大；放大

flexible ['fleks?bl] a 灵活的

Phrases

launch a plan to 进行一项计划

the dole queue 排队等候救济的长队

confirm with 与…一致；符合

be blamed on 归咎于

gum up 弥补

compete for 争取

percentage point 百分点

shoot up 飞速增长

the last word on 一锤定音；有权威的话

长难句：

1、Europe’s high unemployment is often blamed on structural rigidities alone. That is a mistake

人们经常将欧洲的高失业率仅仅归咎于诸多苛刻的规章制度。

2、Some of Europe’s unemployment is cyclical, meaning that i t could be cut by faster economic growth without sparking inflation.

有些欧洲国家的失业情况是周期性的，也就是说，在不引起通货膨胀的前提下，通过经济的加速发展也可能降低失业率。

3、Its labour markets were as just as ossified 20 years ago, if not more so; yet joblessness was then far lower.

毫不夸张地说，它的劳动力市场如同20年前那样保守僵化，但是那时候的失业率却低得多。

4、Many studies have sought to explain Europe’s high unemployment, but theirs is the first to quantify the impact of the interaction of economic shocks with labour-market rigidities over time.

许多研究都力图找出欧洲高失业率的症结所在，但他们的研究却是第一次将经济方面的各种危机和劳动力市场种种苛苛刻的规章制度之间的相互影响作了量性分析。

5、They track how unemployment has changed over time in the sample as

a whole, and then they look at how its evolution differs across countries, according to how rigid their labour markets are.

他们对抽样调查结果作了整体分析，研究失业率多年来的变化情况；然后针对不同国家劳动力市场的严格程度进一步比较，研究各国失业情况发展变化的不同之处。

6、Next, the two economists assume that the sample economies are affected by observable, country-specific shocks.

随后，两位经济学家得出这样的结论：被调查的国家或地区的失业情况有章可循，而且每个国家都有各自的特点。

7、But until labour markets are freed, tight macroeconomic policy is one of those shocks that can only make things worse.

但是，僵化死板的宏观经济政策是导致高失业率的重要原因之一，除非劳动力市场自由化，否则只会使情况更糟。

书后练习答案：

Ⅰ1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.F 7.F

Ⅱ1.structural rigidities

2.growth and stability

3.macroeconomic policy/structural

4.it could be cut by faster economic growth without sparking inflation

5.higher structural unemployment

6.1)Annual productivity growth has fallen

.2)The real interest rates have shot up

.3)The demand for labor has fallen

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/086788024.html,bor markets are freed

Ⅲ1.A 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.A 6.C 7.A

Ⅳhttps://www.wendangku.net/doc/086788024.html,unched a plan 2.confirm with https://www.wendangku.net/doc/086788024.html,peted for 4.shot up

5.impervious to

6.trimming

7.flexible

8.rigidity

Ⅴ1. 人们经常将欧洲的高失业率仅仅归咎于诸多苛刻的规章制度。

2. 有些欧洲国家的失业情况是周期性的，也就是说，在不引起通货膨胀的前提下，通过

经济的加速发展也可能降低失业率。

3. 毫不夸张地说，它的劳动力市场如同20年前那样保守僵化，但是那时候的失业率却

低得多。

4. 许多研究都力图找出欧洲高失业率的症结所在，但他们的研究却是第一次将经济方面

的各种危机和劳动力市场种种苛苛刻的规章制度之间的相互影响作了量性分析。5. 他们对抽样调查结果作了整体分析，研究失业率多年来的变化情况；然后针对不同国

家劳动力市场的严格程度进一步比较，研究各国失业情况发展变化的不同之处。6. 随后，两位经济学家得出这样的结论：被调查的国家或地区的失业情况有章可循，而

且每个国家都有各自的特点。

7. 但是，僵化死板的宏观经济政策是导致高失业率的重要原因之一，除非劳动力市场自

由化，否则只会使情况更糟。

大学英语三课后习题翻译及答案

Unit 1 From her accent I guess she’s from the Northeast. 从她的口音我猜她是来自东北地区的。 It was very clever of her to turn his argument against himself. 她很聪明，使他对自己的论点 I found a couple of shoes under the bed but they don’t make a pair. 我在床下发现了一双鞋，但他们不做一双 4. Dr. Bright always takes his time as he examines his patients and treats them with extreme care. Bright博士总是把他的时间用于他检查他的病人，并把他们的极端护理 5. British companies are trying to avoid the fate their American counterparts have already suffered. 英国公司正试图避免他们的美国同行已经遭受的命运。 6. Wilfred’s remarks confirmed me in my opinion that he was an honorable young man. 威尔弗雷德的话证实了我在我看来，他是一个光荣的年轻人 7. The key witness for the prosecution was offered police protection after she received death threats. 检察机关的主要证人在收到死亡威胁后提供了警方的保护 8. I thought that was the end of the matter but subsequent events proved me wrong. 我认为这是事情的结束，但随后的事件证明我错了。 9. Having practiced for so long, the New York baseball team stands a chance winning the World Series this year. 经过这么长时间的练习，纽约棒球队赢得了今年的世界系列赛的机会。 10. At the trial , Bob’s teacher, who was called as a character witness, said he was a quiet boy who had never been in trouble before. 在审讯中，鲍伯的老师，被称为证人，说他是个安静的男孩以前从未惹过麻烦。 Unit 2 11. We’ve just had a very fruitful meeting with the management and we’re now much more hopeful about the pay rise. 我们刚刚与管理层有了一个非常富有成效的会议，我们现在对加薪的希望更大了 12. The book I’m reading explains the evolution of plant and animal life on earth. 我读的这本书解释了地球上动植物的进化

英汉翻译练习题

《英汉翻译》练习题一 一、Phrase Translation（句子翻译） A. Directions：Put the following phrases into Chinese（将下列词语译成汉语）． 1) rural reform （） 2) industrial revolution （） 3) non-governmental sectors （） 4) the International Court of Justice （） 5) Agriculture Department （） 6) encyclopedia （） 7) editorial （） 8) relay race （） 9) vocational school （） 10) the theory of relativity （） 11) to pick and choose ( ) 12) a drugstore ( ) 13) soda fountain ( ) 14) in this fashion ( ) 15) a part-time river ( ) 16) up the river ( ) 17) a summer resort ( ) B. Directions：Put the following phrases into English（将下列词语译成英语）． 1) 经济增长（） 2) 知识经济（） 3) 民族团结（） 4) 官僚主义（） 5) 所有制（）

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高职高专实用英语第二册英语翻译

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钱：money 整发做花：hair setting 发型设计：hair design 手指卷法：pin curl 化妆：make up 按摩：massage 全套服务：full service 快速服务：quick service 免费服务：free service 指甲保养：nail care 产品(product)&工具(instrument)头发：hair 冷烫液： cold wave/ perm 洗发精：shampoo 护发霜：hair care/conditioner 发胶：gel 定型液：hair spary 染发剂：hair color 发雕：lotion 正常(一般)：normal 受损：danger

卷发：curl 乾燥：dry 湿的：wet 润丝：rinse 平梳：comb 镜子：mirror 吹风机：hair dryer 毛巾：towel 剪刀：scissors 发夹：hair pick 帽子：cap 削刀：razor 模特儿：model 发叉：hair pin 冷烫卷：perm rod 冷烫纸：perm paper 橡皮筋：rubber band 工作车：setting cart 洗发槽：shampoo sink 发刷：brush 圆梳：round brush

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But the notion of the Web as the ultimate marketplace for digital delivery is now in doubt. 6.激活外出性同步化并设置时间跨度。 Enable outgoing synchronization and set the time span. 7.你想从极限简约主义那学到一些生活中的经验吗？ Would you like to learn some lessons in life from the ultimate minimalist? 8.她替他们起草一个计划。 She draft out a plan for them. 9.不过，各个语言组正在努力解决这些问题，您应当参考相应语言绑定的文档，以了解有哪些限制（如果有）。 However, the language teams are hard at work to address that, and you should refer to the documentation of your language bindings to see what (if any) limitations apply. 10.我们在原则上接受了这个条款。 We accepted the item in principle.

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