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英国历史与文化

简答题

1.What,in your opinion,are the main cause for the slow growth of britain`s economy since the second.A.two World Wars—great economic loss, heavily in debt.

B.the era of the British Empire was over by the mid-20th century

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/007294689.html,itary expense (until the process of decolonization completed in the 1960s0)

D.failure to invest in modern equipment and new products.

2.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they?

Three periods:Old English, Middle English and Modern English.

3.Who are considered as the trio of English poetry giants?And list their representative work.

(1)Geoffrey chaucer:The Canterbury Tales

(2)William Shakespeare:Hamlet ,Othello,King Lear,Macbeth ,Romeo and Juliet

(3)John Milton:Paradise Lost,Paradise Regained ,Samson Agonistes

4.what are the roles of the monarchy today?

In reality,her role is “ceremonial,unpolitical and symbolic”:

(1)state opening of the parliament(2)royal assent to new law(3)meeting with the prime minister at Buckingham Palace(4)pay state visits to Commonwealth countries as head of state and non—Commonwealth countries on behalf of the British government

5.In what ways do British university enjoy complete academic freedom?

British universities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appoint

their own staff,decide which students to admit ,provide their own courses and award their own deg rees.论述题

1.Discuss elements and functions of British Parliament?

The British Parliament today consists of the King or Queen ,the House of Lords(上议院),

and the House of Commons (下议院).

King or Queen is the source of all government powers.They are the head of the legislative exective and judicial branches,the commander-in-chief of all armed forces and “supreme governor” of the Church of England .

The main legislative function of the House of Lords is to examine and revise bills from the House of commons ,but the Law Lords cannot normally prevent proposed legislation from becoming law if the House of commons insists on it. It also acts in a legal capacity as the highest court of appeal。

The House of commons most important work is drafting new laws.The second function of the House of commons is to scrutinize,criticize and restrain tne actions of government.The third function is to influence future government policy.

2.What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?

The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, industrial productivity increased d ramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in t he world. Second, urbanization took place. Many new cities sprang up. Third, it caused great chan ges in the class structure. The old social classes

declined, and new ones emerged and developed. The conflict between the capitalists

and the proletarians became the most important political issue.

3.Explain the rise and fall of the British Empire?

Colonization of Newfoundland, in 1583 marked the beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, B ritain had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, India and many small stats in the West Indies. By the end of the 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the glo bal population and nearly a quarter of the

world’s landmass. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated

the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government.

Before World WarⅠ, Britain had the largest colonial empire in the world. However,

Britain suffered great loss to its manpower in the two World Wars and exhausted its

reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment. Most of Britain’

s colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to

the fall of the Empire.

名词解释

1.Industrial Revolution:The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the

consequences in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.Britain was the first country to industrialize.The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile industry.

2.Black Death:Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic diseases spread by rat fleas. It spread Europe in the 14th century, particularly in 1347—1350. It had reduced England’s population from four million to two million by the

end of the 14th century. The economic consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor.

3.The Norman Conquest The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in En glish history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman foll owers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.

4.The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争

the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld

in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English

feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened

5.The Glorious Revolution of 1688光荣革命

In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II.The English politicians reject ed James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English t hrone. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed , nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.

6.The Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制:A constitutional monarchy is a form of constitutionalgovernment,According to this system; the Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but doe snt rule.The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact in the House of Commons.

7. StandardEnglish Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of the southeastern England; it is widely used in media and taught at schools. It is preferred by the

educated, middle-class people. Is has developed and has been promoted as a model

for the correct British English. It is also the norm carried overseas. Today, Standard

English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and use

8.British Constitution: There is no written constitution in the United kingdom.The British Constitution is not set out in any single document,but made up of statute https://www.wendangku.net/doc/007294689.html,mon law and conventions.the Judiciary determines common law and interpret statues.

9.checks and balances The government is divided into three branches,the legislative,the executive and the judicial,each has part of the powers but not all the power.And each branch of government can check,or block,the actions of the other branches.The three branches are thus in balances.This called”checks and balances”

10.quality press Among the 10 daily national newspapers in Britain,about half of them are regarded as the “quality press”since they carry in—depth articles of political and social importance,reviews and feature articles about “high culture”,and they are generally read by well—education people.

填空题1.The full Great Britain ,Northern Ireland2.The capital London3.The highest Ben Navis4.There are state,independent 5.For all eleven6.The famous Isaac Newton7.The seat Westminster Palace8.The vital Prime minister9.The crown10.The government

Commons11.The electoral Constituencies12.The two Conservative ,Labour13.In terms

civil criminal14.The nickname John Bull15.The speaker Commons16.Christmas Day December 25th.

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