英语专业写作资料

Try to Express the Following in English

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随着我国经济的发展，广告日趋繁荣。广告的策划手段可谓五花八门。报纸上登着各种各样的广告，电视节目中也时常穿插五颜六色的广告。甚至公共汽车，路边的电杆和人们的住宅区也备受广告商的青睐。可以说广告已成为人们生活的一部分。

方兴未艾的广告，表明商品在我国已进入了激烈竞争的时代。为扩大影响，打开销路，商家总是不遗余力地将商品的优点集于广告之中。广告给商家带来了可观的利润，也给消费者提供了购物信息和方便。

然而，某些吹得天花乱坠的广告却玩弄骗人的勾当。―进口彩电‖进家不久就没了图像。―名牌皮鞋‖穿上不久便掉了鞋跟。―高档压力锅‖可能吓得人魂飞魄散。某些―灵丹妙药‖甚至使人病情恶化。因此，我们必须小心，切勿轻信上当。

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With the development of economy in our country, advertising has become prosperous. There are different ways in advertising. There are a lot of ads in newspapers, and on TV people can see colorful ads, too. Even buses, electric poles and people‘s living places become the favorite places for advertisements.We can say that advertising has become part of people‘s daily life.

The more and more advertisements show that goods in our country have come to a time of competition. To make people know more about the products, businesses try hard to focus the advantages in their ads. Advertisements have not only brought about big profits to the business, and also provided convenience to the consumers.

However, some beautiful ads will cheat the buyers. Some ?Imported Color TV sets‘ will have no picture not long after they have been bought. Some leather shoes of famous brand will lose heels and the ?Pressure cooker of high quality‘ can become very terrible to people. Some ?Best medicine‘ will even kill the patients. So, we must be careful and try not to be cheated.

Please compare:

The development of China‘ economy has witnessed the fantastic booming of commercials in the country. Strategies of advertisers are full of creativity. There are various advertisements in newspapers, and TV programs tend to give way to fascinating ads. Even the buses, electric poles and people‘s living quarters have become the favorite places of advertisers.

The ever-increasing commercials indicate the commodities in China have come to a fierce competitive time. To promote sales, businesses endeavor to highlight all the possible advantages of their products in their tempting commercials for the prospect. Undoubtedly, ads, a good strategy in commercial campaign, have created great profits for the business concerned. Meanwhile, consumers are benefited from the market information and convenience in purchasing.

However, some eye-catching advertisements prove to be misleading. The ?Imported color TV sets‘ will refuse to produce any pictures shortly after consumers have bought them. Some ?Leather shoes of famous brand‘ tend to lose heels in several days, which is really frustrating. The ?Quality pressure cooker‘ can, believe it or not, frighten the users to death. What makes it worse is that some ?Secret medicine‘ will even kill the patients. Therefore, we must be careful and not to be fooled into believing all that the ads tell us.

Time

Time is life. People who love life will treasure time. Just as the Chinese saying goes, ―Time is as pre cious as gold‖. Actually, time is so valuable a commodity that it can never be saved. It is unlikely that we can stockpile time like wood for the winter. No one can sense time directly. Even brilliant scientists and philosophers are not sure how to describe it. Because time is so elusive, it is easy to ignore. Time is perfectly content to remain hidden until we are nearly out of it.

Time is a nonrenewable resource that cannot be purchased with money. If we are out of money, we are able to earn a little extra. But when we‘re out of time, it never comes back. When this minute is gone, it‘s gone forever. People who are conscious of the importance of time will endeavor to make the best use of time both in their study and work. In this way, they can accomplish as much as they can during the course of their life. Some people, however, try hard to kill their time by daydreaming or talking nonsense. Undoubtedly, they will be regretful someday.

It is advisable to make out a feasible time schedule for things to be done. Never should we leave today‘s work till tomorrow. That is, there should be no excuse for ourselves when we fail to finish what we plan to do on time. Furthermore, an awareness of the odds of time should be encouraged. On the whole, it pays to spend time efficiently and scientifically.

Unit One: Diction – Proper choice of words

Try to get the English words or phrases for the Chinese equivalents in the following sentences.

1. China is changing, and the changes in China, if they continue, may ________ (深刻的) change the whole world.

2. When I first saw the African tribes on the TV screen, I was really ________ (吸引) by the marvelous jungles, colorful weapons, furious animals and fantastic wild games.

3. For many years, English has been the ________ (主要的) language of the business community throughout much of the world.

4. As far as I am concerned, both of these influences are ________ (必不可少) for a child‘s growth.

5. In our society, the most commonly ________ (认可) standard of a student‘s academic is the de gree.

6. The fresh air after the rain gave people a feeling of ________ (格外) coolness and comfort.

7. Admittedly, the Internet can also be ________（危害）to people, because teenagers and adults will have free access to the pornography and other Web Sites which my have negative influences.

8. It is hard for a person who is ________ (隔绝) from the society to have a deep understanding of the world he lives in, and to accomplish a feat in his career.

9. Free and reliable Internet service will enable people to have ________ (获得) to different educational programs and useful information resources without stepping out of the house.

10. In the sincere friendship, one is able to find ________ (保护) from danger, encouragement in need, and helping hands when necessary.

11. The Beijing 2008 Olympic Games makes us all proud and provides us with a ________ (千载难逢) opportunity to leave a legacy, which will embrace our culture and national identity to our children for generations to come.

12. I would learn a lot of new words from these books, and I had terrible problems memorizing them. I had to look up the same word many times, which was quite ________ (令人气恼) .

13. Are we victims of a mechanical or industrial time? Can workaholics change their lifestyles by changing their ________ (观念) of time?

14. When anybody sees the dragon, they will know the image of China and feel the ________ (神奇的) power of Chinese history.

15. A great life is the result of ________ (分配) your time, energy, thoughts, and hard work towards what you want your life to be.

16. In every ________ (逆境) there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time.

17. People working diligently prepare themselves for the ________ (到来) of unpredictable opportunities.

18. Many people ________ (认为) that ideas about right and wrong are merely personal opinions. Some voices, though, are calling Americans back to traditional moral values.

19. Movie stars such as Hong Kong‘s Bruce Lee began to make martial arts p opular among countless young viewers. Through such movies people were ________ (目睹) martial arts and wondered how they might learn similar skills.

20. I will cherish these days forever as I ________ (依依不舍地) close the doors on my college life.

Try to supply the English equivalents for the Chinese words in the following Essay.

As a significant academic realm, university has brought itself extensive r_______ (认可) and undeniable high social appeal. Therefore, studying in a university is considered as one of the most valuable experiences in one‘s life. Needless to say, a student‘s academic performance in the university will be d________ (至关重要) to his future, for the most socially recognized standard of a student‘s academic education is the degree. A good degree usually means a d________ (体面的) and well-paid job. That is why a number of people regard the degree as the only thing worthwhile for college study. Admittedly, the degree is essential for graduates who e________ (期望) a bright future, but a degree is by no means the only opportunity university g________ (给予) college students.

To begin with, university not only provides us with an enjoyable atmosphere of study, but also other activities as clubs, societies and opportunities of doing research work. Apart from the r________ (必修) courses, we are able to communicate with various people on campus and gain fresh ideas from their talk. It is also d________ (令人愉快) to discuss with our professors over a challenging science problem, thus sharpening our minds in our e________ (探求) of knowledge. In addition, reading in the quiet library will surely preferable after class. All these can strongly shape our inclination, mature our thoughts, widen our horizon, and enrich our personality. For students who consider university as a place to e________ (提高) their standards of appreciation and taste, they will a________ (获取) more than degrees—it will be an all-round reward.

It is said that the higher the degree, the better the job. Nevertheless, it is not always absolutely true. Many great men made their a_________ (令人惊讶的) contributions to the mankind without a good degree or even an acceptable school record. For example, Einstein got many poor grades in college. But he turned out to be one of the greatest scientific g________ (巨匠) in history. The truth is that it is not his degree, but his university education and the original ideas he contacted with in college that gave rise to his profound insight (洞察) of the universe, which finally gave birth to the theory of relativity. O________ (显然), degree is not everything.

So as I see it, degree plays an important role in one‘s future career, but it will not determine the course of one‘s life. Our world does not only open its door to people who have acquired university degrees, in fact, all roads lead to Rome. Universities f________ (提供) a variety of opportunities for students，and degree is only one of them. What really c________ (重要) is what we learn in university. If we can seize every opportunity and take full advantage of what the university offers, then there can be no future save a brilliant one.

Choose an appropriate word given in the brackets and explain “Why”?

1. Visibility was (poor/bad) owing to the thick fog, and our plane had to make a forced landing.

2. Since the objective of writing is to communicate, we should try to use (right/exact) words to express our ideas.

3. No matter how perfect the finished composition may appear, it (pays/needs) to give it one final check.

4. Although city and countryside (have/share) some similarities, there are still some striking differences.

5. He is a (dull/stupid) man and you will have to explain things very carefully to him.

6. The students are (dying/eager) to know the test scores after the final English examination.

7. The international food shortage had a direct (influence/impact) on these barren dessert countries.

8. When it was getting dark, the old lady (put/stood) the candle on the floor and continued to tell me about her story.

9. We can never expect to get rid of war unless we get rid of the (cause/reason) of war.

10. As the Chinese table-tennis players are the best in the world, it was not (shocking/surprising) that they took away most of the cups.

11. I‘m sorry to (refuse/decline) your invitation to the party.

12. The enemy troops were driven back when they (tried/attempted) to cross the border.

13. It was difficult to (think/guess) what her reaction to the news would be.

14. He shall have a companion in the house after all these (lonely/alone) years.

15. It is important that enough money be collected to (support/fund) the project.

16. If you have any questions (about/regarding) any of our services, please (don‘t be afraid of calling/feel free to call) our manager.

17. The soldiers looked up and saw a helicopter (hovering/flying) directly above them.

18. When they reached the railway station, he said Good Bye to his old friend (unwillingly/reluctantly).

19. He shouldn‘t have risked his life just to save a cat but you have to (respect/admire) his courage.

20. (Of course/Admittedly,) John is always a lousy husband. But he does have some good points.

Chinglish

Dear Chen,

I haven‘t received your letter for a long time. How are your conditions? Is your work busy? Please reply early. Life he re is very nervous because we don‘t have enough time. The teachers give us too many exercises, so we can‘t read when class is over. We have no method. I hope the teachers can change the situation.

Yours Friendly

Xiao Mei

Put the following sentences into English

1. 时间是医治一切创伤的良药。

Time cures all things.

2. 这美丽的一刻深深印在我脑海中。

This moment of beauty has been firmly locked in my mind.

3. 这个世界永远属于追梦的人。

The world always makes way for the dreamer．

4. 世界的悲剧就在于有想象力又缺乏经验，而有经验的人又缺乏想象力。

The tragedy of the world is that those who are imaginative have but slight experience, and those who are experienced have feeble imaginations.

5. 人无完人。其实，人人都可能犯错误。

No man is perfect. In fact, all men are liable to error.

6. 要说服别人，先得说服自己。

If you would convince others, you seem open to conviction yourself.

The English Sentence

Express the following in English:

1. 众所周知，地球上的生物正受到日益增长的工业污染的严重威胁。

2. 众所周知，一个人的孩提时代将对以后具有较大的影响。

3. 这家公司要求应聘人员能熟练使用计算机。

4. 现在，越来越多的人意识到终身教育的重要性。

5. 随着互联网的普及，越来越多的喜欢在网上交友。

6. 说到身体锻炼，人们可能会有不同的看法。

7. 当然，必要的营养对人体是有益的。但营养过度却可能导致疾病。

8. 无论技术如何迅猛发展，人的作用仍是第一位的。

9. 我认为，电视和电影对人们的影响是不可忽视的。

10. 常识告诉我们，地球上的自然资源是不可再生的。

11. 我们在作任何结论之前都必须进行一番调查。

12. 很明显他们的服务还存在不少有待改进之外。

13. 她想当然地认为我们的计划出了毛病。

14. 好的广告可以给厂商带来可观的利润，也给消费者提供了购物信息和方便。

15. 过去我们很多人以为一旦我们学到大量词汇，就能自由阅读英语书刊。

16. 从这一角度来考虑的话，这个问题将具有很重要的意义。

17. 尽管这个问题复杂，但计算机可在几分钟内解决。

18. 在所有的交通工具中，单车在中国是最为普及的。

19. 他认为对一个青年医生而言，重要的不是技术，而是信心。

20. 有迹象表明，人们的购买能力正在提高。

21. 毫无疑问，掌握一定数量的句型对写好作文有很大的帮助。

22. 他没有遵守安全规则，致使机器出了故障。

23. 人们普遍认为互联网在社会发展中将发挥更重要的作用。

24. 有意思的是大多数被访的人都倾向于送自己的子女出国深造。

25. 综上所述，破坏自然环境必将遭到自然的严重惩罚。

Sentence Combining

If you read through an essay written by yourself and notice that some sentences are in a single and dull pattern, it is advisable to revise these sentences by combining them together, thus adding variety and readability to the essay.

Remember:

1) An unnecessary repeated subject in adjacent sentences should be omitted.

2) Coordinating conjunctions like and, but, so can be used to join the sentences containing ideas of equal importance; relative pronouns like that, which, what, who, whom, where can be used to join clauses to make a complex sentence.

Study the following example:

I was born in a small town. In the town there was only one middle school. I studied there for six years.

I was born in a small town where there was only one middle school, and I studied there for six years.

I studied (for) six years in the only one middle school in a small town where I was born.

Exercise 1:

Read the following sentences carefully and see if we can combine them by using conjunctions, relative pronouns, etc.

1. Wang didn‘t go home after class yesterday afternoo n. He went to help Li with his lessons.

Wang didn‘t go home after class yesterday afternoon. Instead, he went to help Li with his lessons.

Instead of going home after class yesterday afternoon, Wang went to help Li with his lessons.

2. He needed the book for his paper. He found the book was not available in the bookstore. That really troubled him.

What really troubled him was (that he found) the book he needed for his paper was not available in the bookstore.

3. The Americans and the British speak the same language. They share a large number of social customs, too.

The Americans and the British not only speak the same language but also share a large number of social customs.

4. The man was fascinated by the detective story. He neglected his food and sleep.

The man was so fascinated by the detective story that he neglected his food and sleep.

Fascinated by the detective story, the man neglected his food and sleep.

5. We must work hard to realize the four modernizations. We make a point of learning the advanced science and technology from other countries.

To realize the four modernizations, we make a point of learning the advanced science and technology from other countries.

6. I will never forget my father. When I was a young boy he told me how to face the challenges in my study and life.

I will never forget my father who told me how to face the challenges in my study and life when I was a young

boy.

I will never forget my father who, when I was a young boy, told me how to face the challenges in my study

and life.

Never will I forget my father who, when I was young, told me how to face the challenges in my study and life.

7. British English differs from American English. The difference mainly lies in pronunciation and spelling.

British English differs from American English mainly in pronunciation and spelling.

The difference between British English and American mainly lies in pronunciation and spelling.

8. They finally managed to get home. They were tired after the long journey. They could hardly move a step further.

When they finally managed to get home after the long journey, they were so tired that they could hardly move

a step further.

Home Assignment (1):

Please copy the following sentences and try to combine them after class.

This is important for writing. A writer should make efforts to hold the interest of the readers. Undoubtedly, a succession of dull sentences will surely bore or even annoy the readers. These sentences are predictable, so they are terrible.

What is important for writing is that a writer should make efforts to hold the interest of the readers. Undoubtedly, a number of dull and predictable sentences are terrible and will surely bore or even annoy the readers.

Exercise 2:

Read a short composition written by a Chinese student. See if there are sentences that sound boring, if so, for example, sentences with the?subject + verb + object‘ pattern, please try to revise them to add variety to the composition.

Now read the composition on page 1 of the handout and work for about 10 minutes.

The First Day I Went to College

I still remember the first day when I went to college. It was a sunny day. I found that everything was fresh to me. All the freshmen were excited, and I was very excited, too. When I was studying at high school, I dreamed of becoming a college student. When I looked at the modern teaching buildings and the grand library, I could hardly believe that my dream had come true.

This was a good opportunity. I would use the opportunity to learn a great deal of knowledge. I believed that the knowledge I was going to learn would be useful for my future career and the society. But I knew that I would come across great challenges in coming days. I had to learn how to overcome the difficulties in my study and life at college.

This was really a turning point in my life. I knew that the study at college would be one of the most valuable experiences for a person. I was determined to seize every opportunity and take full advantage of the things which the university would offer to me. I would prove myself a worthy college student. I would surely live up to the expectation of my parents and our great country.

The First Day I Went to College

I still remember the first day when I went to college. It was a sunny day. Everything seemed fresh to me. Like the other freshmen, I was very excited. When studying at high school, I dreamed of becoming a college student. Looking at the modern teaching buildings and the grand library, I could hardly believe that my dream had come true.

This was a good opportunity, an opportunity for me to learn a great deal of knowledge useful for my future career and the society. But in coming days I would also come across great challenges. I had to learn how to overcome the difficulties in my study and life at college.

This was also a turning point in my life. Studying at college would be one of the most valuable experiences for a person. If I could seize every opportunity and take full advantage of what the university would offer to me, I would prove myself a worthy college student and live up to the expectations of my parents and our great country.

Put the following into English:

The Importance of Writing

众所周知，对从事不同工作的人而言，写作是极为重要和实用的能力。诚然，在现代社会，人们可以通过电话，电视等现代传媒来传递信息。但不可否认的是，书面交流仍然是十分重要的手段，而且，不少工作还需要较强的写作能力。比如说，经理，工程师以及销售人员等在日常工作中就常常需要写发言稿，总结，规划，报告，建议和信函。而在大学里，学生往往要通过书面来表达思想。人文和社会科学的学生更要求撰写大量的论文。因此，写作能力是一种必不可少的能力。任何工作出色的人，常常是那些具备良好写作能力的人。

Writing, as we all know, is an important and practical skill needed by people in different fields. In modern society, information can be communicated through radio, television and other advanced media. However, writing is still a good way to communicate. Some work even requires proficient writing ability. For example, managers, engineers, sales representatives, and countless others are supposed to write regularly as part of their jobs. Summaries, reports, proposals, letters and speeches are part of their routine work. At university, students are required to do much of their thinking through writing. For students of Humanities and Social Sciences, a considerable number of essays is obligatory. The ability to write, therefore, proves to be an essential skill. Any individual who has achieved great accomplishment in his or her profession is usually the one who can communicate effectively in writing.

The Paragraph

Definition:

A paragraph is a group of sentences that develop one central idea. It may be a part of a paper or it may stand alone like a mini essay. A paragraph may be long or short. Whatever the length, a paragraph should be complete in itself and provide adequate information for the reader.

Unity of the paragraph

A paragraph deals with one main idea. A paragraph is unified when all of its sentences work towards the

same end. Each phrase and sentence should illustrate, clarify, explain, support and/or address the idea that the topic sentence puts forward.

Example →

Dolphins have several skills that adapt them well to marine existence. They are thought to have excellent eyesight and extraordinarily good hearing, far surpassing the hearing abilities of humans. Echolocation system enables them to navigate in underwater world and in their search of objects. They can swim very quickly to easily catch escaping fish. Also, dolphins have been observed using tools and teaching their offspring to use tools necessary for survival and play.

Coherence of the paragraph

In paragraph writing, coherence means that all the ideas in a paragraph flow smoothly from one sentence to the next sentence. With coherence, the reader will have an easy time understanding the ideas that you wish to express.

Example →

It seems impossible for television programs to give anything but a falsely romantic account of doctors‘ lives. Currently there are four medical dramas on prime-time TV. These programs are immensely popular, but only a fool would mistake their heroes for the typical real-life physicians. A doctor on the screen is always well-meaning, handsome and self-sacrificing. He (rarely she) also has plenty of free time to solve other people‘s intimate, non-medical problems. Perhaps the most unrealistic point is that the television doctor always happens to have only one patient to care for during each episode of the show. Real doctors must wince with envy—that is, if they are not too exhausted to watch the program at all.

Topic sentence in a paragraph

A topic sentence in a paragraph states the main point of the paragraph. Generally, topic sentence appears at the beginning of the paragraph and is often the paragraph‘s very first sentence, also, readers usually look to the first few sentences in a paragraph to determine what the writer intends to discuss about in the paragraph. A paragraph‘s topic sentence must be concise and general enough to express the paragraph‘s overall subject.

1. Components of a Topic Sentence

2. Positions of Topic Sentence in a paragraph

3. Function of Topic Sentence

4. How to test a Topic Sentence

Paragraph Development

了解主题句的作用和段落中不同位置的主题句，有助于借助主题句来展开不同段落。但如何有效展开段落，却是值得研究的问题。虽然一般都知道主题句是段落中最具概括性的句子，其它句子是用于支撑和论证主题，但究竟如何有效拓展段落，使段落内容更为细化具体，正是问题的关键所在。下面，介绍几种经实践证明较为快捷和实用的几种段落拓展方法。

1）主题句解答法

根据给出的主题句或自己写出的主题句，先用why或how设问，然后把段落主题句视为一个总的问题，用解释、讨论或描述等方式来给予解答。这样，段落展开过程就变为设问和答问，而问与答的方式将极大程度上减轻思维负担。试以几个不同的主题句为例：

Try The following

●There are several advantages to live in a small town.

(The advantages are 1, 2 and 3.)

●For many Chinese people, QQ is a good communication tool.

(The reasons for that are?)

●It is no good for everyone to own a car.

(The problems of that may be…)

● College students should not hire cleaners.

(What are the possible disadvantages? )

每个内容段都要求围绕一个中心话题展开，展开的方式可以是举例，对比，原因分析，叙事状物等等。但无论展开的方式如何，段落的内容必须对段落主题是什么，为什么，怎么样给予阐述。因此，作文内容段的写作实质就是回答What? Why? How? 等问题。实践证明, 如果明白段落展开就是对段落主题给予解答，或带着问题写段落，则展开段落就相对容易多了。例：

Friends are really important to us.(What is a friend?) A friend is someone whom you can trust and with whom you become happy and confident. (why?) We are sure to suffer a great deal from loneliness if we have few friends. When we are distressed, we need friends to comfort us. When our friends can share something interesting or pleasurable with us, we will be very happy. If we are in trouble or feel disheartened, we can gather strength from the encouragement of our friends. When we have done something helpful to our friends, we will enjoy the pleasure of devotion. (so what?) In a sense, friends are just like air and water to people‘s life.

Exercise:

试用答问法展开下面的段落：

Watching TV can widen our horizon.

Watching TV can widen our horizon. (what?) There are numerous TV programs concerning the worldwide affairs. (how?) These programs will enable us to obtain the latest news, social problems and scientific progress all over the world. Also, we will see the colorful costumes in different countries. (example?) I still remember clearly now when I first saw the African tribes on the screen. I was really fascinated by the marvelous jungles, colorful weapons, furious animals and fantastic wild games. Isn‘t it marvelous to see the people and places totally different from yours! Maybe I would never know them, appreciate them or want to visit them if I haven‘t encountered them on the magic screen.

Negative approach

Electricity plays a very important part in our modern society. A world without electricity will be a terrible one in which things will go out of control. Factories have to be closed because of power failure. Busy traffic lines will be in a state of chaos and suffer from great loss. Moreover, modern communication systems will fall apart and it will be impossible for us to enjoy the convenience and entertainment in our daily life. Such a world will look like a hell.

Exercise:

试用反证法开下面的段落：

Leisure is necessary for our life.

A person who keeps working day and night will gradually feel rather tired. This tiredness, if continues for quite long time, will result in great depression on the person. Gradually, he will find his routine work or even his life have become a burden, oppressing him both bodily and mentally. In the end, he will feel that life is meaningless and probably he tends to become more and more restless, finally he loses control of himself and goes crazy. A s we know, ―Too much work without play makes Jack a dull boy‖. In this sense, no matter how busy a person is, he should try to find some time for leisure, playing and relaxing. This will be a good medicine that can help the heavy-loaded people get rid of anxiety and oppression, and more significantly, to be ready for future work.

分项补述法

根据主题句提出的论点, 再提出分论点。逐一补充说明，例如：

Traveling is beneficial to people.First, traveling will enrich people‘s knowledge. (补述) By going to different places, we will get to know t he colorful customs, life styles, and many new things we can‘t obtain from books. Second, traveling is enjoyable. (补述)Travelers are sure to get relax when they walk in green mountains, run on sea beach and skiing on the icy hills. Third, traveling is also a good training. (补述)The fresh air, the sunshine and the outdoor activities will help release our stress from work and make our body stronger.

Exercise：

Write a paragraph on the following Topic Sentence by listing three points and add the details respectively:

Some people believe that Internet has a bad effect on teenagers.

Some people believe that Internet has a bad effect on teenagers. First, computer games will be destructive even though they seem attractive. The games are usually stimulating, but to win a game, one has to play for quite a long time and become exhausted for nothing. Second, making friends on-line can be disastrous. It turns out that some alluring friends on-line may distract students from their study or even ruin the innocent students. Third, internet offers freedom by simulated world. In this world a person is able to do whatever he likes, but tends to detach himself form the real life and study.

假设法

遇到难以阐述的论点，可用If…设问方式假设可能发生的情况，再作相应的推论、得出结果。

The way of teaching will direct ly affect students‘ attitude toward study. A student will be more receptive to anything, including the subjects being taught, if the lesson is presented in an interesting and enjoyable manner. They will be more attentive on the speech of the teacher and ready to learn what is new to them, because learning becomes an enjoyable thing with the interesting talk of the teacher. If a teacher just teaches the class in a mechanical way, there is every possibility that the student will become absent-minded or even tired of the boring talk of the teacher, and the lesson becomes a failure because the student will consider learning is boring and even a burden.

Exercise:

Expand the following paragraph on the basis of the given Topic Sentence by supposition.

For some young people, volunteering work may result in some problems if it is mandatory.

If all the young adults are obliged to do volunteering work, some of them will sure have trouble in managing

their own work or study. For young workers, because of the fierce competition and pressure of their work in modern society, they are fully occupied every day and will not have time to participate in volunteering work even if they want to. For college students, many of them are heavy loaded with their study at school. Therefore, the volunteering service should not be obligatory for all the young people.

More Exercise of Paragraph Writing

Develop the following paragraph by Question and answer:

Students should be encouraged to participate in some activities after school.

... (Why?) Good health is indispensable and beneficial to knowledge-acquisition. (How?) Facts show that students who are in poor health are less vigorous and energetic than those who are in good health, for healthy and strong students can absorb knowledge more readily. (How to keep healthy?) And a good way to keep us healthy and strong is to go in for activities such as boating, cycling, tennis-playing, dancing and fishing, which are helpful both to our muscles and to our brains. (Why?) When we take part in any of these activities, not only our bodies are trained, but also our minds are taken off our work or study for a while and get relaxed. (Result?) Thus, we become more acute and vigorous, and our studies can be improved.

Develop the following paragraph from three aspects:

Blog offers people a good platform to communicate.

… First, blog makes it possible for us to update information. If we are travelling to some beautiful place, we can write in our blog whatever we see and experience on the journey. Second, blog helps us keep in touch with our friends. Whenever we want to know what happens to our friends, we can read what they write in the updated blogs. Third, blog is a wonderful ?place‘ for us to share our hobbies and experience with others. Once I had dinner at a restaurant, and I described the restaurant and dishes in my blog. Thus, my friends can refer to my description when they intend to go to that restaurant.

Develop the following paragraph by supposition

Part-time jobs will help students value the money.

Often students get money from their parents, but they have no experience of the hardship in making money. If a student tries to do a part-time job, he or she begins to understand that ―Money doesn‘t grow on trees.‖ Because of the new understanding of the value of money, a student will undoubtedly make wiser choices when he intends to buys things. He will think twice about spending 120 Yuan for a pair of tennis shoes or 350 Yuan for a stereo system, for he has to work days for that money. If he has really bought these things, he will appreciate them more.

Types of Paragraphs

1. Exemplification

Pollution has become the biggest problem. For instance, the chemicals being sprayed into the air will destroy the atmosphere, which undoubtedly increases the sun rays that will burn people. Today, people continue to throw trash and garbage into the sea and more fish are dying. So millions of people who depend on fish for food can hardly survive. In addition, the polluted air will be destructive to our body, causing many diseases, such as lung cancer and coughing. What makes it worse is that many plants will die and the balance of ecosystem will be broken. Without a favorable environment, people who have destroyed the surroundings will someday destroy

themselves.

Develop the following paragraph by giving examples

The extra money that a college student earns by doing a part-time job might distract him/her.

The extra money that a college student earns by doing a part-time job might distract him/her. Most college students are not sensible enough to handle money. Once they begin to make money, their priorities change. I have a friend at college who has made some money by working at a company. He thinks that he will able to make more money if he works more. It is true that he has earned much more, but working overtime greatly affects his grades. While other students graduate, he has to make up for his lessons, or he can‘t obtain the degree.

2. Comparison and contrast

Comparison and contrast paragraphs are used to show similarities or differences between two things. A comparison paragraph focuses on similarities, while a contrast paragraph on differences.

Example of Comparison

Although my parents look differently, they have a number of similarities. Both of my parents have black eyes, low voices, and gentle personalities. They love nature and outdoor activities. When they are free they will go out, walking, gardening or swimming. They are both interested in reading and music; they never get tired of listening to opera. Most of the time they are in agreement on taking care of the children. They believe in giving their children love and responsibility, and neither of them believes in punishing a child physically.

Example of Contrast

The difference between birds and airplanes is in the way they move. The birds move by flapping their wings. It is very difficult to make the wings of an airplane like the wings of birds. Another difference is birds don't have to depend on fuel. They get their power from their food. Unlike the birds, an airplane cannot take off unless it has a special type of fuel. It will come crashing down if it runs out of fuel while in flight. A bird can land whenever and wherever it likes, while special airports have to be built for most types of aircraft to land.

Develop the following paragraph by contrast

There are some difference between high school and college.

First, teachers are different in teaching methodology. At high school, teachers kept on feeding students and students just did what their teachers asked them to do. But at college, the teachers just give students directions and advice. So most of the time, students need to learn by themselves. Second, plans and arrangements are different. At high school, a student had a schedule made by teachers and parents. But at college, a student manages to make plans and arranges by himself/herself. Third, the goals are different. High school emphasizes excellent grade in the college entrance examination. However, college students have to work hard for their future career.

3. Cause and Effect

In recent years, cities have grown so large that now about 50% of the Earth's population lives in urban areas. There are several reasons for this trend. First, the increasing industrialization of the nineteenth century resulted in the creation of many factory jobs, which tended to be located in cities. These jobs, with their promise of a better material life, attracted many people from rural areas. Second, there were many schools established to educate the children of the new factory laborers. The promise of a better education persuaded many families to leave farming

communities and move to the cities. Finally, as the cities grew, people established places of leisure, entertainment, and culture, such as sports stadiums, theaters, and museums. For many people, these facilities made city life appear more interesting than life on the farm, and therefore drew them away from rural communities.

Develop the following paragraph by cause and effect

Many students like to participate in school activities such as clubs and sports.

They choose to participates in these activities for various reasons. Actually, students come to school not merely for book knowledge. The clubs will provide them with practical knowledge other than what they can learn in the classroom. By doing sports, they can build up their health and become energetic. Undoubtedly, both clubs and sports can offer them some relaxation after several hours of hard work. And the most important is that clubs and sports enable them to meet people, to know people and to work with people. Since school is a microcosm of society, students should prepare themselves for their future career.

4. Classification

Classification is to organize things that share certain qualities; to group things systematically and emphasize on similarities

If you were doing the laundry, you might begin by separating the clothing into piles. You would then put all the whites in one pile and all the colors in another. Or you might classify the laundry not according to color, but according to fabric - putting all cottons in one pile, polyesters in another, and so on. Classifying is the process of taking many things and separating them into categories. We generally classify to better manage or understand many things. Librarians classify books into groups (novels, travel, health, etc.) to make them easier to find. A scientist sheds light on the world by classifying all living things into two main groups: animals and plants.

A city walker will notice that most dogs fall into one of three categories. The first are the big dogs, which are generally harmless and friendly. They walk along peacefully with their masters. Apparently they know they're too big to have anything to worry about, so why not be nice? The second are the spunky (brave) medium-sized dogs. When they see a stranger approaching, they go on alert, pricking up their ears, raising their hackles(hairs), and growling a littl e deep in their throats. ―I could tear you up," they seem to be saying, "but I won't if you behave yourself." Unless the walker leaps for their master's throat, these dogs usually won't do anything more than threaten. The third category is made up of the shivering neurotic (anxious) little yappers whose shrill barks could shatter glass and whose needle-like little teeth are eager to sink into a friendly outstretched hand. Walkers always wonder about these dogs – because of all the dogs a walker meets, these little yappers provide the most irritation. Such dogs are only one of the potential hazards that the city walker encounters.

Develop the following paragraph by classification:

People have different attitudes towards the books they own. Generally, there are three kinds of book owners.

The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers — unread, untouched. (This individual owns wood pulp and ink, not books.) The second has a great many books — a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) The third has a few books or many —every one of them dog — eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back. (This man owns books.)

Translate the paragraph into Chinese

书籍拥有者可以分为三种。第一种人藏有全部标准的成套书和畅销书—既没有读过，也没有碰过。(这种人占有的只是纸浆和油墨，而不是书。) 第二种人藏书很多—有几本从头至尾读过，大部分浅尝辄止，但全都跟新买时一样整洁光亮。（此类人很可能想使书真的为其所有，但因错误地过分关注书籍的外观而不予涉猎。）第三种人藏书或多或少—因不断使用，每本书都弄成书角卷起，破旧不堪，装订破损，书页松散，全书从扉页至末页画满了记号，涂满了字句。（此人是书的真正拥有者。）

5. Definition

A definition is the effort to distinguish an entity from all other things for the purpose of being able to recognize it or in some way to understand it.

In writing a paragraph of Definition, we usually start by X is … or X refers to…

Project Hope refers to a special project by which Chinese government intents to help poor children to go to school. As children are the hope of a country, the project is aimed at providing children of poor families with tuition fees, setting up new schools and supplying better teaching facilities to schools in remote and poor areas. The project has won the support of thousands of Chinese people, including many overseas Chinese. Hopefully, the project will promote education in these areas.

Develop the following paragraph by definition

Happiness means differently to people.

Happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being characterized by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy. In my opinion, the sole pursuit of material wealth may not lead to real happiness. Happiness does not correspond with fortune, fame or high social status. It is the feeling of accomplishment, the realization of self-value and the need for our existence. One who keeps struggling for a goal may fail many times, but he may feel happy when he makes some progress. We should pay more attention to the process rather than the result. My happiness lies in the good health of my parents, the truthfulness of my friends and all of us can live in a harmonious society full of fairness, justness and understanding.

6. Analogy

Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death... The best way to overcome it—so at least it seems to me—is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river—small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the se, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue.

小班讨论课练习-7

Passage Nine:

中国教育工作者早就认识到读书对于国家的重要意义。有些教育工作者2003年就建议设立全民读书日。他们强调，人们应当读好书，尤其是经典著作。通过阅读，人们能更好地学

会感恩、有责任心和与人合作，而教育的目的正是要培养这些基本素质。阅读对于中小学生尤为重要，假如他们没有在这个关键时期培养阅读的兴趣，以后要养成阅读的习惯就很难了。

China‘s educators became aware of // knew the importance of reading to the country a long time ago. Some of them suggested that the National Reading Day be set up in 2003. They laid stress on reading good books, especially the classic ones. Through reading, people can better learn to be grateful, responsible and cooperative. The purpose of education is to develop these basic qualities. Reading is particularly important for primary and middle school students. If they fail to develop the interest of reading during the crucial period, it is difficult to get into the habit of reading later. Passage Ten:

除了作为告别大学生活的方式外，毕业旅行现在也成了毕业生心灵追寻的途径之一。有些学生觉得毕业后马上找份工作很重要，以免失业。有些同学则认为，毕业旅行回来时工作还在那里，但青春可不等人。毕业旅行是一生仅此一次的经历，因为大家都还没有结婚，也没有工作职责的束缚。同时，跟同行者一起聊天不仅是对我们沟通能力的考验，也是一次开阔视野、结交朋友的好机会。

At present, the graduation trip, apart from a way as to bid farewell to college life, also serves as a kind of soul-exploring activity for graduates. Some students believe it important to get a job right after their graduation lest they should get unemployed. However, others hold that jobs will still be there when they return, but youth does not wait anyone. A graduation trip is an only-once-in-a-lifetime experience because students are not yet married or not bound by job obligations. In the meantime, talking to fellow travelers not only tests their communication skills, but also proves to be a good chance to broaden horizons and make friend.

Passage 11:

和中国人一样，美国人逢年过节也送礼。美国人送礼更注重实用。送有使用价值的物品，成为人们送礼的原则。有意思的是，每逢节庆之前，受礼人（recipient）可以列出一个自己所需物品的清单给亲朋好友，供他们准备礼物是作选择。这既避免了很多人都送同一类物品，又能确保所送物品是受礼人所需要的。

Like what Chinese people do, the American people also send gifts on the occasion of festivals and New Year. When sending gifts, American people pay more attention to the practical items. Presenting practical items has become a common principle among people. The interesting thing is that the recipient could list needed items for their friends and relatives to choose when they prepare gifts before festivals. It not only helps people avoid sending the same items, but also ensures that the items are what the recipient needs.

Passage 12:

《孙子兵法》（The Art of War）是中国古代最重要的军事著作之一，是我国优秀文化传统的重要组成部分。孙子（Sun Tzu），即该书作者，在书中揭示的一系列具有普遍意义的军事规律，不仅受到军事家们的推崇，还在经济领域、领导艺术、人生追求，甚至家庭关系等方

面，具有广泛的指导作用。《孙子兵法》中的许多名言警句，富有哲理，意义深远，在国内外广为流传。

As one of the most important ancient Chinese classical military works, The Art of War serves as an important part of outstanding traditional culture in China. Sun Tzu, the author of the book, revealed a series of universal military laws which is not only valued by militarists but also plays extensive guiding roles in economy, leadership, the pursuit of life and even family relationship. There are a lot of famous quotes from The Art of War that are rich in wisdom and have profound meanings, and are thus widely circulated both at home and abroad.

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