化学专业英语翻译4

04.GROUPS IIIB—VIIIB ELEMENTS Group I-B includes the elements scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium1, and the two rare-earth series of fourteen elements each2—the lanthanide and actinide series. The principal source of these elements is the high gravity river and beach sands built up by a water-sorting process during long periods of geologic time. Monazite sand, which contains a mixture of rare earth phosphates, and an yttrium silicate in a heavy sand are now commercial sources of a number of these scarce elements.

B组包括元素钪，钇，镧，和actinium1，和2稀土系列十四each2镧系和锕系元素的系列。这些元素的主要来源是重力高与海滩砂建立起来的water-sorting过程在漫长的地质年代。独居石砂，其中包含一个混合稀土磷酸盐，和一个钇硅酸盐在沉沙现在商业来源的一些这些稀有元素。

Separation of the elements is a difficult chemical operation. The solubilities of their compounds are so nearly alike that a separation by fractional crystallization is laborious and time-consuming. In recent years, ion exchange resins in high columns have proved effective. When certain acids are allowed to flow down slowly through a column containing a resin to which ions of Group III B metals are adsorbed, ions are successively released from the resin3. The resulting solution is removed from the bottom of the column or tower in bands or sections. Successive

sections will contain specific ions in the order of release by the resin. For example .lanthanum ion (La3+) is most tightly held to the resin and is the last to be extracted, lutetium ion (Lu3+) is less tightly held and appears in one of the first sections removed. If the solutions are recycled and the acid concentrations carefully controlled, very effective separations can be accomplished. Quantities of all the lanthanide series (except promethium, Pm, which does not exist in nature as a stable isotope) are produced for the chemical market.

分离的组成部分是一个困难的化工操作。溶解度的化合物是几乎一模一样，分离结晶是艰苦和耗时的。近年来，离子交换树脂在高列已证明有效。当某些氨基酸可以缓缓流下一列含有树脂的离子组第三金属离子吸附，先后从resin3。由此产生的解决方案是删除从塔底、塔带或部分。连续的部分将包含特定的离子释放的顺序由树脂。例如。镧离子（La 3 +）是最紧密举行的树脂，是最后被提取，镥离子（lu3+）是不那么严格，出现在第一部分被删除。如果溶液再生和酸浓度小心控制，可以实现非常有效的分离。大量的所有镧系元素（除钷，下午，它不存在的性质作为一个稳定的同位素）生产的化工市场。

The predominant group oxidation number of the lanthanide series is +3, but some of the elements exhibit variable oxidation states. Cerium forms cerium( III )and cerium ( IV ) sulfates, Ce2 (SO4 )3 and Ce(SO4 )2, which are employed in certain oxidation-reduction titrations. Many rare earth compounds are colored and are paramagnetic, presumably as a

result of unpaired electrons in the 4f orbitals.

主要的氧化数为+ 3的稀土系列，但一些元素表现出不同的氧化态。铈铈（Ⅲ）形式和铈（Ⅳ）硫酸盐（SO 4）3，铈和铈（SO 4）2，其中从事某些氧化还原滴定法。许多稀土化合物，是顺磁性的，大概是由于未配对电子的轨道。

All actinide elements have unstable nuclei and exhibit radioactivity. Those with higher atomic numbers have been obtained only in trace amounts. Actinium (89Ac), like lanthanum, is a regular Group IIIB element.

锕系元素的所有不稳定原子核和放射性。那些具有较高的原子数目已获得只有微量的。锕（89），如镧，经常是一组III B部元件。

Group IVB ElementsⅣB族元素

In chemical properties these elements resemble silicon, but they become increasingly more metallic from titanium to hafnium. The predominant oxidation state is +4 and, as with silica (SiO2), the oxides of these elements occur naturally in small amounts. The formulas and mineral names of the oxides are TiO2, rutile; ZrO2, zirconia; HfO2, hafnia. 这些元素在化学性质类似，但他们成为越来越多的金属钛铪。主要的氧化态为+ 4，与二氧化硅（SiO 2）的氧化物，这些要素自然发生少量。公式和矿物的氧化物TiO 2，金红石；氧化锆；氧化铪，锆，铪。

Titanium is more abundant than is usually realized. It comprises about 0.44%of the earth's crust. It is over 5.0%in average composition of first analyzed moon rock. Zirconium and titanium oxides occur in small percentages in beach sands.

钛是更丰富的比通常的实现。它由大约0.44%的地球的地壳。这是超过5%的平均组成，首先分析月球岩石。锆和钛的氧化物发生在小的百分比在海滩砂。

Titanium and zirconium metals are prepared by heating their chlorides with magnesium metal. Both are particularly resistant to corrosion and have high melting points.

钛、锆金属准备通过加热的氯化物与金属镁。双方尤其是耐腐蚀和具有熔点高。

Pure TiO2 is a very white substance which is taking the place of white lead in many paints. Three-fourths of the TiO2is used in white paints, varnishes, and lacquers. It has the highest index of refraction (2.76) and the greatest hiding power of all the common white paint materials. TiO2 also is used in the paper, rubber, linoleum, leather, and textile industries. 纯TiO 2是一种白色物质，代替铅白在许多涂料。四分之三的TiO 2是用白漆，清漆，喷漆。它具有最高的折射率（2.76）和最大的遮盖力的所有常见的白色油漆材料。二氧化钛也用于纸张，橡胶，油毡，皮革，纺织工业。

Group VB Elements: Vanadium, Niobium, and Tantalum群中元素钒，铌，钽：

These are transition elements of Group VB, with a predominant oxidation number of + 5. Their occurrence is comparatively rare.

这些都是过渡族元素中，一个主要的氧化数为+ 5。他们的出现是比较罕见的。

These metals combine directly with oxygen, chlorine, and nitrogen to form oxides, chlorides, and nitrides, respectively. A small percentage of vanadium alloyed with steel gives a high tensile strength product which is very tough and resistant to shock and vibration. For this reason vanadium alloy steels are used in the manufacture of high-speed tools and heavy machinery. Vanadium oxide is employed as a catalyst in the contact process of manufacturing sulfuric acid. Niobium is a very rare element, with limited use as an alloying element in stainless steel. Tantalum has a very high melting point (2850 C) and is resistant to corrosion by most acids and alkalies.

这些金属直接与氧，氯，和氮氧化物，氯化物，氮化物和，分别为。一小部分钒合金钢具有高抗拉强度的产品，是非常艰难的，耐冲击和振动。为此，钒合金钢用于制造高速工具和重型机械。钒氧化物作为催化剂使用的接触过程中制造硫酸。铌是一种非常罕见的元素，以有限的使用作为合金元素在不锈钢。钽具有很高的熔点（2850℃），耐

腐蚀大多数的酸和碱。

Groups VIB and VIIB ElementsⅥB和七B元素

Chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten are Group VIB elements. Manganese is the only chemically important element of Group VIIB. All these elements exhibit several oxidation states, acting as metallic elements in lower oxidation states and as nonmetallic elements in higher oxidation states. Both chromium and manganese are widely used in alloys, particularly in alloy steels.

铬，钼，钨是ⅥB族元素。锰是唯一重要的化学元素，七B组。所有这些因素表现出几种氧化态，作为金属元素在低氧化态和非金属元素的高氧化态。铬和锰广泛用于合金，特别是在合金钢。

Group VIIIB Metals制备金属

Group VIIIB contains the three triads of elements. These triads appear at the middle of long periods of elements in the periodic table, and are members of the transition series. The elements of any given horizontal triad have many similar properties, but there are marked differences between the properties of the triads, particularly between the first triad and the other two. Iron, cobalt, and nickel are much more active than members of the other two triads, and are also much more abundant in the earth's crust. Metals of the second and third triads, with many common properties, are usually grouped together and called the platinum metals.

制备包含三个黑社会的要素。这些黑社会出现在中长周期元素在周期表中，和成员的过渡系列。元素的任何给定的水平黑社会有许多相似的性质，但有显着差异的性质之间的黑社会，特别是与第一黑社会及其他。铁，钴，镍是更积极比其他成员的两只黑社会，和也更丰富的在地球的地壳。金属和第三个黑社会，有许多共同的特性，常常聚集在一起并称为铂金属。

These elements all exhibit variable oxidation states and form numerous coordination compounds.

这些因素都表现出不同的氧化态，形成多种配位化合物。Corrosion腐蚀;侵入

Iron exposed to the action of moist air rusts rapidly, with the formation of a loose, crumbly deposit of the oxide. The oxide does not adhere to the surface of the metal, as does aluminum oxide and certain other metal oxides, but peels off .exposing a fresh surface of iron to the action of the air. As a result, a piece of iron will rust away completely in a relatively short time unless steps are taken to prevent the corrosion. The chemical steps in rusting are rather obscure, but it has been established that the rust is a hydrated oxide of iron, formed by the action of both oxygen and moisture, and is markedly speeded up by the presence of minute amounts of carbon dioxide5.

铁的行动暴露于潮湿空气迅速生锈，以形成一个松散的，易碎的矿

床的氧化。氧化不坚持金属表面，如铝氧化物和其他金属氧化物，但剥落。新鲜铁表面暴露于行动的空气。因此，一块铁会生锈完全在较短的时间，除非采取措施防止腐蚀。化学步骤生锈是默默无闻的，但是它已经成立，锈的水合氧化铁，所形成的行动都氧气和水分，而且明显加快了存在微量的碳dioxide5。

Corrosion of iron is inhibited by coating it with numerous substances, such as paint, an aluminum powder gilt, tin, or organic tarry substances or by galvanizing iron with zinc. Alloying iron with metals such as nickel or chromium yields a less corrosive steel. "Cathodic protection" of iron for lessened corrosion is also practiced. For some pipelines and standpipes zinc or magnesium rods in the ground with a wire connecting them to an iron object have the following effect: with soil moisture acting as an electrolyte for a Fe —Zn couple the Fe is lessened in its tendency to become Fe2+. It acts as a cathode rather than an anode.

铁的腐蚀抑制涂层，它与许多物质，如涂料，铝粉末烫金，锡，或有机柏油物质或镀锌铁锌。合金铸铁金属如镍或铬不锈钢产量少。”阴极保护“铁减少腐蚀也实行。一些管道及立管的锌或镁棒与地面线连接到一个铁对象有以下影响：土壤水分作为电解质的铁锌对铁减少的趋势成为Fe 2+。它作为一个而不是一个阳极阴极。

各专业的英文翻译

中国教育在线考研频道提供考研全方面信息指导及咨询服务，为您成功考研提供一切帮助。 哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence

化学专业英语(修订版)翻译

01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如: oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg

应用化学专业英语翻译完整篇

1 Unit5元素周期表 As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。有超过100多中元素要处理，我们怎么能记的住所有的信息？有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数，它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。最神奇的是，周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型（原子是是一个不可分割的粒子，其质量决定了它的身份）不久，化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。在制定像这些元素表时候，他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。例如，人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。在当时知道的大约60种元素中，第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质，第三个和第十个，第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。 In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家，发表了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似. Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。他非但没有将那些空白看成是缺憾，反而大胆的预测还存在着仍未被发现的元素。更进一步，他甚至预测出那些一些缺失元素的性质出来。在接下来的几年里，随着新元素的发现，里面的许多空格都被填满。这些性质也和Mendeleev所预测的极为接近。这巨大创新的预计值导致了Mendeleev的周期表为人们所接受。 It is known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 我们现在所知道的元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能量能级的电子数。钠原子最外层能量能级（第三层）有一个电子，锂原子最外层能量能级（第二层）有一个电子。钠和锂的化学性质相似。氦原子和氖原子外层能级上是满的，这两种都是惰性气体，也就是他们不容易进行化学反应。很明显，有着相同电子结构（电子分布）的元素的不仅有着相似的化学性质，而且某些结构也表现比其他元素稳定（不那么活泼） In Mendeleev’s table,the elements were arranged by atomic weights for 在Mendeleev的表中，元素大部分是按照原子数来排列的，这个排列揭示了化学性质的周期性。因为电子数决定元素的化学性质，电子数也应该（现在也确实）决定周期表的顺序。在现代的周期表中，元素是根据原子质量来排列的。记住，这个数字表示了在元素的中性原子中的质子数和电子数。现在的周期表是按照原子数的递增排列，Mendeleev的周期表是按照原子质量的递增排列，彼此平行是由于原子量的增加。只有在一些情况下（Mendeleev注释的那样）重量和顺序不符合。因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的加和，故原子量并不完全随原子序数的增加而增加。原子序数低的原子的中子数有可能比原子序数高的原

选矿专业英语

1 总论 采矿mining 地下采矿underground mining 露天采矿open cut mining, open pit mining, surface mining 采矿工程mining engineering 选矿（学）mineral dressing, ore beneficiation, mineral processing 矿物工程mineral engineering 冶金（学）metallurgy 过程冶金（学）process metallurgy 提取冶金（学）extractive metallurgy 化学冶金（学）chemical metallurgy 物理冶金（学）physical metallurgy 金属学Metallkunde 冶金过程物理化学physical chemistry of process metallurgy 冶金反应工程学metallurgical reaction engineering 冶金工程metallurgical engineering 钢铁冶金（学）ferrous metallurgy, metallurgy of iron and steel 有色冶金(学)nonferrous metallurgy 真空冶金(学)vacuum metallurgy 等离子冶金(学)plasma metallurgy 微生物冶金(学)microbial metallurgy 喷射冶金(学)injection metallurgy 钢包冶金(学)ladle metallurgy 二次冶金(学)secondary metallurgy 机械冶金(学)mechanical metallurgy 焊接冶金(学)welding metallurgy 粉末冶金(学)powder metallurgy 铸造学foundry 火法冶金(学)pyrometallurgy 湿法冶金(学)hydrometallurgy 电冶金(学)electrometallurgy 氯冶金(学)chlorine metallurgy 矿物资源综合利用engineering of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources 中国金属学会The Chinese Society for Metals 中国有色金属学会The Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2 采矿 采矿工艺mining technology 有用矿物valuable mineral 冶金矿产原料metallurgical mineral raw materials 矿床mineral deposit 特殊采矿specialized mining 海洋采矿oceanic mining, marine mining 矿田mine field

化学专业英语翻译1

01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of

化工专业英语课文翻译

Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助

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