training
training, practice, exercise, drill的用法区别
1. training 是普通用词，指身心有系统的发展，其目的是使之能熟练地掌握一些技能技巧，以适应某一目的的需要。如：
He has had no college training. 他没有受过大学训练。
He went into training for the race. 他开始训练参加比赛。
2.practice指把所学理论应用于实践中, 以便获得技巧或能力。如：
Practice makes perfect. 熟练生巧。
It takes a lot of practice to play the piano well. 弹好钢琴需要大量的练习。
3.exercise主要指进行体力上锻炼以增强力气或精力，也可指为复习知识或获得技能技巧而做的练习。如：
Walking is good exercise. 散步是很好的运动。
We do English exercises to help us learn good English. 我们做英文练习以便学好英语。
4.drill 是指在老师或指挥人员的指导下进行系统的以及严格的训练，以达到高度自发的程度。如：
The soldiers have drill every day. 士兵们每天操练。(from https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0a6836349.html,) Students of English should have a lot of oral drills. 学英语的学生应该多做口头练习。
drill：侧重进行有系统的，严格和重复的练习。
exercise：主要指为强壮体魄而进行的锻炼，也可指进行练习以保持已经获得的技巧。
practice：指把所学的理论或知识用于实践以获得技艺与技巧。
training：普通用词，泛指为从事某种职业而进行的身体或智力方面的训练。discipline：既可指训练又可指为达到某种熟练程度而进行的约束。
practice是一个兼类词,既可作名词,也可作动词。所谓兼类词,指的就是
具有两种或两种以上词性的词。
practice作不可数名词指经常或有系统的重复(尤其指在艺术或手艺方面)。例如:It takes a lot of practice to play the piano well.(名词)
动词practice有两种拼写方法。practice为美国英语。practise 为英国英语。既可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词。
例如:She?s practicing for her piano exam.(动词)
应重点掌握practice doing sth.这种用法。
例如:Y ou need to practice speaking Englishevery day.你需要每天练习英语。She practices playing the piano for twohours every day.他每天练习弹钢琴。
【小贴士】相同用法的动词短语还有这些:enjoy doing something.(喜欢做某事);like doing......
because和because of
because是连词，其后接原因状语从句或回答以why开头的问句；
而because of是复合介词，其后接名词、代词或动名词，或者what引导的名词性从句。
关于help do sth 与can't help doing sth
h elp (to) do sth实际上有时候to是省略掉的，help do sth
没有help doing 这种用法
can't help doing sth.(忍不住/情不自禁去做某事）.help doing 与can't一起用的can?t help to do sth=不能帮助做某事
help vt, vi 帮助，援助
I can't lift this box — will you help me please?
我举不动这个箱子，请你帮我一下好吗？
I can't push the cart on my own--will somebody help assist me?
"我一个人推不动这辆大车,谁能帮我一下?"
With the help of the neighbours the fire was at last brought under control.
"在邻里们的帮助下,火势终于被控制住了。"
促进；助长
Trade helps the development of industry. 贸易促进工业的发展。
It won't help you to cry. 你哭也没有用。
避免；防止；阻止
I couldn't help crying. 我忍不住哭了。
"Between astonishment and joy, she couldn't help bursting into tears."
"她惊喜交集,禁不住放声大哭起来。"
款待；让人吃喝
…Can I have a drink?? …Help yourself!? “我可以喝一杯吗？”“请随意。”
Help yourself to some fish. 请自己动手吃点鱼吧。
more than one can help 不必要的事，过分的事
关于help sb do sth与help sb doing sth
一、关于help sb do sth
help sb do sth是大家比较熟悉的结构，通常也可说成help sb to do sth，其意为“帮助某人做某事”，两者常可通用——即其中的不定式符号to可以省略，也可以保留。如：
We helped her (to) find her things. 我们帮她找东西。
I helped him (to) repair his bike. 我帮他修自行车。
Mother helped me (to) do my homework. 妈妈帮助我做家庭作业。
Will you help me (to) choose myself a new coat? 请你帮我选件新大衣好吗？Can anyone help me (to) fill in this tax form? 有谁能帮我填写税单吗?
When she fell, a friend rushed to help her (to) get up. 她摔倒时，一个朋友冲上前把她扶起来。
二、关于help sb doing sth
help sb doing sth 也是正确的表达，它也表示帮助某人做某事，可视为help sb in doing sth 省略介词in 得来。如：
I need contacts that could help in finding a job. 我需要能帮我找到工作的社会关系。
He helped her carrying her shopping home. 他帮她把买的东西提回家。
Too much 与much too
too much -----就看much
much too -----就看too 前面的不要管它. 归根结底是much和too的区别
*(too) much
1．相当于形容词，意为“more than enough”，用在不可数名词前面作定语或在系动词后面作表语。如：
Americans eat too much meat in my opinion．依我看，美国人吃的肉太多。
I drank too much cola last night．昨天晚上我可乐喝得太多了。
The work is too much for her．这工作她干不了。
She's afraid the trip will be too much for me．她怕我受不了旅途的劳累。
2．相当于名词，在句子中作主语或宾语。如：
T oo much was happening all at once．同时发生的事情太多了。
Y ou have given me too much．你给我的太多了。
3．相当于副词，在句子中作状语。如：
Y ou work too much．你工作干得太多了。
She talks too much．她话说得太多了。
*(much) too
much too的用法比较简单，只用作副词作状语，但它不单独使用，在句子中要修饰形容词或副词，但不修饰动词。如：
Y ou are much too kind to me．你对我实在太好了。
It's much too cold．天气实在太冷了。
Y ou are driving much too fast．你开车太快了。
too many意为"太多"，用于修饰可数名词的复数。
如：There are too many students in our class. 我们班上有太多的学生。He's got too many questions to ask you．他有很多问题要问你
well enough、good enough、enough well、enough good的区别
1.well enough : ad. 很好(足够,适宜)
例句: leave well enough alone : 已满意的事情，不要再去管它。不要画蛇添足。| 不要画蛇添足
I will come provided that I am well enough. : 如果我身体条件允许，我会来。（希望条件实现）
2.Good enough : 有益的事情| 好的多| 足够好
not good enough : 不值得
good enough mother: 足够好的母亲.
例句:He wasn't good enough for her.对她来说，他还不够好。
That is, if you're good enough.那是，如果你够好的话。
3.enough well
例句:The first is not enoughwell,the second is the same too.第一个不够好,第二个也是如此.
Y es, I think I've got enough . Well , I almost forgot to give you money . Here is 200 yuan . If you are free ,please joi n us in the party.是的，我已经有了。噢，差点忘了给你钱，这儿是200元。如果你有空的话，请赏光参加生日晚会。
4.enough good:好的多
例句:The hungry people dreamt of a better life, with enough good food to eat, and time to rest from their work.饥饿的人作著更好生活的梦，有足够的食物吃且于工作之后有足够的时间休息。
When we say I wishyou enough, we want the other persons to have a life filled with enough good things to sustain them.我们对人们说知足常乐，尽享人生，就是希望对方的生活里充满幸事，支撑他们走下去。”
考点名称：副词
副词：
是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。
副词可分为：地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。
副词连用顺序：程度副词+方式副词+地点副词+时间副词。
副词分类:
1、时间副词有三类：always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实之前义动词
1）表示发生时间的副词：
It?s beginning to rain now!现在开始下雨了！
2）表示频繁程度的副词，也称频度副词always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实之前义动词:
She often changes her mind. 她常改变主意。
3）还有一些其他表示时间的副词：
He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。
2、地点副词：
1）有不少表示地点的副词：
She is studying abroad. 她在国外留学。
2）还有一些部分与介词同形的副词。它们与介词同形，跟宾语的是介词，否则是副词：
①用作介词：Stand up! 起立！
②用作副词：A cat climbed up the tree. 猫爬上了树。
3）以where 构成的副词也是地点副词：
It?s the same everywhere.到处都一样。
3、方式副词:
carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly ,slowly 4、程度副词:
much,little, very,rather(相当),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地), enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个),almost, slightly(细小地), hardly.
5、疑问副词:
how, when, where, why.
6、关系副词:
when, where, why.等。
7、连接副词:
therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),then,when ,where,how,why等。
副词的语法作用：
副词在句中可作状语,表语,补语，定语。
He works hard. （作状语）
他工作努力。
You speak English very well. （作状语）
你英语讲的相当好。
Is she in ? （作表语）
她在家吗?
Let's be out. （作表语）
让我们出去吧。
Food here is hardly to get. （here作定语，hardly作状语）
这儿很难弄到食物。
Let him out!（作补语）
让他出去！
修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后
a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.
不同类型副词的用法比较：
方式副词：
1）英语中有大量方式副词，说明行为方式（回答how的问题）：
How beautifully your wife dances. 你夫人舞跳的真美。
2）还有相当多的副词，表示某些情绪：
She smiled gratefully. 她感激的笑了笑。
3）还有一些以-ly结尾的副词，表示动作发生的状况：
He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。
程度副词和强调副词：
1）程度副词可修饰动词，表示“到某种程度”：Is she badly hurt? 她伤得重吗？[说明] 这类副词除修饰动词外，还可修饰形容词（a）或另一副词(b):
a. fairly simple 相当简单quite correct 完全正确
b. wonderfully well 好极了do it very quickly 干得很快
2）much 是一个特殊的程度副词，它可以：
a. 修饰形容词等：
I?m not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。
b. 修饰比较级：
You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。
Their house is much nicer than ours. 他们的房子比我们的好多了。
疑问副词和连接副词：
1）疑问副词：疑问副词用来引导特殊问句：
how: How is your grandmother? 你奶奶身体好吗？
where: Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人？
when: When can you come? 你什么时候能来？
why: Why was he so late? 他为什么来得这么晚？
2）连接副词：连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样，但都引导从句或与不定式连用：
how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗？where: I don?t know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。（引导宾语从句）when: Tell me when you?ll be ready. 告诉我你什么时候准备好。（引导宾语从句）
why: That?s why I came round. 这就是我来的原因。（引导表语从句）
一些其它类型的副词，如表示方向的副词：
Let?s go inside. 咱们到里面去。
Take two steps forward. 向前走两步。
副词的位置：
1、实义动词前，be动词、情态动词之后。
I am also Bush.
I can also do that.
I also want to play that games.
I get up early in the morning everyday. 我每天早早起床。
He gave me a gift yesterday. 他昨天给了我一件礼物。
She didn't drink water enough. 她喝的水不够。
The train goes fast. 火车跑得快。
We can go to this school freely. 我们可以免费到这家学校学习。
They left a life hardly then. 当时他们的生活很艰难。
He has a new hat on today. 他今天戴了一顶新帽子。
I have seen this film twice with my friends. 这部电影我和朋友看过两次。
2、副词修饰形容词,副词时,副词在前面,而被修饰的词在后面。
It's rather easy, I can do it. 这很容易,我能做到。
He did it quite well. 他做得相当好。
It's rather difficult to tell who is right.很难说谁是对的。
It's so important that I must tell my friends. 这件事太重要了，我得告诉我的朋友。
It's much better. 好多了。
3、频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面。
I often help him these days. 这些日子我经常帮助他。
I always remember the day when I first came to this school.
我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。
You mustn't always help me. 你不能老是帮助我。
He seldom comes to see us. 他很少来看我们。
We usually go shopping once a week. 我们通常一周买一次东西。
The new students don't always go to dance. 新学生并不时常去跳舞。
4、疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。
When do you study everyday? 你每天什么时间学习?
Can you tell me how you did it? 你能告诉我你如何做的吗?
First, let me ask you some questions. 先让我来问几个问题。
How much does this bike cost? 这辆车子多少钱？
Either you go or he comes. 不是你去就是他来。
The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 当老师进教室时，学生们正在读书。
5、时间副词和地点副词在一个句中, 地点副词在前面时间副词在后面。
We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday.
昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了.
What were you doing in the classroom yesterday afternoon?
昨天下午你在教室里干什么？
The accident took place in the Eleven Avenue one hour ago.
一小时前十一号大街发生了一场事故。
6、否定副词在句首，句子要倒装，如：
Never have I felt so excited!
兼有两种形式的副词：
1) close与closely
close意思是"近"；closely 意思是"仔细地"
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.
2) late 与lately
late意思是"晚"；lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?
3) deep与deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地" He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4) high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.
5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.
6) free与freely
free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
副词有加a或ly的区别在于通常加a 的副词描述一种状态，而加ly 的副词则倾向于感觉。
What about...的用法：
英语中“What about...?”是一句常用的客套话，它后面可接名词、代词或动词-ing 形式。它的功能可不少呢！
一. 询问情况或打听消息。当对方谈的事情不明确，需要询问清楚时，也可用这一句型。如：
1. I'd like a cup of tea. What about you?
我想喝杯茶，你呢？
2. —I want to talk to you. 我要和你谈话。—What about?谈什么？
二. 向对方提出建议或请求，相当于句型Would you like...? 语气很委婉。如：
1. What about having some bread?＝Would you like some bread? 吃些面包好吗？
2. What about playing football now? =Would you like playing football now? 现在踢足球怎么样？
三. 寒暄时用作承接上下文的转折语。如：
1. I'm a student. What about you? 我是学生，你呢？
2. Our English teacher is good. What about yours?我们的英语老师很好，你们的（英语老师）怎么样？
四. 询问天气或身体等状况。如：
1. What about the weather in your city? 你们城市的天气情况如何？
2. What about your mother? Y ou can't keep her too tired. 你母亲身体好吗？你不能让她太累。
五. 征求对方的看法或意见。如：
1. What about this bike? 这辆自行车怎么样？
2. What about his playing football?他的足球踢得怎么样
考点名称：it 的用法
“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配，是英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年考试的热点，因此在复习中应给予足够的重视。
It 句型归纳：
1．It is ＋adj．(＋for sb．／sth．) ＋to do sth．
用于此句型的形容词有：easy，hard，difficult，possible，important，impossible，necessary，good，bad，exciting，interesting，surprising 等。如：
It is necessary to change your job．
It was very hard for them to walk such a long way in the snow．
2．It is ＋n．(＋for sb．／sth．) ＋to do sth．
用于此句型的名词有：pity, shame, pleasure, one?s duty, one?s job, fun, joy, good manners, bad manners等。如：
It is a pity for you to have missed such a wonderful play．
It is bad manners for the young to take up the seats for the old．
3．It is ＋adj．＋of sb．＋to do sth．
此句型中的形容词主要描述某人的品德、特征。能用于该句型的形容词有：kind, nice, wise, silly, polite, impolite, friendly, foolish, clever等。如：
How silly it was of you to give up such a good chance！
It is friendly of the family to try to make me feel at home in their house．
4．It is ＋adj．（＋n．）＋doing sth．
此句型中的形容词和名词常见的有：no／little use, no／much good, useless等。如：
It?s no use crying over spilt milk．不要为打翻的牛奶哭泣。
5．It takes sb．＋一段时间＋to do sth．表示“做某事花费某人多长时间”。如：
It took us half an hour to ride to the town by the sea．
6．It is ＋及物动词的过去分词＋that从句
此句型中常见的及物动词的过去分词有：said, told, known, reported, recorded, thought, believed, considered（考虑）等。如：
It is reported that the Russian President will visit China next week．
7．It ＋不及物动词＋that从句
此句型中不及物动词常见的有：seem，happen，appear，matter等。如： It seems that there will be a heavy snow tomorrow．
It happened that I met my good friends in the museum yesterday．
8．强调句型：It is＋被强调部分＋that／who从句
在使用强调句型时要注意，指人时可以用who或that，其它情况一律用that。如：
It was under the bed that my brother hid the ball this morning．
It is Mr Bell who／that often comes and looks after the old man．
9．It is／has been＋一段时间＋since从句。如：
It is ／has been three years since we saw each other last．
10．It is (high) time that sb．did sth．
该句型表示“某人现在该做某事了”，从句常用过去时（虚拟语气）说明现在应该做的事情。如：
It?s six o?clock．It is high time that we went home now．
It 常用的固定搭配：
1. make it
（1）在口语当中相当于succeed，表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达例It's hard to make it to the top in show business.要在娱乐业成为顶尖领头不是件容易的事。show business.娱乐性行业
（2）在口语中相当于fix the date for，表示“约定好时间”
例—Shall we meet next week？—OK. We just make it next Saturday.
2. as it is
（1）相当于in fact，in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是……”
例We had planed to finish the task today，but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.
（2）相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”
例Leave the table as it is.
3. as it were
相当于as one might say，that is to say，表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说”例He is，as it were，a modern Sherlock Holmes.（夏洛克福尔摩斯）
4. if it weren't for…/if it hadn't been for…
用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without，or but for，表示“如果不是……，要不是……”例If it weren't for Tom，I wouldn't be alive today.
5. that's it
（1）相当于That's all. That's so much. 表示“至此为止，没有别的了”
例You can have one more sweet，and that's it.
（2）相当于That's right.表示“对啦”
例— I guess the key to the problem is the choice “A”—That's it.
6. catch it
在口语中，相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”
例We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.
7. have it
（1）相当于say，insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”
例Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.
（2）相当于get to know something，表示“了解，知道，获悉”
例I had it from John that she was going abroad.
8. have what it takes
在口语中，相当于be well qualified for，表示“具有成功的条件”
例You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.
9. so it seems / appears.
10. Keep at it！（Don't give up！）
相当于go on，表示“继续做，不放弃”
例My teacher asked me to keep at it.
11. Go it！（Go on！）拼命干，莽撞
12. Now you have done it！（You have done sth. wrong.）
13. Now you'll catch it！（You'll be punished.）
14. As it happened，…
在口语中，相当于it's a pity that…，表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”
例As it happened，they were out.
15. As it turned out，…
在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end，表示“最后被证明是”
例As it turned out，his statement was false.
16. Such as it is（they are）
在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth much，表示“虽然没有多大价值”例You can borrow my exam notebook，such as it is.
17. Take it/things easy.
相当于Don't worry or don't hurry. 用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，沉住气”
例Take it easy！He will do it well.
18. Take it from me.
在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保”
例You can take it from me that he will make it this time.
19. For what it is worth…
在口语中，相当于although I'm not sure it's of value，表示“不管其价值如何”
例Here is the article I promise you，for what it's worth.
20. Worth it
在口语中，相当于useful，表示“有好处，值得做”
例Don't hesitate about it！It's worth it.
21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”
例Believe it or not，Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.
22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃
例That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it.
23. It all depends/that all depends
在口语中，相当于it hasn't been decided yet，表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来”例—Are you going to the countryside for holiday？
—It/That all depends.
24. It's up to sb.
在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决定，由……负责，取决于……”例—Shall we go out for dinner？
—It's up to you.
it用法小结：
It用作实词
表达以下概念:
指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；
替代前文中的内容；
指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；
指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；
指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象。
一、it 作人称代词的用法
1. 指事物
作为人称代词，it 可以除人以外的一切事物或动物。如：
I dropped my watch and it broke. 我把手表掉在地上摔坏了。
It?s hard work, but I enjoy it. 工作很辛苦，可是我乐意干。
“Where is the dog?” “It?s in the bedroom. ” “狗在哪?”“在卧室里”。
2. 指人
it 指人主要用于指不性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如：
Is it a boy or a girl? 是男孩还是女孩?
There is a knock on the door. It must be the postman. 有人在敲门，一定是邮递员。
【说明】在答语中，常用来指本人，如说It?s me。
3. 代替某些代词
代词it 还可用于代替指示代词this, that 以及复合不定代词something, anything, nothing等。如：
“What?s this?” “It?s a new machine. ” “这是什么?”“是一种新机器”。
Nothing is wrong, is it? 没出什么问题，是吗?
二、it 作非人称代词的用法
1. 基本用法
it 作非人称代词的用法，主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如：
It?s too late to go there now. 现在去那儿已经太迟了。
It rained all day yesterday. 昨天下了一天的雨。
It can get very hot here. 这里有时会很热。
2. 用于某些句型
It?s time for sth. 该做某事了。
It?s time to do sth. 该做某事的时候了。
It?s time for sb to do sth. 某人该干某事了。
It?s (about / high) time + that-从句. 某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式，有时也用“should+动词原形”)
It?s first (second) time + that-从句. 某人第几次干某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时) It?s + 时间段+ since-从句. 自从……有一段时间了。
It?s + 时间段+ before-从句. 过多长的时间才……
三、it用作形式主语
1. 基本用法
当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作句子主语时，为保持句子平衡，通常把真正的主语放在句末，而在句首使用形式主语it。如：
It?s very important to remember this. 记住这一点很重要。
It?s h ard work climbing mountains. 爬山是费劲的事。
It?s unknown when he will come. 他什么时候来还不知道。
2. 用作形式主语的的重要句型
(1) It + be + adj. for (of) sb to do sth 某人做某事……
It is hard for him to make up his mind. 他很难下定决心。
It was foolish of her to say such a thing. 她说那样的话，真是太蠢了。
【说明】介词of 与for 的区别是：
of 用于指某人的性格、属性、特征等，介词for表示对象，意为“对……来说” 。
(2) It takes sb + 时间段+ to do sth. 某人做某事花了……时间
It takes years to master a new language. 要花多年的时间才能掌握一门新的语言。
【说明】此句型可以有以下多变种变体：It took me an hour to write the letter. =The letter took me an hour (to write). =I took an hour to write the letter. 我写这封信花了一个小时
(3) It is up to sb to do sth. 该由某人做某事
It?s up to you to to make the choice. 得由你来作选择。
(4) it look (seem, appear, happen, occur) that [as if]… 似乎……
It seemed as though h e didn?t recognize me. 他似乎没认出我来。
It happened that I was out when he called. 他打电话时我碰巧不在家。
(5) If it were not for… / If it hadn?t been for… 若不是因为……
If it were not for their help, we couldn?t have got over the difficulties. 要不是他们帮助，这些困难我们不克服不了的。
四、it用作形式宾语
1. 基本用法
当不定式、动名词、从句等复杂成分用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时，通常会在宾语补足语前使用形式宾语，而将真正的宾语移至句末。
其基本结构为“动词+it+宾语补足语+不定式(动名词或从句)”。如：
I find it difficult to do the job well. 我发现做好这件事不容易。
I think it best that you should stay here. 我认为你最好住这儿。
We think it no use complaining. 我们认为抱怨是没有用的。
2. 用作形式宾语的几个特殊结构
(1) 动词+ it + that-从句。如：
I like it that you came. 你来了，我很高兴。
I take it (that) he will come on time. 我认为他会准时来的。
You can put it that it was arranged before. 你可以说这是以前安排的。
Rumor has it that the defence minister will soon resign. 据传闻，国防部长不久就要辞职。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有have, take, put, like等。
(2) 动词+ it + when (if)-从句。如：
I dislike it when you whistle. 我不爱听你吹口哨。
We really appreciate it when she offered to help. 她来帮忙了，我们十分感激。I?d prefer it if I didn?t have to do so much work. 要是我不必做那么多工作，好就太好了。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate, prefer等。
(3) 动词+ prep + it + that-从句。如：
See to it that you?re not late again. 注意千万不要再迟到。
Look to it that this doesn?t happen again. 注意不要再发生这种事。
You may rely on it that he?ll come to meet you. 你放心，他会来接你的。
I can?t answer for it that he will come. 我不能保证他会来。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有see to, look to, insist on, stick to, depend on, answer for 等。
(4) 动词+ it + 介词短语+ that-从句。如：
I owe it to you that I am still alive. 多亏有你我才仍然活着。
I took it for granted that he would help us. 我认为他会帮助我们的。
【说明】能用于此结构的动词不多，常见的有take it for granted, bring it to sb’s attention, owe it to sb 等。
I
t在强调句中的使用
It is＋被强调部分＋that(who)＋其他
在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：
1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句
2. 在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句。
3. 在强调not … until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上。
4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别。
5. 不管被强调部分是单数还是复数，其前一律用It is / It was，而不能用They are / There were之类的。
6. 被强调部分是指人时，被强调部分后可用that / who，被强调部分指物时，被强调部分后只能用that。
7. 被强调部分是指时间或地点时，被强调部分后通常用that，一般不用when，where之类的。例：
It is I who am right. 是我对。
It was you that were wrong. 是你错了。
It was in the Japan that he died. 他是死于日本。
It was yesterday that he got married. 他是昨天结婚的。
It was a computer that he bought last week. 他上个星期买的是一台电脑。Where was it that she lived? 她是住在什么地方?
When was it that he left for Japan? 他是什么时候离开去日本的?
Who is it that teaches you English? 是谁教你们英语?
be proud of 和take pride in的区别?
1.从语法上讲，take pride in ＝to be proud of，两者都是“以...为荣”的意思，即可接someone，也可接something.
2.用法上，各自稍有侧重点：
be proud of －语法上可看出，描述的是“处于”proud的状态，暗含着因果关系。比如：
I am proud of my child. 我以我的孩子为荣（我为我的孩子感到骄傲）。
即说明了“我”处于骄傲状态，也点出骄傲的原因在于后面。
take pride in 更多强调是一种主动的态度，
I take pride in my work. 虽然也可以译成：我以工作为荣；但更有一层意思是：
我在工作中兢兢业业，认真上进，我以此为荣。有付出，以成果为荣。因此是主动的
上面的be proud of，如果是我的孩子，我当然有付出；但如果后面是其它的，比如某个人的事迹让人感到，我虽然不认识他（她），但我认可其行为，也可说I am proud of him(her)。并不表示我一定要付出。也许正因如此，似乎具体的应用中，take pride in 多接something。
英语有云：Be proud，take pride （我骄傲，我自豪）
也有：Do not be proud, but take pride in your work!
（不要只因你的工作而骄傲，为你的所作所为而自豪）
3. pride 不用复数。
4. 这两个短语都是“以...为傲”的意思，但是proud是形容词性，pride是名词性，be proud of和take pride in后面都可以加sth.或doing sth.
区别就是在be和take上，一个是用be动词，一个用的是动词。
例子1：I'm proud of my country.我为我的国家而骄傲。
I take pride in my country.我为我的国家而骄傲。
例子2：I'm proud of helping others when they are trouble.
我为自己能在别人有困难时帮助他人而自豪。
I take pride in helping others when they are trouble.
我为自己能在别人有困难时帮助他人而自豪。
be proud of和take pride in [从汉语的角度，不太明显。但be proud of是系表结构，强调的是状态！take pride in 是行为动作。意思是相同的，后面都可以接sb/sth
考点名称：被动语态
语态：是动词的一种形式，它表示主语和谓语的关系。
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态；
如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。
被动语态的构成:
被动语态的基本结构：主语+be +过去分词(+by+动作的发出者）
①一般现在时：am/is/are+过去分词
如：Trees are planted every year.
②现在进行时am/is/are+ being +过去分词
如：The road is being repaired.
③现在完成时have/has + been +过去分词
如：The work has been finished.
④一般过去时was/were + 过去分词
如：The story was told by him.
Many birds were killed last year.
⑤过去进行时was/were+ being + 过去分词
如： The new house was being painted when I got home.
⑥过去完成时had +been+ 过去分词
如：He told me that the work had been finished.
⑦一般将来时will +be + 过去分词
如：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
⑧过去将来时would/should +be +过去分词
如：He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon.
⑨情态动词的被动语态
情态动词+ be +过去分词
如：The problem must be solved soon.
Children should be taught to love animals.
被动语态使用注意:
1. 不及物动词无被动语态。如：happen, break down, come out......
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。如：write, sell, ride.....
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带“to”，但变为被动语态时，须加上“to”。
例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can?t laugh at him. →He can?t be laughed at by us.
He listen s to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
构成be+done.
主动句变为被动句所遵循的4个步骤：
①把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
②把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化，而动词的时态则保持不变。
③原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略。
④其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。
不用于被动语态的情形：
①不及物动词没有被动语态
这类动词有take place, happen, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last, arise等。
例如：A fire broke out during the night.
②某些静态动词不用于被动语态
这类动词有have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。
例如：My shoes do not fit me.
③宾语为相互代词和反身代词时不用于被动语态
例如：We should help each other.
关于主动形式表示被动意义:
①系动词（如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等）要用主动表被动，因为系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。
例如：The building looks very beautiful.
②当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如：The book sells well.
③有的动词本身含有被动意味，通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。
例如：Her eyes filled with tears.
④不定式to blame, to let用作表语时，通常要用主动表被动。
例如：Who is to blame?
⑤某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如：The book is difficult to understand.
⑥不定式用于某些动词（如have, have got, get, want, need等）的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。例如：Do you have time to help us?
⑦在too...to do sth.和...enough to do sth. 这两个结构中，若主语与其后不定式为to do sth.被动关系，则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义（有时也可直接用被动式）。
例如：The writing is too faint to read.
⑧be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。
例如：This movie is worth seeing.
⑨在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。
例如：The house needs cleaning.
表示“据说”的三类被动句型:
①It is said that...句式
例如：It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number.
②There is said that...句式
例如：There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast.
③sb./sth.is said that...句式
例如：Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.
一、理解含情态动词的被动语态的概念含情态动词的被动语态说明某个被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。
初中阶段可用于被动语态的情态动词有“can、may、must、need、should”等，分别表示“能够被…”，“可以被…”，“必须被…”，“需要被…“，应该被…”等。二、掌握含情态动词的被动语态的不同句式的变换方法含情态动词的被动语态的疑问句、否定句的变化均借助于情态动词完成。
（一）一般疑问句直接将陈述句被动语态中的情态动词提前。如：
Must this work be done at once？这项工作必须立即完成吗？
Should your homework be finished before six？你的家庭作业应在六点前完成吗？
（二）特殊疑问句由疑问词加上一般疑问句被动语态构成。如：
When must his work be done？这工作必须在什么时候完成？
Where can the lost book be found？这本失踪的书能在什么地方被找到？（三）反意疑问句借助情态动词构成附加疑问部分。如：
This bridge can be built next year，can't it？这座桥明年能建成，是吗？
This book shouldn't be taken out of the library，should it？这本书不应被带出图书馆，是吗？
（四）否定句在情态动词后面加上“not”或“never”即可，但“must”表“必要”时否定式为“needn't”。如：
This work needn't be done at once．这项工作没必要立即做。
This dustbin shouldn't be put here．这个垃圾箱不应放在这儿。
三、含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答应保留原情态动词，
但“must”表“必须”时，其否定回答应用“needn't”、“need”表“必要”时，其肯定回答应用“must”。如：
—Should my exercises be finished today？我的作业应在今天完成吗？—Yes，they should．是的，应在今天完成。（No，they shouldn't．不，不应在今天完成。）
—Must his exercise book be handed in at once？他的练习本必须立即上交吗？—Yes，it must．是的，必须立即上交。（No，it needn't．不，不必立即上交。）—Need he be operated on at once？他必须立即手术吗？
—Yes，he must．是的，他必须。（No，he needn't．不，他不必。）used to只有一种存在形式,一般过去式。
具体用法如下：
（1）在肯定句中，表示现在己经不再发生，不复存在的过去的行为或存在的状态。
He used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day.他过去每天抽20支烟。
There used to be a building there.那里曾经有座大楼。
（2）used to 通常只能跟不定式，但偶尔也能跟进行时，意思一样。
He used to be always making jokes.他过去总爱开玩笑。
（3）在疑问句、否定句或强调句中，可以有两种形式：
Used you to go to work by bike?
Did you use to go to work by bike? 你过去常骑车上班吗？
He usedn't to smoke as much as he does now.
He didn't use to smoke as much as he does now. 他过去不像现在抽这么多烟。
I certainly used to play football, but it was a long time ago.
I certainly did use to play football, but it was a long time ago. 我过去的确常踢足球，但那是很久以前的事了。
（4）在反意疑问句或简略回答中，也有两种形式：
John used to be very fat, didn't he/usedn't he? 约翰曾经很胖，是吗。—Used you to live in Shanghai?—你过去曾住在上海？
—Yes, I did/ I used to.—是的。
no longer, not ... any longer 与no more, not ... any more的语法区别
(1) 用作副词表示时间上的“不再”，可用no longer, not…any longer, not…any
more：
He knows that he i s no longer young. 他知道自己不再年轻。
She could no longer go to school. 她不再能上学了。
This is no longer a distant dream. 这已不再是遥远的梦。
I can’t wait any longer.我不能再等了。
I am not concerned with that matter any longer.我不再和这事有关。
Y ou won’t ever see her any more.你不会再见到她。
I just can’t stand this life any more.我简直受不了这种生活。
We won’t have any more discussion about it. 我们将不再作更多讨论了。
We don’t live here any more [longer]. / We no longer live here. 我们不住在这里了。
He once knew her, but they are no longer friends. 他过去认识她，但现在不再是朋友了。
no longer 通常位于句中的实意动词之前，动词be、助动词和情态动词之后，有时也可位于句末或句首(用于句首时，其后用倒装语序)：
He no longer loves her. / He loves her no longer. / No longer does he love her. 他再也不爱她了。
【注】原来no more 也可表示时间上的“不再”(但要与非延续性动词连用，且位于句末)，但在现代英语中，no more 一般不这样用。
(2) 以下各例中的more 和longer 分别为much 和long的比较级，此时两者
不可混淆：
There is no more bread. 没有面包了。
The boy doesn?t want any more. 这孩子不想再要了。
This rope is no longer than that one. 这根绳子与那根绳子一样不长。
1. 表示数量或程度，要用no more(后接名词，more 为形容词，不接名词，
more 为名词)或not ... any more。如：
There is no more bread. 没有面包了。
I have no more to say. 我再没有什么要说的了。
The boy doesn't want any more. 这孩子不想再要了。
2. 表示时间，no more 通常用于句末，且一般与非延续性动词连用。no longer
通常放在句中(放在行为动词之前或特殊动词之后)，可用于延续性动词和非延续性动词，此时也可用not ... any more 或not ... any longer。如：We don't live here any more [longer]. / We no longer live here. 我们不住在这里了。
He knows that he is no longer young. 他知道自己不再年轻。
我再也不去那里了。
正：I will go there no more.
正：I will no longer go there.
正：I won't go there any longer [any more].
注：在正式的文体中，no longer 也可位于句首(句子用倒装)或句末。如：No longer does he love her. / He loves her no longer. 他再也不爱她了。
no longer 与no more 用法区别
1. —Excuse me, is this Mr Brown's office?
—I'm sorry, but Mr Brown ________ works here. He left about three years ago.
A、not now
B、no more C. not still D. no longer
2. — Will you give this message to Mr White, please?
—Sorry, I can't. He ________
A. doesn't any more work here
B. doesn't any longer work here