Automatic Rearrangement of Localized Graphical User Interface

Abstract—The localization of software products is essential for reaching the users of the international market. An important task for this is the translation of the user interface into local national languages. As graphical interfaces are usually optimized for the size of the texts in the original language, after the translation certain user controls (e.g. text labels and buttons in dialogs) may grow in such a manner that they slip above each other. This not only causes an unpleasant appearance but also makes the use of the program more difficult (or even impossible) which implies that the arrangement of the controls must be corrected subsequently. The correction should preserve the original structure of the interface (e.g. the relation of logically coherent controls), furthermore, it is important to keep the nicely proportioned design: the formation of large empty areas should be avoided. This paper describes an algorithm that automatically rearranges the controls of a graphical user interface based on the principles above. The algorithm has been implemented and integrated into a translation support system and reached results pleasant for the human eye in most test cases. Keywords—Graphical user interface, GUI, natural languages, software localization, translation support systems.

I.I NTRODUCTION

HE world-wide improvement of the information infrastructure has caused an exponential growth in the number of computer users and significantly modified their composition and computer using habits as well. Whereas computer programs were basically used by researchers and experts in the past decades (who generally spoke foreign languages and used computers typically in the field of their own specialties), today’s users represent a much wider range of the population and use computers at different places (at home, at their working place, at school or even during traveling), for different purposes (work, education, entertainment, searching for practical information etc.). However it is a serious problem for many of the new users that certain computer programs only have an interface in a foreign language. This problem has been recognized by the software development companies as well thus they have realized that the only way to reach more users on the international market is adapting their software products to the local requirements, i.e. localizing them.

Manuscript received August 30, 2007. The authors are with the Department

of Automation and Applied Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Goldmann Gy?rgy tér 3., Hungary (e-mail: agoston.winkler@aut.bme.hu, sandor.juhasz@aut.bme.hu, phone: +36 (1) 463-1648, fax: +36 (1) 463-2871).

Localization is a complex process: beside the translation of the text elements of the user interface it is often required to modify some functions of the program as different countries have different specialties, traditions, standards and legislation. (As an example, an accounting program needs to comply with the laws and regulations of the specific country.) However the most important step is still the translation of the user interface. Translation can be supported and even automated very efficiently [1], [2], [3], nevertheless the localization process is not completed with this step.

It is quite a serious problem that the size and the arrangement of the controls (e.g. text labels, buttons, list boxes etc.) is usually fitted to the extension of the texts in the original language. As these sizes are subject of changing during the translation, the localized interface may become distorted [4]. If controls only shrink, the problem is not significant as the original layout remains suitable for the new language as well. On the other hand, the growth of sizes may cause that certain controls slip above each other which results an unpleasant appearance. Furthermore, it may make the use of the program more difficult or even impossible. Unfortunately, researches have found that the length of translated texts is much more likely to increase than to decrease. This phenomenon can be explained with more reasons. The first one is the so-called “explicitation” that means the process of adding information to the target text explicitly that is only implicit in the source text [5], [6]. Explicitation can be obligatory when the grammar of the target language forces the addition and voluntary when the aim is to make the text easier to understand [6]. As an example, the English version of Microsoft Internet Explorer asks the user to “Click Custom level.” It is not explicitly told that it is a button that should be clicked but it is not even required in this language. On the contrary, certain languages (like Hungarian) need to specify this piece of information as well, for better comprehension. The English version does not either contain the subjective of the sentence explicitly. In some languages (for instance in German) this is also obligatory.

There are other effects that may increase the length of translated texts. For instance, the different average word length results that sentences will be 19% longer after translating from English to French [7] and 30% longer after translating to Spanish [8].

The problem caused by the growth of text sizes can be prevented by proper foresight. User interface designers may

Automatic Rearrangement of Localized

Graphical User Interface

ágoston Winkler, and Sándor Juhász

T

measure the controls so that they fit even the longest translation. Alternatively, modern design techniques can be used to make the product “ready for localization” [9], [10]. Unfortunately, the international distribution of the product is often not planned at the beginning of the development process causing that developers do not use these techniques. As result the problem appears only when the final product is ready.

In this case, the arrangement of the controls must be corrected subsequently. The correction should preserve the original structure of the interface (e.g. the relation of logically coherent controls that are originally in one row or one column should remain the same), furthermore, it is important to keep the nicely proportioned design of the interface (the formation of large empty areas should be avoided). The transformation can be processed with human contribution, however this solution is quite time-consuming and does not ensure the desirable precision by all means.

This paper presents a new algorithm that automatically rearranges the controls of a graphical user interface based on the principles above. The organization of the paper is as follows. Section II provides an overview of translation support systems and places the algorithm in the localization process. Section III presents the structure of the input data and the basic scheme of the algorithm, and then it describes each step in details. Section IV introduces the achieved results whereas Section V summarizes the work and mentions some possible ways of further improvement.

II. T RANSLATION S UPPORT S YSTEMS As already mentioned, thanks to the repetitions and frequently occurring expressions, user interface translation can be automated very efficiently [1], [2], [3]. Fig. 1 presents

Translation support systems are able to retrieve the resources (dialogs, string tables etc.) from the executable program files and libraries. Then they help users with translation memories, dictionaries, spell checker modules and interactive interfaces to do the translation as automatically as possible. Finally, the translated versions of the resources are saved in a copy of the original program file. As Fig. 1 shows, the rearrangement of the dialog controls should be done after the translation. The algorithm that is presented in the next section serves the automation of this step.

III. T HE R EARRANGEMENT A LGORITHM

The input of the algorithm is a list of the controls that contains their original coordinates and sizes as well as their new sizes after the translation. The type of the controls (text label, button, list box etc.) is not exploited by the algorithm: although their distinction would be useful in some special cases, the main goal is to work universally, with all kinds of controls (even with those of the future). The output of the algorithm is a list of the same type, of course with the modified coordinates (and sizes).

The algorithm can be split into three main phases which is shown in Fig. 2 [11]. As the input data contains no information about the hierarchy of the controls, it must be determined by the algorithm. This is the most important task of the pre-processing phase . Furthermore, a list must be created that contains the control pairs that overlap each other in the original layout so that they can be handled specially

later. The next phase is the rearrangement itself that is

executed level by level, starting from the bottom of the control hierarchy. Finally, the post-processing phase contains some English Resources Resources in Resources in French

A. Pre-Processing

As mentioned before, the first and most important task of the pre-processing phase is creating the hierarchy of the controls as the input of the algorithm does not contain it explicitly. This is required for being able to execute the rearrangement algorithm level by level. The hierarchy tree can be built by using the coordinates and the sizes of the controls. In order to eliminate the incidental imprecision of the design, a tolerance value is used during the determination of the parent-child relations. Fig. 3 shows a sample dialog and the

is that the creation of overlaps due to the translation must be avoided, i.e. controls that are originally isolated, should not slip above each other. However practice shows that sometimes the original layout contains overlaps as well. This may be caused by the impreciseness of the designer (see Fig. 4) but it can be intentional as well, usually when using standard controls (e.g. panels) for reaching special graphical effects (e.g. shadow, see Fig. 5).

Whereas the creation of new overlaps must be avoided, the originally existing ones should be handled specially. This implies that original overlaps should be remembered, and after the rearrangement they must be taken in consideration.

B. Rearrangement Level by Level

The basic rule (Fig. 6) of the rearrangement is quite simple. The algorithm iterates all the controls from top to bottom, from left to right, starting from the top left corner (the actual one is referred as the primary control ). It calculates the growth of each control and examines whether it causes any new overlaps. If so, it moves all the other (so called secondary ) controls that are right from the right edge of the primary control to the right (in case of horizontal growth), whereas it moves the secondary ones that are below the bottom of the primary control downwards (in case of vertical growth), in such a measure that the formation of a new overlap is just avoided. (A minimal distance to be kept between controls can be specified as well.) The collective replacement of the controls ensures that logical groups will not be split up.

Fig. 5 Reaching a shadow effect by using overlapping panel

controls

(a)

(b)

Fig. 4 (a) Checkbox controls seem to be isolated when the program is running (b) However, in design view it can be seen

that they actually overlap each other because of the

imprecision of the design

As already mentioned, controls that originally overlap each

other need to be handled specially. If the overlap is intentional (like in Fig. 5), the aim is to preserve the original relation of the controls. This implies that secondary controls overlapping originally and being right from the left edge (or below the top) of the primary control should be moved the same way as in general cases, in accordance with the growth of the primary control. Furthermore, this behaviour is suitable even if the original overlap is the result of an imprecise design (like in Fig. 4). This case can be considered as having no original overlap between the controls but no additional space on the right side (or under) the primary control either, i.e. the bottom right corner of the primary control and the top left corner of the secondary one move together.

As mentioned before, the rearrangement algorithm described above is executed hierarchically level by level, from bottom to top. While going up from smaller groups towards the complete form, the composite objects of the previous level are treated as single, monolithic controls the size of which was determined by the algorithm described above.

C.Post-Processing

Although tests have shown that the presented algorithm reaches quite good results despite its simplicity, it is possible to provide even better results by handling some special cases. One of these areas is the use of standard controls for reaching special graphical effects like in Fig. 5. However, whereas the dialog presented in Fig. 5 contains only two overlapping controls, it is frequent that more controls are effected. The standard algorithm presented in subsection III.B moves only the secondary controls that are below or right from the primary control. The position of the other secondary controls is already fixed and should not be changed again as it could result an infinite loop. Fig. 7 shows an example, a grid composed by panel controls.

If the text labels “User 1” and “User 2” grow, moving the right side panel would cause that the horizontal panels are moved, too. However these panels would “drag” the left and the central vertical panels as well that would slip above the text label. To avoid the formation of the new overlap, the text labels and the right panel would be moved again to the right, starting the whole procedure again. In such cases it can be a suitable solution not to move but to stretch the originally overlapping secondary controls that are above or left from the primary control. This restores the original relation of the controls but does not require subsequent operations. However as this behaviour may be undesirable because of changing the ratio of control sizes, it is only an optional parameter of the algorithm.

An other function that may be used particularly for aesthetic improvements is the equalization of the sizes of controls that have the same horizontal or vertical starting position and originally had the same height or width as well. Fig. 8 shows an example. This feature is optional as well as it is not suitable in all cases: equal positions and sizes may be the result of a simple coincidence. The decision would be easier if the type of the controls were known as it is more likely to have a real logical group if the type of the elements is the same. However as it was already mentioned, this piece of

IV.R ESULTS

The rearrangement takes O(n2) steps without the optional post-processing features (described in subsection III.C) and O(n3) including them (n is the number of the user controls).

Fig. 8Restoring originally equal button sizes that were grown

in a different measure during the translation

(a) (b)

Fig. 7 (a) Reaching a special grid effect by using 6 overlapping

panel controls (b) Restoring the original relation of the controls

by stretching the horizontal panels

Fig. 6 The basic principle of the algorithm: the primary control, text label “ID card no” can grow by d1 without causing a new overlap; if its growth is d2, all secondary controls will be moved to the right by d2 - d1

This implies that the algorithm can be used in practice as well [11].

The algorithm has been implemented and tested with real life examples. The total processing time of a test file containing 177 dialogs was 5.22 seconds that is quite a good result (C# implementation, Microsoft Windows XP operating system, .NET framework 2.0, Intel Core ? 2 CPU 6400 2,13 GHz, 2 GB RAM, 200 GB HDD).

Fig. 9 shows some detailed experimental results. Controls were added to a simple dialog (containing only one hierarchy level) one by one and the processing time of the dialog was measured (with and without the post-processing steps). The measurement has nicely justified the theoretically predicted

23

who found no significant errors.

V.C ONCLUSION

This paper presented a new algorithm that supports software localization by automatically rearranging the controls of a graphical user interface after its translation in order to restore its usability by keeping its nicely proportioned design. Next to the basic tasks we also handle some special cases like overlapping controls and visual effects achieved by using standard controls. The algorithm is kept relatively simple, it has a cubic complexity, but because of the low number (few hundreds at maximum) of graphical elements in a single form, it can be used interactively as processing of a complete form does not take more than a few hundredths of second.

We considered it as an advantage that the algorithm does not exploit the knowledge of the type of the controls, as this allows a universal application of it. On the other hand, in some special cases it would be worth using this piece of information (of course, the basic algorithm should work without it as well). A typical application would be the post-processing described in subsection III.C to decide which modifications should be applied. However this improvement would affect only the aesthetics of the transformation as its basic goal is already achieved by the present algorithm.

R EFERENCES

[1]Passolo homepage, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/018126366.html,/

[2]Trados homepage, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/018126366.html,/

[3]MemoQ homepage, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/018126366.html,/kilgray/products/memoq?

locale=en

[4]Gary F. Simons, John V. Thomson, “Multilingual data processing in the

CELLAR environment,” in Linguistic Databases, Groningen, 1995, pp.

203-234.

[5]Silvia Hansen-Schirra, “Linguistic enrichment and exploitation of the

Translational English Corpus,” in Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics Conference, Lancaster, 2003, pp. 288-297.

[6]Ana Frankenberg-Garcia, “Are translations longer than source texts? A

corpus-based study of explicitation,” in Third International CULT (Corpus Use and Learning to Translate) Conference, Barcelona, 2004, pp. 2-9.

[7]Aletta Grisay, “Translation procedures in OECD / PISA 2000

international assessment,” in Language Testing, SAGE Publications, 2003. Avaible: http://ltj.sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/20/2/225

[8]Diana Díaz Montón, “The Video Game Translator Wishlist,” in

Gamasutra, 15 June 2005. Avaible: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/018126366.html,/ features/20050615/ monton_01.shtml

[9]Lingobit, “Preparing User Interface for Localization.” Available: http://

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/018126366.html,/solutions/preparing_gui.html

[10]“Creating a Layout That Adjusts Proportion for Localization,” in

Microsoft Developer Network, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/018126366.html,/en-us/ library/7k9fa71y (vs.80).aspx

[11]ágoston Winkler, “A New Auto-Layout Algorithm for GUI

Localization,” in Automation and Applied Computer Science Workshop 2007 (AACS’07), Budapest, 2007, pp. 295-300.

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题，全自动面条机也正是考虑到这个大众问题，所以设计出的成品操作简便，灵活应用，在业内人士都称其为傻瓜式操作，足见其使用起来简单易懂。然鹅，操作简单归简单，主要参数可不能落下，甚至于全自动面条机的主要参数相对于其他面条机来说更加科学规范化。 如果你以为全自动面条机就只有这几个优势那就错了，全自动面条机还有很多优势的，下面由我来一一阐述。 就材质方面，全自动面条机全身采用的是不锈钢材料，使得全自动面条机拥有耐腐蚀耐磨经久耐用的优势，不仅如此，全自动面条机还可以为我们节约成本，提高生产水平，用最小的投资赢得最大的收益。全自动面条机还有一个最大的特点就是可以利用全自动化省去人力操作，多功能一体化具有全自动的特点一次成型,节省劳动力，并且可以大批量的生产面条，在面条最后一 道制作工艺中采取自动挑面技术。 当然了，在使用全自动面条机的时候一定要按照操作规范走，切记安全第一。下面也为大家整理了一些全自动面条机在使用中的安全操作须知： 第一，全自动面条机在开机操作之前一定要先阅读机械说明书，并牢记操作步骤；第二，在开机前仔细检查机械有无异常情况发生，一旦发现有异常情况，一定要禁止使用；第三，一定记得定期给面条机涂抹润滑油，防止机器生锈影响生产；最后，在使用过程中一定要注意安全用电。

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目录 一、目的及背景 (3) 1.1 目的： (3) 1.2 背景： (3) 二、方案设计 (4) 2.1 背景： (4) 2.2 黑箱法分析： (5) 三、各工步设计 (6) 3.1 放面团 (6) 3.2一级输送 (6) 3.3压面 (6) 3.4二级输送 (6) 3.5 切面机构 (6) 四、各子系统设计 (6) 4.1 动力系统选取 (6) 4.2 传动系统设计 (6) 4.3 压面机构 (6) 4.4 切面机构 (7) 4.5 机械生产效率计算 (7) 五、产品前景 (8) 产品优势 (8) 产品前景 (8) 六、参考文献 (8)

摘要：该机械采用小功率驱动，经济节能；通过2次压面工艺，提高面条的品质；一次出面，效率高，省事，省时，省心，方便，快捷。 关键词：清洁，2次压面，封闭，品质 一、目的及背景 1.1 目的： 针对传统手工制作面食存在的劳动强度大、工序复杂、效率低、不卫生等缺陷，运用机械原理，设计了家用面条机，以适应市场对面条机节能、体积小、造型新颖、操作简单、维修方便、光洁卫生等需求。 1.2 背景： 随着生活水平的不断提高，生活节奏日益加快，饮食制作快捷化就自然想到用饮食机械来代替传统手工制作。市场上已经出现许多如和面机、洗面机、面条机、饺子机等形状各异、种类繁多的面食品加工机械，但是大多为大型面食品加工机械，面条家用加工机械并不多，且功能单一，纵观世界面条机, 一方面向高生产率、全自动的方向发展, 另一方面由敞开型向封闭型、重量轻、体积小、造型美. 一次成条方向发展。随着人们对食品各方面要求的提高，家用面条机开始受到家庭厨子的喜爱，面对全国广大市场，家用面条机发展空间广阔，经济前景好。纵观世界面条机, 一方面向高生产率、全自动的方向发展, 另一方面由敞开型向封闭型、重量轻、体积小、造型美. 一次成条方向发展 面条的规格： 品质规格：根据麦类作物学报中中国面条的标准化实验室制作与评价方法研究，西北农林科技大学学报中面条品质评价方法研究进展，把面条的色泽、外观、软硬度、粘弹性、光滑性、食味;作为评价面条的标准，其中外观，软硬度，粘弹性，光滑性很大程度受到机械加工的影响。 尺寸规格：南方以2X2mm方截面型面条为主，北方以5mm圆形面条为主，长度从150-250mm不等。

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1.How to build a business that lasts100years 0:11Imagine that you are a product designer.And you've designed a product,a new type of product,called the human immune system.You're pitching this product to a skeptical,strictly no-nonsense manager.Let's call him Bob.I think we all know at least one Bob,right?How would that go? 0:34Bob,I've got this incredible idea for a completely new type of personal health product.It's called the human immune system.I can see from your face that you're having some problems with this.Don't worry.I know it's very complicated.I don't want to take you through the gory details,I just want to tell you about some of the amazing features of this product.First of all,it cleverly uses redundancy by having millions of copies of each component--leukocytes,white blood cells--before they're actually needed,to create a massive buffer against the unexpected.And it cleverly leverages diversity by having not just leukocytes but B cells,T cells,natural killer cells,antibodies.The components don't really matter.The point is that together,this diversity of different approaches can cope with more or less anything that evolution has been able to throw up.And the design is completely modular.You have the surface barrier of the human skin,you have the very rapidly reacting innate immune system and then you have the highly targeted adaptive immune system.The point is,that if one system fails,another can take over,creating a virtually foolproof system. 1:54I can see I'm losing you,Bob,but stay with me,because here is the really killer feature.The product is completely adaptive.It's able to actually develop targeted antibodies to threats that it's never even met before.It actually also does this with incredible prudence,detecting and reacting to every tiny threat,and furthermore, remembering every previous threat,in case they are ever encountered again.What I'm pitching you today is actually not a stand-alone product.The product is embedded in the larger system of the human body,and it works in complete harmony with that system,to create this unprecedented level of biological protection.So Bob,just tell me honestly,what do you think of my product? 2:47And Bob may say something like,I sincerely appreciate the effort and passion that have gone into your presentation,blah blah blah-- 2:56(Laughter) 2:58But honestly,it's total nonsense.You seem to be saying that the key selling points of your product are that it is inefficient and complex.Didn't they teach you 80-20?And furthermore,you're saying that this product is siloed.It overreacts, makes things up as it goes along and is actually designed for somebody else's benefit. I'm sorry to break it to you,but I don't think this one is a winner.

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关于工作的优秀英语演讲稿 Different people have various ambitions. Some want to be engineers or doctors in the future. Some want to be scientists or businessmen. Still some wish to be teachers or lawers when they grow up in the days to come. Unlike other people, I prefer to be a farmer. However, it is not easy to be a farmer for Iwill be looked upon by others. Anyway,what I am trying to do is to make great contributions to agriculture. It is well known that farming is the basic of the country. Above all, farming is not only a challenge but also a good opportunity for the young. We can also make a big profit by growing vegetables and food in a scientific way. Besides we can apply what we have learned in school to farming. Thus our countryside will become more and more properous. I believe that any man with knowledge can do whatever they can so long as this job can meet his or her interest. All the working position can provide him with a good chance to become a talent. 1 ————来源网络整理，仅供供参考

全自动一次成型挂面机操作方法技巧

全自动一次成型挂面机操作方法技巧 我们一共将制面的整个过程分为3大步骤进行操作分析 1.和面：将面粉倒入拌面机内，然后按规定25%左右的比例进行加水，启动运力，把面和水拌均匀达颗粒状(10分钟后使用最佳)，即可倒入面条机使用。 2.调整：用手轮进行调整轧辊间隙，各组轧辊间隙的参考数据是：(330以上机组例外)在调整过程中，调紧或放松手轮的多少，有时不易一次调准，关键是要弄清道理，耐心把握，不熟练时可停机调整，正常后锁紧手轮。 3.操作：把拌好的面粉放入面斗内，按刀并固定挡刀板，就可开机运转，第三组下来面板要用手引到下一组(多组照此类推)经过面条机压辊压制，出面条操作完毕。

重庆友乐乐机械专业生产各种款式的面条机，热门搜索词：重庆全自动面条机、重庆面条机、重庆压面机、贵州面条机、四川面条机、云南面条机、重庆面条机厂、面条机多少钱一台、多功能家用面条机价格、重庆面条机厂家。欢迎大家登录我公司网址详细咨询，友乐乐竭诚为您服务！！ 产品关键词：全自动面条机、重庆老牌面条机、重庆老式面条机、重庆传统面条机

2. 3. 面通过拉丝处理 结构紧凑，造型新颖，辊具有揉面功能，生产面条时不需另外熟化，广受客户的青睐。 4. 转动部位采用高精轴承，经久耐用，运转灵活，性能稳定。 5. 护板采用不锈钢，面斗木质部分用不锈钢板装

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反应的一种类型，它通过σ键及π电子的协同迁移重组而构建新的分子结构。 [1,2]-Wittig重排反应由Wittig (诺贝尔化学奖获得者)和L?hmann 于1942年首先报道，指醚类化合物在强碱（如有机锂试剂）作用下重排为烷氧基化合物。 图1-1 [2,3]-Wittig重排是一种重要的合成复杂有机分子的重排反应。借助辅助剂可以控制重排反应的速率和立体化学，指烯丙基醚用碱处理转化为高烯丙基醇，也称为Still-Wittig重排，发现1960年[1]，但直到20世纪50年代，Still[2]和Nakai[3]建立了高立体选择性的反应体系，它在合成上的作用开始得体现。近年它也被广泛应用于有机合成中，尤其成为构建高烯丙基醇类化合物一个有力的合成工具。 图1-2 2．反应机理

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尊敬的领导，老师，亲爱的同学们， 大家好！我是5班的梁浩东。今天早上我坐车来学校的路上，我仔细观察了路上形形色色的人，有开着小车衣着精致的叔叔阿姨，有市场带着倦容的卖各种早点的阿姨，还有偶尔穿梭于人群中衣衫褴褛的乞丐。于是我问自己，十几年后我会成为怎样的自己，想成为社会成功人士还是碌碌无为的人呢，答案肯定是前者。那么十几年后我怎样才能如愿以偿呢，成为一个受人尊重，有价值的人呢？正如我今天演讲的题目是：自主管理。 大家都知道爱玩是我们孩子的天性，学习也是我们的责任和义务。要怎样处理好这些矛盾，提高自主管理呢？ 首先，我们要有小主人翁思想，自己做自己的主人，要认识到我们学习，生活这一切都是我们自己走自己的人生路，并不是为了报答父母，更不是为了敷衍老师。 我认为自主管理又可以理解为自我管理，在学习和生活中无处不在，比如通过老师，小组长来管理约束行为和同学们对自身行为的管理都属于自我管理。比如我们到一个旅游景点，看到一块大石头，有的同学特别兴奋，会想在上面刻上：某某某到此一游话。这时你就需要自我管理，你需要提醒自己，这样做会破坏景点，而且是一种素质低下的表现。你设想一下，如果别人家小孩去你家墙上乱涂乱画，你是何种感受。同样我们把自主管理放到学习上，在我们想偷懒，想逃避，想放弃的时候，我们可以通过自主管理来避免这些，通过他人或者自己的力量来完成。例如我会制定作息时间计划表，里面包括学习，运动，玩耍等内容的完成时间。那些学校学习尖子，他们学习好是智商高于我们吗，其实不然，在我所了解的哪些优秀的学霸传授经验里，就提到要能够自我管理，规范好学习时间的分分秒秒，只有辛勤的付出，才能取得优异成绩。 在现实生活中，无数成功人士告诉我们自主管理的重要性。十几年后我想成为一位优秀的，为国家多做贡献的人。亲爱的同学们，你们们？让我们从现在开始重视和执行自主管理，十几年后成为那个你想成为的人。 谢谢大家！

关于工作的英语演讲稿

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第五章 老年社会工作

第五章老年社会工作 第一节老年社会工作概述 第二节老年社会工作的主要内容 第三节老年社会工作的主要方法 第一节老年社会工作概述 一、老年人与老年期 （一）年龄界定 生理年龄：生理指标与功能确定 心理年龄：心理活动程度确定 社会年龄：与他人交往的角色确定 （二）老年期的划分 低龄老年人：60-69岁 中龄老年人：70-79 高龄老年人：80岁以上 （三）划分的意义 1.三种年龄：不能仅凭日历年龄判断服务需求，而要关注不同个体在生理、心理与社会方面的差异。 2.三个时期：关注老年同期群的共性需要。 二、老年期的特点 （一）生理变化 1.生理变化的特点：九大生理系统老化 2.对开展老年社会工作的影响 （1）要特别关注老年人的身体健康状况； （2）处理好隐私的健康问题，如大小便； （3）帮助机构和家庭策划环境的调整。 （二）心理变化 1.智力、人格、记忆力的变化 智力：结晶智力强，但处理问题速度下降 人格：总结自己生命的意义 记忆力：记忆速度下降，动机决定是否学习 2.对开展老年社工的影响 （1）提供机会但尊重选择 （2）所有事放慢节奏 （3）关注身体健康对心理功能的重要性 （三）社会生活方面的变化 1.对老年社会生活变化的理论解释 （1）角色理论：丧失象征中年的社会角色 （2）活动理论：生活满足感与活动有积极联系 （3）撤离理论：接受减少与社会的交往 （4）延续理论：不能割裂看待老年阶段 （5）社会建构理论：老年是一个独特的个人过程 （6）现代化理论：现代化使老年人地位下降

2.理论在社会工作中的应用 （1）注意角色转变的重大生活事件 （2）注意老年个体的差异性，尊重其对生活意义的不同理解 （3）注意社会隔离可能对老年人造成的伤害 （4）改变总有可能 （5）关注社会变迁对老年人的影响，推动社会政策的调整 三、老年人的需要及问题 （一）老年人的需要 1.健康维护 2.经济保障 3.就业休闲 4.社会参与 5.婚姻家庭 6.居家安全 7.后事安排 8.一条龙照顾 （二）老年人的问题 1.慢性病问题与医疗问题 2.家庭照顾问题 3.宜居环境问题 4.代际隔阂问题 5.社会隔离问题 四、老年社会工作 （一）老年社会工作的对象 1.老年人自身：空巢、残疾、高龄老人，也包括健康老人 2.老年人周围的人：家庭成员、亲属、朋友、邻居等 3.宏观系统：单位与服务组织 （二）老年社会工作的目的 根本目标：老有所养、老有所医、老有所教、老有所学、老有所为、老有所乐 （三）老年社会工作的作用 1.个体层面：维持日常生活、获得社会支持 2.宏观层面：参与制定有关老年人的服务方案与政策 五、老年社会工作的特点 （一）老年歧视等社会价值观会影响社会工作者的态度与行为 （二）反移情是社会工作者的重要课题 （三）社会工作者要善于运用督导机制 （四）需要多学科合作 第二节老年社会工作的主要内容 一、身体健康方面的服务 二、认知与情绪问题的处理 三、精神问题的解决 四、社会支持网络的建立 五、老年人特殊问题的处理 一、身体健康方面的服务

关于时间管理的英语演讲

Dear teacher and colleagues: my topic is on “spare time”. It is a huge blessing that we can work 996. Jack Ma said at an Ali's internal communication activity, That means we should work at 9am to 9pm, 6 days a week .I question the entire premise of this piece. but I'm always interested in hearing what successful and especially rich people come up with time .So I finally found out Jack Ma also had said :”i f you don’t put out more time and energy than others ,how can you achieve the success you want? If you do not do 996 when you are young ,when will you ?”I quite agree with the idea that young people should fight for success .But there are a lot of survival activities to do in a day ,I want to focus on how much time they take from us and what can we do with the rest of the time. As all we known ,There are 168 hours in a week .We sleep roughly seven-and-a-half and eight hours a day .so around 56 hours a week . maybe it is slightly different for someone . We do our personal things like eating and bathing and maybe looking after kids -about three hours a day .so around 21 hours a week .And if you are working a full time job ,so 40 hours a week , Oh! Maybe it is impossible for us at