压题高考英语书面表达学情分析及写作策略

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高考英语书面表达学情分析及写作策略

株洲市第十三中学英语老师柳芳

摘要: 高考英语书面表达一直以来是学生应试的心腹大患，本人针对学生的写作情况进行分析，总结出一些英语写作的基本技巧及平时英语学习中的英语书面表达中的培养方法。

关键词: 高考英语书面表达教师

高中英语课程的总目标之一是培养学生的综合语言运用能力；语言技能和语言知识是综合语言运用能力的基础。而高考英语书面表达正是对高中英语课程总目标考察的重要体现,它旨在测试最基本的英文表达能力，主要看学生是否能够运用所学的英语知识和掌握的基本技能正确进行表达。因此，命题者在编拟试题时，总是力求使学生对写作的目的、体裁、对象、内容及字数等一目了然。试题提供的信息一般为汉语提示，表格,图画或英语短文,在我们湖南省内的学生,更是体验了开放式作文----即提供一个topic(话题)，由学生围绕话题自由想象发挥。试题的难度适中，要求学生做到“内容切题，文理通顺，语言准确，无语法错误”。

在本人工作以来的六年英语教学过程中，对学生的英语作文有一些认识。

一学生写作常见错误

1、审题不清。由于考试时间紧迫，学生答题心切、审题不严谨，导致走题或重要点遗漏，作文不合要求。

2、时态和人称混乱。学生在写作时总是容易忘记时态与人称的正确运用，有时通篇一个时态不管事情发生先后，而有时同一篇文章中会出现一、二、三人称的现象。

3、中式英语（Chinglish）。原因是学生的母语在英语学习中产生的负迁移作用占了主导地位，以致写出的句子不合英语的表达方式和英美人的行为习惯。

4、文不对题。随意添加题外信息，将自己丰富的想象力不适当地用到某一细节上，画蛇添足。

5、冗言。主要是学生用词累赘，短文中写了无关紧要的词语。

6、不规范。不少学生没有养成正确使用拼音文字习惯，常在大小写、名词复数、动词形态变化、比较等级，以及标点符号等方面漏洞百出。

7、词汇错误。不少学生在单词拼写，同义词语的选择、短语搭配和习惯用法等方面出现了错误，其中词汇拼写错误最为普遍。

8、断句不清且复杂。对句子结构不了解，以致写出的句子在结构上残缺不全，充其量只能是一个短语或从句等。或在在一句话中揉进过多的内容，写出的句子相当繁杂，以致逻辑混乱，语言不畅，表意不清。

9、卷面不洁。由于学生不打草稿，对文章缺乏整体构思，以致行文逻辑混乱，涂改现象随处可见，这样的答卷令评卷人生厌。

二书面表达的基本原则

鉴于上述问题，本人认为书面表达的基本原则应该是：

1、以英语基本句型为准绳展开书面表达；要提高作文等级，平时学生还可适当背诵一些高级句型。如：

1). I am the very person that you want.

2). It is common / obvious / apparent / important / necessary /….. that ….

3). What shocks / surprises / benefits / worries / interests / impresses / excites sb is that …….

4). As we all know, ………..

5). Many people hold the view that …………。On the other hand, some people have the opposite opinion that …..

6). The reason why………….. is that …………..

例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air. 7). ~~~ the + ~ est + 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen (known/heard/had/read, etc)

~~~ the most + 形容词+ 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen (known/heard /read,etc)

例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

8). An advantage of ~~~ is that ……………（...的优点是...）

9). There is no doubt that ……………（毫无疑问的...）

10). From the picture, we can see a phenomenon that …

2、从表达信息的角度组织材料，而不是对说明文字本身进行翻译。如果遇到难以表达的短语或句子应设法化难为易。若内容上正面说有困难，可试着从侧面或反面着笔，切忌死扣字眼。

3、根据自己英语语言的实际驾驭能力，选择自己熟悉的表达方式，句式上尽量写得简单明确，做到不确切的句型不用，不熟悉的语法不用，不熟悉的词汇不写，切忌舍简求繁，生搬硬套。

4、在语言表达上，先求“达”再求“雅”。一则具有“完整内容，正确的语言，规范的书写和格式”的书面表达便是一篇上乘佳作。

5. 文章写完后，要养成自我检查的习惯。花一到二分钟时间检查作文的要点有无遗漏，时态和人称是否正确，动词的单数第三人称，名词单复数，固定搭配，大小写及标点符号。做到百密无疏。

三英语学习中的书面表达能力的培养

水滴石穿，非一日之功，冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。要培养学生的书面表达、交际能力，教师必须从早抓起，从基础抓起。

第一、先从造句，汉泽英，句型转换，缩写课文和看图写话练起，一直到连贯地写出一段话。训练中要始终坚持注意单词的拼写、大小写、标点符合动词的形态变化等最基本的东西。

第二、教师要加强学生遣词造句的训练，熟练掌握常用的简单句的五种基本类型以及并列句、主从复合句等句型，了解英语习惯用法，学会用好动词，不生搬硬套英语词汇。对大纲中出现率较低的消极词汇要在搞清其内涵和外延的情况慎重选用。一般情况下，提倡使用自己能驾驭的初级词汇，以小词求大意。

第三，教师要教会学生使有多种表达法。要从表达信息的角度去组织文字，表示同种思想往往有许多不同的方式。常见的方式有：①句型转换。②关键词语、短语的替换。③主客体的变换。④动态与静态的互换。⑤正面叙述与侧面、反面表述的变换。

⑥语态的转换。⑦简单与复合句的转换。⑧正常语序与倒装句的转换等等。见下例：

①Would you please close the door? ——I wonder if you can close the door?

②Quit a few months went by, and I failed to get the thing——Many months passed, and I didn‘t succeed in getting the thing.

③Our school was founded in 1950——1950 saw the founding of our school.（主客体变换）

④He smiled again ——another smile appeared on his face.

⑤Education is free for all the children here——all the children here can receive school education without pay

⑥The earthquake killed as many as 1000 people ----- As many as 1000 people was killed in the earthquake.

⑦She is the excellent student and always wins the scholarship ----- She is the excellent students who always wins the scholarship.

⑧We can succeed only in this way------ Only in this way can we succeed.

如果学生掌握了以上等句式的转换方法，就可以在应试中根据自己对上述表达方式的熟练程度，做到扬长避短，写出自己最有把握的句子。

第四，教师要教会学生掌握一般文体的格式，开头及结尾用语及写作要求，特别是对时态的要求。善于运用常见的表示句子过渡的用语，如表递进（also, besides, as well as, in addition,），表转折、让步（yet, however, though, even though, on the other hand …），表总结（in a word, in short, on the whole …），此外学生还需了解书面表达的基本原则、步骤、注意事项以及常见的错误。

第五，教师要训练培养学生书面表达的解题技能。从书面表达解题步骤分析，可分五步进行：

第一步：在认真审题的基础上，将题目规定的要点译成英语。这样可以避免要点的遗漏，还可以防止随意发挥的现象产生。完成该步骤时，要注意紧扣指令中的语句并注意使用自己最熟悉的表达方式。

第二步：将要点扩展成句。完成该步骤时，一要搞清谓语动作的发生者选择好适当的主语；二要搞清楚谓语发生的时间，选择合适的时态；三要注意句子结构的简洁。

第三步，根据句子的内在联系或事件发生的先后顺序重新排序组合。

第四步，连接所有的句子形成短文。完成该步骤时，一要注意体裁格式符合要求；二要注意句子与句子之间的过渡要自然，即在需要之处加上适当的表示并列、递进、因果、转折等关系的联词；三要注意根据行文逻辑进行适当分段。

第五步，复读验证。通读全文，看看要点是否齐全，行文是否流畅，字数是否符合要求。切忌草率定篇，盲目收场。

上面的五大步骤，保证了解题过程程序化，就象套公式一样，每一步骤只解决一两个问题，既确保文章符合题目要求，不漏写、多写，又不会出现文不对题的混乱现象。由于每个步骤思考的问题单一集中，语言上的差错可能性大大减少，同时又避免了反复、节省了考试时间。

总而言之，书面表达在高考英语中占着很重要的一席之地，同时它也是学生很容易把握的一个题型，只要平时多以练习，注意步骤，背诵佳句，在练中升华写作技巧，丰富经验，就能攻破高考英语的英语作文关。

参考书目：

[1] 英语三年高考五年模拟首都师范大学出版社2005 .10

[2] 吴如明等“高中英语课堂指导”2003.9

[3] 中小学外语教学2008.6

[4] 英语创新设计高考总复习2008.2

二00 八年十月

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