并列句和复合句

并列句和复合句

并列句

一、并列句的构成：

并列句是由并列连词and，but，or，for，so等把两个或两个以上的在意思上紧密联系的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构为：简单句+并列连词+简单句。

二、并列句的分类：

1. 表示同等关系的并列句

常用并列连词and连接前后简单句，and常译为“和”、“并且”，也可不译出来。例如：

He likes playing football and he plays well.他喜欢踢足球，并且踢得很好。

Last year l met Kate and we became friends.去年我和凯特相遇，我们成了朋友。

2. 表示转折关系的并列句

常用并列连词but(但是)，yet(可是)，while(而，另一方面)，however(可是)等连接前后简单句，but常译为“但是”，“可是”，不能与从属连词though或although一起使用。例如：

It has no mouth, but it can talk. 它没有嘴巴，但是它会说话。

School is over, yet all the teachers are still working.学校放学了，可是老师们仍然在工作。

He wants to be a writer, while I want to be a scientist. 他想当作家，而我则想当科学家。

It's raining hard, however, we must go out. 雨下得很大，然而我们必须出去。

3. 表示选择关系的并列句

常用并列连词or(或者，否则)等连接前后简单句。or有两种含义：

(1)译为“或者”，表示选择。例如：

Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema．现在你可以休息，或者去看电影。(2)译为“否则”、“要不然”，隐含了一个条件。例如：

You must tell the truth，or you will be punished．你必须说真话，否则你将会受到惩罚。

4. 表示因果关系的并列句

常用并列连词for，so等连接前后简单句。

(1)for在意义上与从属连词because，since和as相同，但它们引导的是原因状语从句，而for 连接两个简单句，前者表示结果，后者表示原因。结构为：简单句(结果)+for+简单句(原因)。例如：He has many good friends, for he is an honest man。他有许多好朋友，因为他是个诚实的男子汉。

(2)so意为“因此”、“所以”，但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。因为because是从属连词，而是并列连词，用来连接并列句。其结构为：简单句(原因) +so+简单句(结果)。例如：Mr. Li went to his hometown, so Mr. Wang was taking his class instead．

李老师回家乡去了，所以王老师替二课。

5. 其他形式的并列句

(1)“祈使句+and+简单句”。其中祈使句表示一个条件，并列连词and引导的简单句则表示一个较好的结果，谓语常用一般将来时。例如：

Use your head, and you will find away．动脑筋，你就会想出办法来。

(2)“祈使句+or+简单句”。祈使句表示一个条件，并列连词or后的简单句则表示一个不愉快或不理想的结果。例如：

Study hard, or you Will fall behind the others．努力学习，否则你就会落于别人。

(3)“either...or”结构表示“不是……就是……”，“或者……或者……”，例如：

Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it. 我叔叔可以做那件事，或者我婶婶也可以做。习惯上将两个句子合并成Either my uncle or my aunt can do it.

(4) “not only…but also”意思为“不仅……而且……”，例如：

not only the students have missed the school car, but also the teacher has missed the school car.不仅学生，而且他们的老师都误了校车。

(5) “neither…nor…”结构，意为“既不……也不……”，“两者都不……”，用法与either …or…,not only …but also…相同。

三、使用并列句要注意的几种情况

1. 并列句有时可不用连词，而用分号隔开。例如：

We fished all day; we didn't catch a fish.我们钓了一天的鱼，一条鱼也没钓到。

2. 并列连词后的简单句如果与其前的简单句有相同的部分，则相同的部分常可省略。例如：My father works in a factory and my mother in a school.我父亲在工厂工作，母亲在学校工作。

3. 由so, nor, neither连接的并列句，后一简单句为避免重复,其成份常倒装并省略一些。例如：

He is not a student, nor am I. 他不是学生,我也不是。

Beibei can swim, so can I. 贝贝会游泳,我也会。

例一：Work hard, _____ you will pass the during test.

A. or

B. but

C. because

D. and

解析：“努力学习”，“你就会通过驾驶考试”，两者之间是并列关系，应用句式“祈使句+and+简单句”。所以答案为D。

例二：Stop cutting trees, _____ the earth will become worse and worse.

A. and

B. then C but D. or

解析：根据句意前后是转折关系，应用句式“祈使句+or+简单句”。所以答案为D

例三：Bill put his hands behind his back, ____ nobody could see his hands.

A. so

B. and

C. or

D. but

解析：从上下文可知nobody could see his hands的原因是Bill put his hands behind his back，所以应该用so来表示结果。所以答案为A。

例四：Neither you nor I _____ from Canada. We are from Australia.

A. is

B. are

C. am

D. be

解析：“neither…nor…”结构意为“既不……也不……”，“两者都不……”，连接主语时，谓语动词应与其邻近的主语保持一致。所以答案为C。

例五：—We get knowledge ____from books _____from life.

—Yes, both are important.

A. either；or

B. not only；but also C neither；nor D. not；but

解析：根据句子的逻辑意思，本题应该选B。“not only…but also”意为“不仅……而且……”，用于连接两个并列的内容做主语、谓语、宾语、表语、状语等。所以答案为B。

复合句：

1、复合句的概念：

主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。

2、复合句的分类：

复合句一般分为三大类型：名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句。

（一）名词性从句

在整个复合句中起名词作用，充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语，统称为名词性从句。名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种. 名词性从句常用的连接词有以下几种：

1. that 引导的从句

2. whether/if 引导的从句

3. how/why/when/where引导的从句

4. who/whom/whose/what/which引导的从句

（二）形容词性从句

具有形容词功能，在复合句中做定语的从句被称之为形容词性从句或定语从句。被修饰的名词、词组或代词被称为先行词。形容词性从句分为两种类型：

（1）由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which, as引导的从句。例如: People who are strongly against human cloning claim that it is immoral and unethical. （强烈反对克隆人的人们认为这样做不道德和不合伦理）

（2）由关系副词when, where, why引导的从句。例如: I would like to analyze the reasons why a growing number of teenagers are addicted to gambling.（我将分析为什么越来越多的青少年沉迷于赌博的原因。）

（三）副词性从句

副词性从句也称为状语从句,主要用来修饰主句或者主句的谓语。大致分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。

1．时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until 2．地点状语常用引导词where

3．原因状语从常用引导词：because, since, as

4．目的状语从句常用引导词：so that, in order that

5．结果状语从句常用引导词：so … that, so… that, such … that

6．条件状语从句常用引导词：if, unless

7．让步状语从句常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though

8．比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)

9．方式状语从句常用引导词：as, as if，as though

练习1

判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：

1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.

2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.

3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?

4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at

seven in the evening.

5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.

6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.

7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.

8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?

9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.

10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.

练习2

1. Mr. Brown knows little Japanese, he can't understand the instructions on the bottle Of the pills.

A. so

B. or

C. but

D. for

2．–What was your brother doing at this time yesterday?

–He was reading a magazine ________ I was writing an e-mail at home.

A. as soon as

B. after

C. until

D. while

3. —Mom, shall we have supper now?

—Oh, we won’t have supper ______ your dad comes back.

A. until

B. since

C. while

D. after

4. Keep off the drugs（毒品）, you and your family will be in great danger?

A. and

B. or

C. but

D. so

5. Lily Lucy may go with you because one of them must stay at home.

A. Not only; but also

B. Neither; nor

C. Both; and

D. Either; or

6. You'd better take the map with you you won't get lost,

A. as long as

B. as soon as

C. now that

D. so that

7. __________ Amy likes to go to the cinema, but she doesn’t like to see horror films.

A. Since

B. As

C. Though

D. 不填

8. —Would you like to go for a walk with me, Allen?

—I'd love to, ________you don't want to go alone.

A. until

B. before

C. if

D. after

9. He had to retire(退休) early ______ poor health.

A. as a result

B. because

C. so

D. because of

10. ---- Mom, when shall we go to Wei fang Museum this weekend?

---- Oh, sorry. I'm going to Beijing for a meeting. ____ Saturday ____ Sunday is OK.

A. Neither, nor

B. Both, and

C. Either, or

D. Not only, but also

练习3

Fall in Love with English

Hiding behind the loose dusty curtain, a teenager packed up his overcoat into the suitcase. He planned to leave home at dusk though there was thunder and lightning outdoors. He had got to do this because he was tired of his parents’ nagging about his English study and did not want to go through it any longer. He couldn’t get along well with English and disliked joining in English classes because he thought his teacher ignored him on purpose. As a result, his score in each exam never added up to over 60.

His partner was concerned about him very much. She understood exactly what he was suffering from, but entirely disagreed with his idea. In order to calm him down and settle his problem, she talked with him face to face and swapped a series of learning tips with him. The items she set down helped him find the highway to studying English well.

The teenager was grateful and got great power from his friend’s words. Now he has recovered from being upset and has fallen in love with English.

有个少年躲在积满灰尘的松散窗帘后把大衣装入手提箱。尽管外面正打雷闪电，他仍计划在黄昏时分离家出走。他不得不这样做是因为厌倦了父母对他英语学习的唠叨，不想再忍受下去了。他的英语学习总是无法取得进展，而且不喜欢参加英语课的学习，因为他以为老师有意忽视他。结果，他每次考试的分数合计从未超过60。

他的搭档很关心他，也确切地理解他遭受的折磨，但却完全不同意他的想法。为了使他冷静下来好好解决问题，她和他面对面地交谈，并交换了一系列的学习心得技巧。她写下来的条款帮助他找到了学好英语的最佳捷径。

这个少年非常感激，并从朋友的话里获得极大的动力。现在他已经从沮丧中恢复过来，真正爱上了英语。