Unit3翻译用词Diction

翻译术语

Lecture 2 Basic Concepts in Translatology 翻译学基本用语： 源语/译出语source language(SL), original language 译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language 原作者SL author, original author 译者(笔译者)translator 译者(口译者)interpreter 读者/接受者reader, receptor, audience 文本text 原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work 译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition 译本/译著translated text/translational work 源语读者source-language reader/SL reader 源语文化source-language culture/source culture 译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience 译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving

culture 语境context 笔译written translation 口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting 同声传译simultaneous interpreting 交替口译consecutive interpreting 翻译原则translation principle 标准translation criterion (复数形式为criteria) 翻译过程translation process 翻译程序/步骤translation procedures 反应/读者反应response/reader’s response 对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence 等值/对等equivalence 对等物(词语)equivalent 形式对等formal equivalence 功能对等functional equivalence 动态对等dynamic equivalence 等效equivalent effect 充分性adequacy 可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability) 可读性readability(readable)

翻译

Lecture 2 Diction I. Definition: By “diction”, it means choice of words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. Diction is the choice and the use of words 死: lose one’s life; pass away; end one’s day; kick the bucket; go west; go to sleep; to be no more; close one’s eyes; abandon the world; leave this world; cousin: 堂兄/堂弟/堂姐/堂妹/表哥/表弟/表姐/表妹 I: 我，咱，俺，吾，孤，朕，鄙，愚，咱家，酒家，本人，个人，人家，鄙人，小人，在下，晚生，老子，老朽，老夫，老汉，老娘，愚兄，为兄，小弟，兄弟，奴家，妾身，贱妾，孤王，孤家，寡人，卑职，下官，奴婢，奴才，贫道，小道，贫僧，等 II. Three criteria of diction 1.Preciseness 准确 “Do not write so that your words may be understood, but write so that your words must be understood.” ------Mark Twain 2.Explicitness 鲜明(avoid vagueness or ambiguity) 3.Vividness 生动(graceful or elegant) 甲：这一点小意思，请务必收下。甲：This is a little gift as a token of my appreciation. Please take it. 乙：你这人真是有意思，怎么也来这一套？乙: Oh, aren’t you a bit too polite? You shouldn’t do that. 甲：哎，只是意思意思。甲：Well, it just conveys my gratitude. 乙：啊，真是不好意思。乙：Ah, thank you then, though I really don’t deserve it. III. How to make a good diction? “Each word, when used in a new context, is a new word.” (Firth) 1. Judging from the context 1. a good novel 2. good manners 3. a good boy 4. a good Catholic 5. good eggs 6. a good family 7. a good contract 8. a good reason 9. a good doctor 10. good English 11. good soil 12. a good friend 13. good sailor 14. good nature 1. 高山大川 2. 这主意真高！ 3. 她是个高不可攀的千金小姐。 4. 高等教育 5. 高度责任感 6. 高跟鞋 7. 高官 8. 您今年高龄？ 9. 高人 10. 高瞻远瞩 11. 高寿 12. 高速公路 2. Judging from the collocation 1. to cut wheat 2. to cut cake 3. to cut finger-nails 4. to cut the grass 5. to cut costs 6. to cut electricity 7. to cut in line 8. to cut across the parking lot 1.老百姓 2.老把戏 3.老伯伯 4.老大哥 5.老掉牙 6.老儿子 7.老丈人 8.老天爷 3. Judging from the parts of speech 1. He was right in his answer. 2. You don’t hold your chopsticks right. 3. Right, open your mouth, let’s have a look. 4. The Music Hall is going to close down right after Easter. 5. You have not much right to say that. 6. The mistake is being righted.

翻译术语解析

The current definition(1) 1. Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ---------Nida 2. Catford defines translation as “th e replacement of texual material in one language (SL) by equivalent texual matererial in another language (TL)” (1965:21) 3. A good translation is one which has the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.---------Tytler The current definition(2) ?The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) ----------------Prof. Huang Long Translatology ?翻译是把一种语言所承载的文化信息转换成另一种另一种语言的文化信息，它包括语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译。（曹明伦）?翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言表达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译 语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。（孙致礼） In summary --Translation is the information transferring between two languages and the cultural communication between two language families. --Translation is a rendering from one language into another. Translation is an art, a bilingual art, a craft, a skill, an operation and communication. --Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. Classification of Translation a) In terms of languages ? 1. Translation from native languages into foreign languages ? 2. Translation from foreign languages into native languages

英语翻译与写作-Diction

Diction ●the proper choice of words and phrases in the process of translation to fit their context ●Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word 1.According to word-formation: compounding, derivation, blending, acronym formation, clipping ?compounding(合成法): generation gap, summer time (夏令时), test-tube baby (试管婴儿), brain-drain (人才外流), picturephone (可视电话), soft-landing economy(软着陆经济)credit card (信用卡), pocket money(零用钱), greenhouse effect (温室效应) ?derivation（派生法）: non - friend (假朋友), antifreeze (抗冻剂), preschooler (学龄前儿童) , ?blending (拼缀法): comsat ( communication + satellite,通讯卫星) , lunarnaut ( lunar + astronaut,登月宇宙航行员) , Chinglish (Chinese + English,汉式英语) ?acronym formation(首字母缩略法)：PC ( personal computer, 个人电脑) , CALL ( computer - aided language learning, 计算机辅助语言学习) , CIA ( the Central Intelligence Agency,中央 情报局) ?clipping（截缩法）: ad ( advertisement) , homo ( homosexuality) ,memo (memorandum) , bus ( omnibus) , flu ( influenza) 2.According to the references (1)third-person pronouns He sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself. (2)demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adverbs Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. (3)references of comparison I hate blue shirts; white shirts suit me but gray is the most preferable. 3.According to the context and collocation ?No context, no translation. e.g. I’ll finish the book next week. Tension is building up. ?Each word, when used in a new context, is a new word. As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred. As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic. The war is becoming the most important story of this generation. It is quite another story now. Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. What a story! I don’t believe a word of it. The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from American TV. 在这种情况下under such circumstances / such being the case 这种情况必须改变。This state of affairs must change. 现在情况不同了。Now things are different. 他们的情况怎么样？How do matters stand with them? 前线有什么情况？How is the situation at the front? 我们可能去那儿，那得看情况而定。We may go there, but that depends. 4.According to different branches of learning and specialties base: 词根（lexicology）本金（business）底涂（painting）基线（survey）根据地（military science）底座（machinery）底边（maths）

Diction (遣词用字)

I. Diction (遣词用字) 本章概述 本章阐述了翻译中的遣词用字问题。在分析了英汉词字层次上的五种对应关系的基础上，概述了语言学家们提出的英语词义辨析的四种基本方法和英语词语翻译的常用技巧．并对汉译英的遣词用字问题做了探讨。 遣词用字是任何翻译工作者自始至终需面临的一个现实问题。由于英汉分属不同的语系，所以在翻译时源语与译语之间往往没用相对固定的词义对应关系。本章用对比的方式归纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况：1.完全对等，2.多词同义，3.一词多义，4.词义交织，5．无对等词语。 词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。本章从四个角度探讨了如何判断某一英语词语的准确含义，即l.根据构词法辨别词义；2．根据指代关系辨别词义；3．根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义；4．根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义。 在词义辨析的基础上，本章归纳了英语词语翻译的八种常用技巧：1．推演法；2．移植法；3．引伸法；4．替代法；5．释义法；6.合并法；7．图形法；8．音译法。 汉译英的遣词用字问题与英译汉的情况有所不同。英译汉时译者输出的是自己所熟悉的汉语词汇、语法结构，很多表达法早已在头脑里形成了概念，只需译者一一甄别、作出取舍即可；而汉译英则需从一大堆我们不那么熟悉的词语中去寻找答案一一这也解释了为什么人们普遍认为，在同一档次的翻译上，汉译英的难度要大大超过英泽汉。 By“diction”we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. In the practice of translation，what perplexes us most frequently is how to find an equivalent in the language to be translated into．Great care is called for in the translation of“familiar”English words into Chinese，as their meanings vary with the Change in collocation or context．Take the following simple sentence for example：* Tension is building up． Without context，both “tension”and "build up" may have various explanations．Thus this English sentence may be translated into different Chinese expressions accordingly：

Diction in translation 遣词用字

Diction in translation遣词用字 1、Definition of diction By “diction” we mean the proper choice of words and phrases in the target language on the basis of accurate comprehension of the source language text. 2、Correspondence between English and Chinese ?Full correspondence ?No equivalents ?One word with multiple equivalents –Of the same meaning –Of different meanings 1）Full correspondence ?minibus = 微型汽车（面包车）the United Nations = 联合国 ?the Pacific Ocean = 太平洋helicopter = 直升飞机 2）No equivalents ?New sci-tech words –plumber 特工mascon 物质聚积 –chain-smoker 烟鬼hit 引起轰动的事物 3）One word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning（love） –爱人、老婆、夫人、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人、贱内、拙荆 One word with multiple equivalents of different meanings ?Marry／Sister ?Man –I am a man now. –Any man can do it. –The rights of man should be respected. –You can stay in the same room if you are man and wife. 3、How to judge the meaning ?from the part of speech ?from the collocation ?from the context ?from the syntax 1）Part of speech ?He saw a man sawing trees with a saw．他看见一个人正用锯子锯树。 ?Needing some light to see by, the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade.那个贼轻手轻脚的穿过房间，点亮了那盏有浅绿色灯罩的灯，以便照亮。?Eat what you can and can what you cannot．能吃的吃掉，吃不掉的就做成罐头。 ?I don’t like it when she tells me how to do things. ?From what you say, she sounds like the right person for the job. ?Running, swimming and like sports are all her hobbies. ?Do you make bread like you make cakes? ?Will we ever see the like of Mozart again?(诸如此类）

Diction

Diction（措词）：Diction, the choice of words and phrases to express meaning, must be based on the accurate comprehension of the original. The meaning of a word is its use in the language, not only its definitions in the dictionary. A dictionary does not require or forbid a particular sense of a word but records the uses that have been found for it. Now and then a word is in the process of acquiring a new sense or somewhat altering its usual one. The dictionary definition is for the most part a record of the denotation of a word and often cannot give its connotation (Perrin 1965: 366). Lexicographers or dictionary compilers agree that in many cases two corresponding words of different languages do not always convey exactly the same idea. Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words (词本无义，义随人生). Each word when used in a new context is a new word. Beginners often rigidly adhere to the verbal consistency (字面上的对应) of words in two languages, while neglecting their contextual consistency (上下文中的一致). Care should therefore be taken in translating to determine from the context the exact shade of meaning of a word or an expression in the source text and the choice of an appropriate one to express the meaning in the target version. A word in different collocations or context. Example: Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. 相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。He likes mathematics more than English. 他喜欢数学胜于喜欢英语。Like knows like.英雄识英雄。The two pictures are very like. Like attracts like. 物以类聚。（n. 同类人/物）Like cures like.以毒攻毒。Like for like.以牙还牙。( diction/ choice of words) He likes English and maths. (vt. 喜欢) Do as you like. (vi. 愿意) Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. (adj. 相同的) Very like, he will come tomorrow.(adv. 可能) He looks like an American. (prep .像，如，跟---一样.) I hope I can speak Putonghua like you do.(conj. 如同) 3.Choice of Contextual Meanings ：The meaning and/or the word class of a polyseme（一词多义）can only be decided in certain context. 4.Choice of Collocative Meanings Build (v.) ◎build a house盖房子build a bridge架桥build a ship造船build a dam筑坝 build a fire生火build a stamp collection集邮build a car制造汽车 ◎build an answer思索作答build one's confidence树立信心build the drama of a story构思故事的戏剧性情节build scholars of tomorrow培养未来的学者Reading builds the mind.阅读能发展智能。 5.Choice of Stylistic Meanings：书面语VS口语古语词/旧词VS现代词/新词....... 6.Choice of Affective Meanings:Three basic types of affective meanings: commendatory, neutral and derogatory A. The word itself has commendatory sense or derogatory sense. For instance: He was a man of high renown. 他是位有名望的人。 B. The word itself is neutral but show commendatory or derogatory sense in certain context. For example: Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。

Diction正确选择词义

Diction 正确选择词义Diction Polysemy Methods Diction Diction means proper choice of words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. Examples Examples (1) This general was charged with treason. 这个将军被指控犯了叛国罪。The Committee decided to put Professor Henry in charge of the research work. 委员会决定让亨利教授负责这项工作。As soon as the moment for the general offensive arrived, the solders charged the enemy position bravely. 总攻时间一到，战士们勇猛地向敌人的阵地冲去。She complained that she had been charged too much. 她抱怨说，向她收的费太高了。Examples (2) The power in place, he rammed in a long iron rod to tamp down in charge. 火药装好后，他伸进去一根长铁钎以便把炸药捣实。This store will charge things you buy, and let you pay for them later. 这家商店将你所买的东西记入账内，让你以后付款。Having charged the battery, he set the engine in motion. 电池充电后，他启动了马达。Polysemy It means that one word has various parts of speech and various meanings. Faith said, “Each word when used in a new context is a new word.”Eg. run ---Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language (the 2nd College Edition) Methods Based on the speech of the word Based on the context and the logical relations Based on the commendatory term or derogatory term collocation Based on the speech of the word Your

翻译中英对照

English Vs Chinese: Ten Pairs of Features 1. Synthetic vs. Analytic（综合语与分析语） A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms (曲折变化形式，词尾变化的词语) to express grammatical relationships. 1.1 Inflectional vs Non-inflectional E.g. He moved astonishingly fast. 他行动之快令人惊讶。 1.2 Word Order: Flexible vs. Inflexible E.g. What in the world do you mean? 你的意思究竟是什么？ 1.3 The Use of Function Words: English and Chinese Employ Different Types of Function Words E.g. She was with a child. 她身边带着一个孩子。She was with child. 她怀有身孕。Chinese is rich in particles. 1.4 Intonation vs. Tone(语调与声调) E.g.你呀，老这样下去可不行啊！（加重语气）Look! You can’t go on like this. 2. Rigid vs. Supple (刚性与柔性) However long and complicated, English sentences can be reduced to five basic patterns: SV, SVP, SVO, SV oO, and SVOC. English sentences are characterized by their variants（变式）, expansion（扩展）, combination（组合）, omission（省略）, or inversion (倒装). Chinese is relatively free from the government of the rigid S-V concord. The subject-predicate structure is usually varied, flexible, and therefore complicated and supple. E.g.文章翻译完了。The essay has been translated. 3. Hypotactic vs. paratactic (形合与意合) Hypotaxis (形合)is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. English sentence building is characterized by hypotaxis. Parataxis (意合) is the arranging of lauses one after another without connectives showing the relation between them Chinese sentence building is featured by parataxis. E.g. We will not attack unless we are attacked.人不犯我, 我不犯人。 4. Complex vs Simplex (繁复与简短) English sentence building is featured by an “architecture style” (楼房建筑式) with extensive use of longer or subordinate structures, while Chinese is marked by a “chronicle style” (流水记事式) with frequent use of shorter or composite structures. In short, English sentences are often complex, while Chinese sentences are often simplex. E.g. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me? 我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？ 5. Impersonal vs. Personal (物称与人称) The conversion of English impersonal subjects into Chinese personal subjects is often employed in translation.Formal written English often goes with an impersonal style, in which the writer does not refer directly to himself or his readers. Some of the common features of impersonal language are passives, Chinese, by contrast, prefers to

翻译研究基本术语

翻译研究基本术语 源语/译出语source language(SL), original language 译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language 原作者SL author, original author 译者(笔译者)translator 译者(口译者)interpreter 读者/接受者reader, receptor, audience 文本text 原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work 译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition 译本/译著translated text/translational work 源语读者source-language reader/SL reader 源语文化source-language culture/source culture 译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience 译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture 语境context 笔译written translation 口译oral interpretation/oral translation/interpreting 同声传译simultaneous interpreting 交替口译consecutive interpreting 翻译原则translation principle 标准translation criterion (复数形式为criteria) 翻译过程translation process 翻译程序/步骤translationprocedures 反应/读者翻译response/reader’s response 对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence 等值/对等equivalence 对等物(词语)equivalent 形式对等formal equivalence 功能对等functional equivalence 动态对等dynamic equivalence 等效equivalent effect 充分性adequacy 可接受性acceptability(acceptable, unacceptable, unacceptability) 可读性readability(readable)