2014北京一模文段阅读模拟真题

文段一

①地图的起源，有人推测比文字还要早。在史前时代，古人就知道用符号来记载或说明自己生活的环境、走过的路线等。据学者考证，早在1万年前就出现了在地上用线划、简单符号表示地物的原始地图。现今保存最古老的地图是公元前27世纪苏美尔人绘制在陶片上的地图。

②每一幅地图，都是利用点、线、面组合成的符号来表示各种地理事物，对这些点、线、面组成的符号的解释，叫做图例；用来说明各种地理事物名称的文字以及表示山高、水深的数字，叫做注记。符号系统和注记构成了地图独有的语言。地图是运用地图语言来描述地理事物的，这比其他的语言文字更形象、更直观。

③传统意义上，地图是表示真实世界的平面图，它不仅是现实世界的简单再现，而且更多地反映人们对自己的生活空间、对自然的认知水平，反映当时的政治经济、科技文化和思想意识等。可以这么说，地图能够折射出时代的影子。

17．文段一主要从三个方面介绍了与地图有关的信息，请用简要的语言概括。（每个信息不超过20字）（3分）

主要信息：①②③

18．阅读下面的文字，判断它与文段一哪个段落的内容联系紧密，并简要陈述理由。（4分）

古希腊人赫加斯特绘制了一幅世界地图，他把希腊作为世界的中心，周围是一片海洋和小块的陆地。在海岸边，画着一个手持路牌的巨人，路牌上写着：“到此止步，勿再前进。”在那时的人看来，大海是神秘莫测的。

答：

文段二

①电子地图，也叫数字地图，是传统的地图理论与现代信息技术充分结合的产物。

②传统纸质地图，通常是通过符号的结构、大小、色彩等来显示地理信息。例如，它用线的形状、宽度、颜色等不同符号表示公路的等级及其他信息。电子地图是以数字的方式存储信息。同样表示公路信息，电子地图可以记录公路等级、名称、路面材料、起止点名称、路宽、长度、交通流量等大量信息。此外，电子地图中除了可以看到具体目标的地理位置，还可以知道餐饮，住宿、天气等其他的服务信息。同时，电子地图能将多幅地图进行拼接，可以在一定的限定内放大、缩小甚至旋转，并且提供了多种搜索功能。

19．根据文段二的内容，说说与传统纸质地图相比，电子地图的优势是什么。（4分）

答：

文段一

《后汉书·华佗传》具体记载了他应用全身麻醉方法施行腹腔切除术的过程。华佗让病人以酒服“麻沸散”，等病人全身麻醉毫无知觉后，“刳破腹背，抽割积聚”。若病在肠胃，便把肠胃切开，清除积秽，然后再进行缝合，敷上“神膏”，创口数日后即能愈合。当华佗施用“麻沸散”进行外科手术时，西方医学界还在采用放血、棒击病人头部使病人休克或昏迷的原始麻醉方法。华佗的外科麻醉手术，比西方要早1600年。

东汉末年的张仲景“勤求古训，博采众方”，广泛收集有效方剂，写成《伤寒杂病论》，此书共16卷，分为“伤寒”和“杂病”两部分。书中对疾病的诊断、治疗进行了理论性的阐述，并注重根据病人病症的“阴阳、表里、虚实、寒热”不同，进行“辨证施治”。这部书奠定了我国中医治疗学的基础，一直被后世中医奉为经典。

文段二

正式的书籍，是在春秋战国时代出现的。起先，人们把文字写在竹片或木片上，这些木片或竹片称作简或牍。把竹子、木板劈成同样长度和宽度的细条（一般5寸至2尺长），削平表面，在上面用刀子刻字或用漆笔写，每片可以写8到14个字。有的把简牍用麻绳、丝绳或者皮条串编起来，称作“册”，这个“册”字，像在几片竹简中间穿上绳索的样子。这种笨重的书，使用起来是极不方便的。

春秋末期，还出现了写在绸子上面的书，这种书称作帛书。它可以卷起来，一部书就是一卷或几卷绸子，用木棒做轴，所以也叫它卷轴。后来，“卷”成了书的量词。人们常说的“开卷有益”“读书破万卷”，就是由此而来的。这种书比竹简轻便，但成本太高，不容易普遍采用。

东汉蔡伦用树皮、麻头（麻屑）、破布、破鱼网等为原料制成“蔡侯纸”。几个世纪后，造纸术才传到朝鲜、日本、印度和阿拉伯，后又传到欧洲。

纸的发明，为书的发展提供了理想的材料，也促进了人类文化的传播。

17．根据文段一的内容，说出我国古代医学非常先进的具体表现。（4分）

答：

18．根据文段二的内容，写出纸的发明的重大意义以及认定这种意义的具体依据。（5分）答：意义：

具体依据：

19．综合文段一和文段二的内容，你能得出什么结论，请写在下面。（3分）

答：

密云司马台长城

①司马台长城位于密云县东北部的古北口镇境内，全长5．4公里，敌楼35座，是唯一一段保留明长城原貌的古长城。由于其特殊的地形条件和修筑者们的智慧创造，长城随着刀锋般的山脊奔驰，时宽时窄，时起时落，城台、敌楼、障墙在很短的一段距离里形式之多，变化之大，在整个万里长城之中极为罕见。司马台长城以“惊、险、奇”著称，著名长城专家罗哲文教授赞誉道“中国长城是世界之最，司马台长城堪称中国长城之最”。

②司马台长城构思新颖、形态各异，它集万里长城众多特色于一地，形成了一段“奇妙的长城”。这里长城的墙体，既有人所常见的“城墙类型”，也有适应悬崖峭壁的山势而建的“半边墙类型”；既有随缓坡而舒展的马道，也有陡坡上以大阶梯叠进的“天梯”。空心敌台形势多样，同样令建筑史家叹为观止。仅敌台上的望亭，就有一间房、三间房、三间房加前后廊，三间房加周围廊等几种，屋顶有歇山、悬山、硬山、卷棚和重檐悬山式多种。

③长城的最高处为“仙女楼”，需登“天梯”而上。天梯高达100米，坡度85度，几近垂直，无胆量的绝难征服。仰头上望，那砖石砌就的台阶仅可容脚，两侧悬崖陡壁，中间这一道台阶细如线，薄如刃，陡如立，不由人望梯兴叹，倒吸一口凉气。爬上仙女楼，景色果然更加壮美秀丽，俯首看脚下的悬崖，刀削斧劈一般，几缕雾岚挂在绝壁处，更显得陡峭惊险。西北边金山岭长城与司马台长城浑然一体，活像一条即将腾飞的苍龙。长城上大小不同、形态各异的敌楼，恰到好处地建立在各个制高点上，威风凛然，冷峻挺拔。整段长城，完美和谐，气势磅礴，处处显示出她的巧妙、奇特、雄伟和壮丽。再看看连绵不断的燕山山脉奔涌而起，叠起无数的奇幻；看看辽阔的华北平原无边无际，一直铺向目不所及的天边，在这博大奇异的景色中，令人不禁惊叹：司马台长城——神奇！

15．阅读第①段，指出是什么原因成就了司马台长城“惊、险、奇”的特征？“之最”的内涵都有哪些？(4分)

16

应？（4分）

答：

洛杉矶治理雾霾的艰难历程

①1943年的洛杉矶“光化学烟雾事件”夺去了400余人的生命，洛杉矶市由此开始了漫长的

治理雾霾历程，而这一历程的艰难远远超出了人们的预想。

②首先是对治理对象的认识，就经历了一个不断深入的艰难过程。洛杉矶市三面依山，一面临

海，处于盆地之中，大气状态以下沉气流为主，地理环境极不利于污染物的扩散；且该市常年高温少雨，日照强烈，这也给光化学烟雾的形成创造了条件；在这样的地理环境、气候条件下，工厂、家庭焚化炉、机动车等多种污染源同时排放出的大量烟雾，长期聚集在城市上空，发生化学反应，就会造成光化学烟雾。最初洛杉矶政府严格限制油田、炼油厂等企业的废气排放，但收效并不明显。

后来研究人员发现城市雾霾的最大“元凶”其实是机动车尾气排放，于是又将治理的主要对象转向了汽车。颁布禁止排放烟雾的法令，成立机动车污染控制局，强制汽车生产商研发废气控制装置，通过低息贷款和补贴的方式鼓励人们尝试使用清洁燃料汽车，这一系列举措使得雾霾治理工作有了一些起色。

③这之后，又一难题摆在了洛杉矶市政府面前。汽车是洛杉矶市民必不可少的出行工具，上世

纪60年代初，该市汽车保有量就已超过250万辆，如此多的车必然会造成更多的污染。既要有效控制污染，又要让公众享有现代文明生活和经济发展的益处，这一双重挑战给治理工作带来了更大困难。洛杉矶市一方面制定法规，鼓励人们最大限度地提高私家车出行时的载人数，满载私家车可使用公交专用车道，由此减少拥堵和排污；另一方面，在研发使用新的技术手段进行监管上，继续加大力度。比如，要求出售的汽车全部安装“行驶诊断系统”，一旦车辆废气超标，就可以被监测到，可让其及时脱离排污状态和接受维修。又如，开发应用智能交通系统，提高交通管理水平，有效减少堵车和机动车污染。

④最终，从1947年洛杉矶成立统一的空气污染控制部门到2007年达到法律规定的清洁空气标

准，足足经历了60年之久的治理，洛杉矶才真正摆脱了“烟雾城”的耻辱，重新获得了蓝天白云，完成了治理雾霾的艰难历程。

17．从全文看，洛杉矶治理雾霾历程的艰难主要体现在哪几个方面？（3分）

答：

18．阅读下面材料，说说伦敦和洛杉矶在空气污染成因上的相似之处，并指出他们在整治汽车尾气污染方面的措施有何不同。（4分）

【链接材料】

1952年的“伦敦烟雾事件”是该城历史上最黑色的记忆，短短5天至少造成了1．2万人死亡。家庭燃煤取暖和工业排放、汽车尾气叠加，使得冬季空气污染物的排放量剧增，加之地处盆地，废气难以扩散，整个城市俨然变成了一个令人窒息的毒气室。为治理空气污染，伦敦先后出台《环境法》等一系列法案，发展科学技术，减少煤炭使用量，逐步实现居民生活天然气化，采用新型技术来清洁空气，整治汽车尾气超标排放，严格限制私家车和公务用车。最终，伦敦摘掉了“雾都”的帽子。

答：

文段一

陶器是人类的一项重要发明，它的产生和古人类的生产生活密切相关。古人大多依山傍水而居，他们需要寻找贮水、汲水、贮存和蒸煮食物的器具，而此时人类已知道土壤加水后会具有可塑性，并在用火上取得了丰富的经验，这些都为陶器的产生准备了条件。又因为陶器不易携带，既笨重又容易破损，所以陶器的起源必然还与人类定居的生活方式有着密切的关系。有人推测，定居后的古人为了使枝条编制的器皿耐火和密致无缝而为其涂上黏土，后来发现经过火烧后，黏土部分变得十分坚硬，进而直接用黏土烧制成器，于是发明出原始的陶器。可以说，陶器是反映古人类生产生活方式的“史书”。

19．根据“文段一”的内容，说说促成人类发明陶器的条件有哪些。（3分）

答：

文段二

20世纪后半叶，考古学家对江西仙人洞遗址进行了多次挖掘，获得了大量的陶器、石器、骨器、蚌器等人工制品和动物骨骼，其中的陶器引起了学术界的高度关注。由于当时考古界普遍认为陶器应当出现于新石器时代，因此当时人们认为仙人洞陶器最早产生的时间不会早于距今1万年。

2009年，中美考古学家在仙人洞遗址重新清理出地层剖面，并在剖面上采集了一系列碳-14

测年样本和地层微结构样本，确定了碳-14测年样本跟以往出土过陶器的地层的关系。最终，他们采用放射性碳素测年法准确地测出了仙人洞遗址陶器所处的年代应为距今2万年，这是目前世界上已认定的陶器产生的最早年代。这一发现，颠覆了人们对陶器产生时间的认识，为研究古人类生产生活方式提供了新的资料。

20．根据“文段二”的内容，说出中美考古学家判定仙人洞遗址陶器所处年代依据的方法，以及这一判定的价值。（3分）

①方法：

②价值：

）

文段一

天坛的主题建筑是祈年殿，每年皇帝都在这里举行祭天仪式，祈祷风调雨顺、五谷丰登。祈年殿呈圆形，直径32米，高38米，是三重檐亭式圆殿，宝顶鎏金，碧蓝琉璃瓦盖顶；殿内九龙藻井极其精致，富丽堂皇，光彩夺目，装饰工艺十分精美。大殿结构十分独特，不用大梁和长檩，檐顶以柱和枋桷承重，中央的四根立柱高19．2米，代表一年中的四季，外围两排各有12根柱子，分别代表十二月和时辰。大殿建于高6米的三层汉白玉石台上，既造成向上的动感，又使人感到端庄、稳重。

16．根据文段一的内容，写出祈年殿被后人称道的两个最突出的特点。（4分）

答：

文段二

规模宏伟，富丽堂皇的天坛建于公元15世纪上半叶，位于北京天安门的东南，占地270万平方米，是明清两代皇帝祭祀上天和祈求丰收的场所，是中国现存最大的古代祭祀性建筑群，有着较高的历史价值。

天坛从选位、规划、建筑的设计以及祭祀的礼仪和乐舞，无不依据中国古代《周易》阴阳、五行等学说，成功地把古人对“天”的认识、“天人关系”以及对上苍的愿望表现得淋漓尽致，有着深刻的文化内涵。天坛又以大面积树林和丰富的植被创造了“天人协和”的生态环境，是研究古代生态环境的实物，极具科学价值，是皇家祭坛建筑群中杰出的范例。天坛在建筑设计和营造上集明、清建筑技术、艺术之大成，具有很高的建筑艺术价值。天坛已经列入《世界文化遗产名录》。把天坛这具有世界性突出价值的艺术杰作列入世界文化遗产将更有利于对它的保护，使其永久传世。

17．根据文段二的内容，写出天坛的价值以及认定这些价值的依据。（8分）

价值：

依据：

英语四级阅读理解模拟试题及答案详解第26期

最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：（报名网址） 【阅读练习】 Until the 1980s, the American homeless population comprised mainly older males. Today, homelessness strikes much younger part of society. In fact, a 25-city survey by the U. S. Conference of Mayors in 1987 found that families with children make up the fastest growing part of the homeless population. Many homeless children gather in inner cities; this transient(变化无常的) and frequently frightened student population creates additional problems —both legal and educational —for already overburdened urban school administrators and teachers. Estimates of the number of homeless Americans range from 350,000 to three million. Likewise, estimates of the number of homeless school children vary radically. A U.S. Department of Education report, based on state estimates, states that there are 220,000 homeless school-age children, about a third of whom do not attend school on a regular basis, But the National Coalition for the Homeless estimates that there are at least two times as many homeless children, and that less than half of them attend school regularly.One part of the homeless population that is particularly difficult to count consists of the “throwaway”youths who have been cast of their homes. The Elementary School Center in New York City estimates that there are 1.5 million of them, many of whom are not counted as children because they do not stay in family shelters and tend to live by themselves on the streets.Federal law, the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987, includes a section that addresses the educational needs of homeless children. The educational provisions of the McKinney Act are based on the belief that all homeless children have the right to a free, appropriate education. 1. It is implied in the first paragraph that ____. A) the writer himself is homeless, even in his eighties B) many older homeless residents are going on strike in 25 cities C) there is a serious shortage of academic facilities D) homeless children are denied the opportunity of receiving free education 2. The National Coalition for the homeless believes that the number of homeless children is _____. A) 350,000 B) 1,500,000 C) 440,000 D) 110,000 3. One part of the homeless population is difficult to estimate. The reason might well be ____. A) the homeless children are too young to be counted as children B) the homeless population is growing rapidly

大学英语四级阅读选词填空模拟题及答案解析

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