消费者对於广告代言人在知觉价
The Influences of Perceived Value on Consumer Purchase Intention: The Moderating Effect of Advertising Endorser
Dr. Hsinkuang Chi, Nanhua University, Taiwan
Dr. Huery Ren Yeh, Shih Chien University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Yi Ching Tsai, Graduate Student, Nanhua University, Taiwan
ABSTRACT
Advertising endorser is one of the major marketing strategies for advertisers. Advertising endorser can fast build brand recognition and help consumers to understand functions and characteristics of a product or a service. In the end, consumers will memorize the product/service and produce purchase intention. The study aims to explore the effects of advertising endorser on perceived value and purchase intention. Totally, 450 copies of questionnaires were dispatched and the effective response rate was 90%. The results show that (1) perceived value is significantly affected to advertising endorser, (2) advertising endorser is significantly affected to purchase intention, (3) perceived value is significantly affected to purchase intention, and (4) advertising endorser has no moderation effect between perceived value and purchase intention.
Keywords: Advertising Endorse, Perceived Value, Purchase Intention, Moderation
INTRODUCTION
In the hyper competitive marketing environment, if a product or a service wants to be fast known to consumers, it must rely on advertising campaigns to make consumers memorize product messages. However, a consumer contacts a lot of advertisings in a day. Hence, which advertising methods can really cat ch consumers’ preference and influence their buying decision is important to business advertisers. It appears that advertising endorser is one of important methods that attract many business advertisers’ attention. Advertising endorsers are often famous ce lebrities or experts who hold expertise, awareness and attractiveness. They can transmit product messages to catch consumers’ eyesight in a short time and further enhance consumer purchase intention. Thus, advertising endorsers become one of major advertis ers’ advertising strategies in their advertising plans. Endorsers must be reliable and have positive characteristics that relate with a product or a brand. So, business advertisers must evaluate whether an endorser’s image matches with a product image and choose one advertising endorser. In other words, if an endorser can connect well with a product, it can intensify consumers’ memory on brand awareness and image of a product. Miciak and Shanklin (1994) pointed out that a celebrity’s exposure rate can stimulate consumers’ familiarity on a product. When consumers’ familiarity of a product increases, consumers’ confident and their product preferences and attitudes on will also rise. Therefore, the aims of this study are to explore whether advertising endorser has a positive effect on perceived value, whether advertising endorser has a positive effect on purchase intention, whether perceived value has a positive effect on purchase intention, and whether perceived value has moderation effect between perceived value and purchase intention.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Advertising Endorser
In order to make consumers to memorize products, business advertisers often use famous celebrities or experts to share their expertise and experience to promote a product or a service. Advertising endorsers can produce a recommendation and endorsement effect and build customers’ reliability and purchase intention. In addition, when selling a product, it can not only depend on whether a product is good or bad or focus on price to appeal cu stomers’ attention. Rather, it should apply advertising endorsers to recommend and promote a product in order to make
differential product image and influence consumers purchase behavior. Thus, endorsement marketing is able to give a product new image and extra experience to customers and further increase product recognition (MacInnis, Rao, & Weiss, 2002; Laffery & Goldsmith, 1999; Goldsmith, Lafferty, & Newell, 2000).
Over the past twenty years, celebrity recommendation advertising increased tremendously (Hsu & McDonald, 2002). According to an adverting magazine in the U.S., among billions US dollar of TV commercial advertising spending, about 10% were paid to famous celebrities. It shows that most advertises like to use celebrities to promote their product s. Indeed, celebrities do have powerful attractiveness. Celebrity advertising can transfer a celebrity’s attitude and feeling from consumers to a product (Chi, Yeh, & Huang, 2009), and endorsers’ credibility can also influence consumer purchase intention (Ohanian, 1990, 1991; Laffery & Goldsmith, 1999; Bower & Landreth, 2001; Chi, et al., 2009). Adverting endorser’s credibility can be divided into three dimensions: expertise, credibility, and attractiveness (Ohania, 1990). When advertising endorsers have abundant professional knowledge and experience, their influence on purchase intention is more important than attractiveness and credibility (Chi, et al., 2009). Moreover, the interaction between endorser’s image and a product will affect an endorser’s credib ility (Chi, et al., 2009). Freiden (1984) suggested that celebrity attractiveness is best suitable to appeal consumer awareness. Maddux & Rogers (1980) commented that expert recommendation can attract consumers’ trust on a product, and advertising effects come from advertising endorser’ image and trustable persuasion. A high persuasive advertising endorser can stimulate consumer purchase intention and promote brand recognition and product value. Therefore, an advertising endorser’s behavior will affect cons umers’ recognition and image of an endorser and their purchase intention.
Perceived Value
Dodds and Monroe (1985) proposed that the relationship model of price, quality and perceived value and mentioned that perceived value is an important factor in cons umers’ purchasing decision process, and consumers will buy a product with high perceived value. Dodds and Monroe (1985) and Zeithaml (1988) contended that consumers will evaluate what they give and what they get in their subjective perception when they are buying a product/service. According to Utility Theory, the probability of purchase intention will increase, when consumers acquire more benefits than they pay for a product (Dickson & Sawyer, 1990). Thaler (1985) also considered that perceived value is an important antecedent to influence consumer purchase intention because it is the composition of transaction utility and acquisition utility.
Swait and Sweeney (2000) used logic models to analyze the influence of customer perceived value on consumer purchase intention in retailing industry and found that different perceived value customers have different purchase behavior. In fact, many researchers considered perceived value an important factor for marketing companies (Chen and Quester, 2006; Cornin et al., 2000; Pura, 2005). It is because perceived value can be a differentiation and competitiveness to a company. (Treacy & Wiersema, 1993; Heskett et al., 1994; Ravald & Gronroos, 1996). Furthermore, consumer can transfer their attitudes and feelings from an advertising endorser to product and create perceived value. Thus, if consumers can receive trustworthy perceived value in the process of product/service consumption, it will create a good brand image, loyalty, profit and competiveness to a business.
Purchase Intention
A consumer’s attitude and assessment and external factors construct consumer purchase intention, and it is a critical factor to predict consumer behavior (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). Purchase intention can measure the possibility of a consumer to buy a product, and the higher the purchase intention is, the higher a consumer’s willingness is to buy a product (Dodds, et al., 1991; Schiffman & Kanuk, 2000). Purchase intention indicates that consumers will follow their experience, preference and external environment to collect information, evaluate alternatives, and make purchase decision (Zeithaml, 1988; Dodds et al., 1991; Schiffman & Kanuk, 2000; Yang, 2009).
Chi, et al., (2009) proposed that an advertising endorser’s popularity, expertise, and at tractiveness can appeal consumers’ eyesight in a short time and increase purchase intention. Anand, Holbrook, and Stephens (1988), and Laroche, et al. (1996) also testified that advertising endorser’s exposure rate can change consumer preference and attitude and promote purchase intention. Advertising endorser can utilize TV commercials or Newspaper or magazine
advertisings to enforce a product’s exposure rate and consumers’ brand attitude and knowledge to elevate purchase intention (Miciak & Shanklin, 1994). MacInnis, et al. (2002) considered that endorser marketing can give an endorsed product a brand new image and advance consumer purchase intention. Moreover, consumers’ brand attitude and purchase intention will be higher when a product has high preference image and familiarity (Kamins & Marks, 1991; Laroche, et al., 1996). Wang (2006) used brand image as independent variable, product category as moderator, and purchase intention as dependent variable and found that the higher the brand image is, the higher the purchase intention is. Fournier (1998) discovered that if a brand provides product functions that meet consumers’ need, consumers will produce psychological associations and an irreplaceable relation with the brand which they will subjectively maintain interaction with the brand and raise their purchase intention accordingly.
Furthermore, consumer purchase intention comes from consumers’ perception on benefits and values acquisition, and it is a important key to predict consumer purchase behavior. Monroe and Krishnan (1985) submitted that perceived value and perceived quality will influence purchase intention, and the more perceived value and perceived quality, the higher purchase intention is. Zeithaml (1988) also suggested that the higher perceived value is, the higher purchase intention is. Therefore, the study proposed hypotheses as follows:
H1: Advertising endorser will be significantly and positively affected to perceived value.
H2: Advertising endorser will be significantly and positively affected to purchase intention.
H3: Perceived value will be significantly and positively affected to purchase intention.
H4: Advertising endorser will moderate the relationship between perceived value and purchase intention.
RESEAECH METHOLODGY
Research Framework
According to motivation and purposes of the research and literature reviews on above, the study proposes the research framework as shown in Figure 1. It shows that perceived value as independent variable, purchase intention as dependent variable, and advertising endorser as moderating variable.
Figure 1: Research Framework
Questionnaire Design and Sampling
Totally, 27 questions are in the questionnaire. All measurement scales follows relative literature reviews. The study adopts 7-Likert point scale from 7 to 1 representing strong agree, agree, somewhat agree, no opinion, somewhat disagree, disagree, strong disagree. The study adopts convenience sampling to collect data and applies SPSS17.0 to analyze data. 450 copies of questionnaires are dispatched and 420 copies are returned. Excluding 12 invalid copies, 408 copies of questionnaires are used for data analysis. Thus, the effective response rate is 90%.
RESULTS
Sample
The characteristics of samples are stated as follows: 202 participants are male (49.5%) and 206 are female (50.5%). 52.2% of sample’s age is between 21 and 30, and 28.9% is between 31 and 40. 145 respondents (35.5%) are married, 263 (64.5%) is single, and 44.1% are college educated. 22.3% of samples earns income between NT$20,001 and NT$30,000 per month, and 17.6% is between NT$30,001 and NT$40,000 per month.
Reliability and Correlation Analysis
The study adopts Cronbach’s α to measure the internal consistence reliability of the questionnaire. The results show that Cronbach’s α of perceived value, advertising endorser, and purchase intention is 0.907, 0.877, and 0.863 respectively. It indicates that the design of the questionnaire has a high internal consistence. In addition, the study uses Pearson’s correlation coefficient to measure the correlation between dimensions and the results reveal that perceived value is positively correlated with advertising endorser (r=0.609), advertising endorser is positively correlated with purchase intention (r=0.690), and perceived value is positively correlated with purchase intention (r=0.727).
Regression Analysis
As shown in Table 1, the results indicates that advertising endorser is significantly and positively affected to perceived value (β=0.611, R2=0.387, Adj.R2=0.378, p<0.001). Thus, hypotheses H1 is sustained. Advertising endorser is significantly and positively affected to purchase intention (β=0.689, R2=0.501, Adj.R2=0.493, p<0.001). It demonstrates that hypothesis H2 is supported. Moreover, perceived value is significantly and positively affected to purchase intention (β=0.720, R2=0.538, Adj.R2=0.531, p<0.001). It represents that perceived value has a significant influence on purchase intention, and therefore, H3 is sustained.
Moderation Test
As shown in Table 1, the study uses hierarchical regression analysis to examine the moderating effect, and in order not to be influenced by the exogenous variables, the study controls demographic following variables: gender, age, education, income, and vocation. The results in Model 3 and Model 4 show that dependent variable (perceived value, β= 0.720) and moderating variables (advertising endorser, β= 0.689) are significantly affected to dependent variable (purchase intention) respectively. In addition, the results in Model 5 reveal that independent variable (perceived value, β= 0.472) and moderating variable (advertising endorser, β= 0.401) are significantly affected to dependent variable (purchase intention). However, in Model 6, the interaction effect between perceived value and advertising endorser is not significant to purchase. Therefore, hypotheses H4 is not supported. It signifies that consumers will not produce purchase intention because of the interaction effect between perceived value and advertising endorser.
Table 1: Hierarchical Regression of Brand Image and Advertising Endorser on Purchase Intention
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Model 6
PI PV PI PI PI PI Control Variables
Gender 0.187 0.023 0.049 0.057 0.046 0.047
Age -0.246 -0.131a-0.091 -0.186 -0.124b-0.122b Vocation -0.005 0.001 -0.064 -0.015 -0.015 -0.015 Education -0.049 -0.095a0.010 -0.067 -0.022 -0.022 Income 0.064 0.095 0.025 0.096 c0.051 0.045 Independent Variable
PV 0.720c0.472c0.471c Moderating Variable
AE 0.611c0.689c0.401c0.412c
Interaction Effect
PV*AE 0.028
Max VIF 1.800 1.800 1.811 1.800 1.821 1.875
F-value 2.229 42.146c77.770c67.012c100.461c87.929c
R20.027 0.387 0.538 0.501 0.637 0.638 Adj. R20.015 0.378 0.531 0.493 0.631 0.631
N 408 408 408 408 408 408
Note: 1. a =p<0.05；b=p<0.01；c=p<0.001
2. PV= perceived value; AE= advertising endorser
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
The results of the study reveal that when consumers buy a product, they will compare it. A product with a good brand image can make consumers have a high level satisfaction and confidence to purchase it. The higher perceived value is the higher purchase intention is. In the mention, consumer can obtain trustworthy perceived value through advertising endorser’s recommendation and endorsement and a company can therefore increase its com petiveness. The influence of advertising endorser on consumers is through an idol or a celebrity to market a product. Advertising endorser can connect product value by deepening consumers’ impression and transfer their feelings on a product/service. So, it is suggested that business advertisers hire a high credibility endorser (an idol or a famous athlete) to promote their products in order to advance consumer purchase intention. In addition, the study does not find that advertising endorser has a moderation effect from perceived value to purchase intention. It suggests the interaction effect between perceived value and advertising endorser does not affect purchase intention. In other words, consumers will use subjective perception and perceived value to evaluate a product/service in their purchase process, and will not be influenced by the recommendation from an advertising endorser. Accordingly, perceived value will produce a synergistic effect to advertising endorser and induce purchase intention. Consumers will follow perceived value of a product/service to make purchase decision and advertising endorser will not create purchase intention. Businesses have to rely on their products/services to obtain perceived value and present their advertising effects and ideas from advertising endorser
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知觉的特征在市场营销中有哪些应用价值
知觉的特征在市场营销中有哪些应用价值? (1)运用知觉的选择性原理帮助消费者确定购买目标 消费者走进商场或超市时，各种琳琅满目的商品同时作用于消费者的感官，但他们并不能同时认识并反映这些商品，而只能对其中的某些或某一商品具有相对清晰的感知。这是由于这些商品成为消费者知觉目标的对象物即符合消费者的需要、兴趣、爱好和经验而感知清楚，其他商品则相对地成为知觉对象的背景，或者视而不见，或者感知得模糊不清。因此，在市场营销中，一方面，营销人员应尽其所能地突出商品特征，尤其是应千方百计地使主销成为消费者知觉的对象：另一方面，应尽可能地使经营的商品具有比较大的选择性，以满足各类消费者的各种各样的消费需求。(2)运用知觉的整体性、理解性原理开展营销活动及广告制作知觉的整体性、理解性原理告诉我们，当某种消费品的个别属性作用于人的感官时，人们能够凭借以往的知识经验而把它知觉为一个整体。商品的生产或销售应充分认识和体现整体性和理解性的基本要求，首先给消费者一个良好的感知印象。如有一家百货商店新进了一批刻花玻璃高脚酒具，造型与质量均佳。但不知什么原因，摆上柜台后一直销路不畅，平均每天只能卖出二三套。后来，一位营业员灵机一动，在一套酒具的每个酒杯中斟满了红色的液体，摆在玻璃柜内，宛如名贵的葡萄酒，使人感到芬芳四溢、满口生津，购买欲望油然而生，结果每天销售量增加到三四十套。实际上，那位营业员只是把三滴红墨水滴在了清水中。这里，消费者把酒具与酒以及美好的口感联想为一体，进而增强了对酒具的购买欲。知觉的整体性特征使具有整体形象的事物比局部的支离破碎的事物更具有吸引力和艺术性。因此，在图画广告中，把着眼点放在与商品有关的整体上比单纯把注意力集中在商品上，效果更为突出。例如，一幅宣传微型录放机的路牌图画广告，画面是一位年轻健美的姑娘，身穿运动衫和牛仔裤，头戴耳机，腰间挎着小型录放机，骑在自行车上，路两旁绿叶清风，微笑前行。说明录放机与消费者生活密切联系，可减轻路途疲劳，提高情趣，高雅不俗。这则广告运用了知觉的整体性和理解性原理，比画上一个收录机，配上死板的文字说明效果要好得多（3）运用错觉原理制定商品促销策略由于消费者受主、客观因素的影响在感知事物时，会产生各种错觉现象。错觉是客观存在的，在商品促销中，可充分利用错觉（尤其是视错觉）现象制定商品销售策略。商业企业在店堂装修、橱窗设计、广告图案、包装装潢、商品陈列等方面，适当地利用消费者的错觉，进行巧妙的艺术处理，往往能产生一定的心理效应，刺激购买。比如，有人曾做过如下实验：他请30多位被试者喝咖啡，每人都喝4杯，各杯浓度一样，只是4个杯子的颜色不同，分别为咖啡色、青色、黄色和红色。喝完咖啡后，要求被试者对咖啡的浓淡作出各自的评判，结果，有2/3的被试者都说红色、咖啡色杯子中的咖啡太浓，青色杯子中的太淡，只有黄色杯子中的咖啡浓度适中。据此，销售商便把咖啡店里的全部杯子都改用黄色，以便更好地发挥颜色视觉的作用，结果使大多数顾客都感到满意。 （4）知觉在营业员工作中的作用①拓展接待服务方面：营业员对正在接待的顾客，应当作为知觉的对象，其他顾客相对地成为知觉的背景。知觉的对象和背景随时在换位，接待甲消费者时，乙消费者向营业员发问，乙立刻应成为知觉对象。优秀营业员的知觉在对象和背景间应能及时转换，能够同时接待、照应几位顾客，有较宽的接待服务面。 ②掌握向顾客推荐商品的艺术：由错觉原理可知，明度高的色彩（如红色、共色）有扩张感，而明度低的 色彩（如灰色、蓝色和绿色）则有收缩感，两极相反的物体放在一起会相互突出。营业员在向顾客推荐服装类商品时，应学会运用人们知觉中产生错误的规律，合理、科学地推荐，提高服务艺术。 知觉理论在市场营销中的应用 发布时间：2008-05-08 浏览次数：1384 (1)运用知觉的选择性原理帮助消费者确定购买目标 消费者走进商场或超市时，各种琳琅满目的商品同时作用于消费者的感官，但他们并不能同时认识并反映这些商品，
实现代言人与品牌的“绝配”
实现代言人与品牌的“绝配” 零点指标&。零点调查 自大卫·奥格威把广告做成一项产业以来，3B原则（Baby, Beast, Beauty）一直被广告界奉为金科玉律。用外表靓丽的人专门是明星来做广告，不然而对奥格威的广告原则的充分发挥以吸引更多消费者的眼球，同时也是将明星的个运气牌和产品品牌结合，为品牌阻碍力造势。以求为宽敞企事业单位和专业广告公司提供广告促销的决策工具和查找代言人的 依据，零点研究集团依照连续三次大规模调查结果，按照受众对娱乐和体育界明星的喜爱度及对明星自身特质的关注程度的不同，形成了两套旨在测评明星在魅力和人气两个层面所形成的综合景气指数的“零点明星景 气指数指标体系”。 该项研究结果来自零点研究集团的三期连续性调查。前二期调查来自零点研究集团于2002年7月和2003年1月利用随机抽样方法针对京沪穗等10个以上都市的超过2500位市民进行的入户访问。最新一期调查结果来自零点研究集团于2003年10月针对京沪穗汉等9市3198位市民进行的随机抽样入户访问。数据结果已依照9市的人口规模做加权处理，在95%的置信度下本次调查的抽样误差为正负2.48%。 ? 品牌代言人的选择需要科学的指标体系来辅助 自80年代末，中国某闻名表演艺术家为“三九胃泰”拍照广告片，开了中国名人做广告先河之后，中国快速进入了品牌代言人时代。广告商青睐用明星做代言人是因为他们大多具备了外观和声誉两大优势，而明星
的“声誉资本”和阻碍力是产品快速进入市场的最直截了当最有效的促销途径之一。因为消费者在购买产品时除了考虑其功用价值之外，还重视其情感价值。用明星代言确实是向消费者进行心理暗示，使他们对广告中明星的好感转移到对产品或品牌的态度上，从而形成积极的品牌联想，并在情感和心理层面形成品牌认同。而当某品牌承担起个人实现情感和精神满足的载体功能时，它就被给予了积极的文化价值，甚至成为身份和地位的象征。 选择谁来做品牌代言人是一个重要的企业营销决策，但大多数商家只依照对当下流行趋势的简单判定而非依据公众感受来选择自己的明星代言人。事实证明，并不是所有的明星广告都能出奇制胜，达到商家的营销目标，选用不合适的代言人还可能给品牌带来负面阻碍。可见，要使明星效应和产品的广告宣传达到珠联璧合的成效，还需要有科学的指标体系来辅助实现。零点研究集团在此方面的探干脆研究正是着眼于商家在这方面的需要。 ? 零点明星景气指数指标体系：明星时代的代言法则 零点研究集团建立的明星景气指数指标体系是基于受众感受和测评所形成的，测评娱乐界明星和体育界明星在受众中综合景气指数的指标体系。综合景气指数代说明星在其可连续竞争优势和受欢迎程度两个纬度上的的总体优势，并能够作为选择代言人的一项重要参考依据。基于公众对娱乐明星和体育明星的差异化评判，该指标体系包括分别针对娱乐明星和体育明星的两套子指标体系，每个子指标体系包括2个总体指标（“明
阈下知觉广告(subliminal_Advertislng)
阈下知觉广告(subliminal Advertislng)是在消费者没有意识到的情况下将产品图片、品牌名称或其他营销刺激物呈现给他们的一种技巧。通过这种呈现，营销者希望消费者会在阈下水平对信息进行加工．并做出购买反应．避免消费者对传统广告侵入式营销的反感．从而达到“随风潜入夜，润物细无声”的效果。 阈下知觉：在听觉，视觉或其他感觉阈限值之下产生的知觉。 阈下广告：在其他媒体背景上呈现极微弱或极短暂的广告的信息。 有必要先得介绍心理学中的阈限概念，这是心理学感觉研究的一个基础，心理学认为人们无论视觉还是听觉（当然还有其他感觉），要使刺激对象被人们感觉器官感受到必须有一定的强度，比如声音，如果声音太弱人们是无法听见的，而那个刚刚能让人听到的声音强度就是听觉的阈限，同理刚刚能让人看见的光的强度就是视觉的阈限。 阈限之上的信息可以被人们获得，但是对于阈限以下的刺激人们是不是也会获得一定信息？答案是肯定的。心理学的研究发现阈限以下的信息也可以得到一定程度的加工。 阈下广告其实就是把广告中的某种刺激设置到人们阈限以下来进行诉求的。最早的研究很有意思，那是1957年在美国新泽西州的一个趣事，当时电影院正在播放一部电影，但是电影的胶片被处理过，加入了“请喝可口可乐”，“请吃爆米花”的广告语，只是这两条广告信息播放的时间是3/1000秒，非常快以至于人们根本就没有觉察到，但是比较实验前后电影院周围的可乐和爆米花销量人们惊奇地发现：爆米花销售上升了58％，可口可乐销售量上升了18％。这说明阈限以下的信息也能达到说服的目的，从而可以作为广告诉求的手段，从此以后就涌现除了各式各样的阈限广告。但是最后研究者想要再次重复这一实验，却没有得到预期的结果，对于阈限广告是否有用，人们仍然在讨论。 2006/4/4 阈下广告 阈就像一个阀门把人的精神活动分成两个部分 处于阀门上的精神活动是人们意识得到的，即意识活动； 而处于阀门下的精神活动则是人们所意识不到的，即潜意识活动。 潜意识活动虽然人们意识不到，但它对人的心理产生了深刻的影响。 最早进行潜意识诉求实验的是美国学者维克利。 他于1957年在美国新泽西州的一家电影院里，在电影正常播放的时候， 在一个活动的屏幕上每隔5秒以3/1000秒的速度呈现信息“请吃爆米花”和“请喝可口可乐”。 这样快的速度呈现信息，可以说观众是丝毫觉察不到的，观众在意识层面上是没有主动地对这些信息进行加工。 但它的结果却是令人出乎意料的——影院周围的爆米花和可口可乐的销售量分别增加了57%和18%。 这说明了这些广告信息是进入观众的潜意识当中，是潜意识的力量勾起了观众的购买欲望，从而做出了购买爆米花和可口可乐的行为。 由于担心阈下广告被不正当的使用，比如用于酒业可能引起人们酗酒，所以在许多国家都明令禁止使用阈下广告。 虽然阈下广告没有得到推广，但大量研究证明，人们确实对阈下刺激作出了反应。 其他变相的阈下潜意识诉求却经常出现于媒体中，而且往往收到良好的效果。 比如美国获纽约广告金奖的一则宣传汽车轮胎的电视广告，
消费者对於广告代言人在知觉价
The Influences of Perceived Value on Consumer Purchase Intention: The Moderating Effect of Advertising Endorser Dr. Hsinkuang Chi, Nanhua University, Taiwan Dr. Huery Ren Yeh, Shih Chien University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Yi Ching Tsai, Graduate Student, Nanhua University, Taiwan ABSTRACT Advertising endorser is one of the major marketing strategies for advertisers. Advertising endorser can fast build brand recognition and help consumers to understand functions and characteristics of a product or a service. In the end, consumers will memorize the product/service and produce purchase intention. The study aims to explore the effects of advertising endorser on perceived value and purchase intention. Totally, 450 copies of questionnaires were dispatched and the effective response rate was 90%. The results show that (1) perceived value is significantly affected to advertising endorser, (2) advertising endorser is significantly affected to purchase intention, (3) perceived value is significantly affected to purchase intention, and (4) advertising endorser has no moderation effect between perceived value and purchase intention. Keywords: Advertising Endorse, Perceived Value, Purchase Intention, Moderation INTRODUCTION In the hyper competitive marketing environment, if a product or a service wants to be fast known to consumers, it must rely on advertising campaigns to make consumers memorize product messages. However, a consumer contacts a lot of advertisings in a day. Hence, which advertising methods can really cat ch consumers’ preference and influence their buying decision is important to business advertisers. It appears that advertising endorser is one of important methods that attract many business advertisers’ attention. Advertising endorsers are often famous ce lebrities or experts who hold expertise, awareness and attractiveness. They can transmit product messages to catch consumers’ eyesight in a short time and further enhance consumer purchase intention. Thus, advertising endorsers become one of major advertis ers’ advertising strategies in their advertising plans. Endorsers must be reliable and have positive characteristics that relate with a product or a brand. So, business advertisers must evaluate whether an endorser’s image matches with a product image and choose one advertising endorser. In other words, if an endorser can connect well with a product, it can intensify consumers’ memory on brand awareness and image of a product. Miciak and Shanklin (1994) pointed out that a celebrity’s exposure rate can stimulate consumers’ familiarity on a product. When consumers’ familiarity of a product increases, consumers’ confident and their product preferences and attitudes on will also rise. Therefore, the aims of this study are to explore whether advertising endorser has a positive effect on perceived value, whether advertising endorser has a positive effect on purchase intention, whether perceived value has a positive effect on purchase intention, and whether perceived value has moderation effect between perceived value and purchase intention. LITERATURE REVIEW Advertising Endorser In order to make consumers to memorize products, business advertisers often use famous celebrities or experts to share their expertise and experience to promote a product or a service. Advertising endorsers can produce a recommendation and endorsement effect and build customers’ reliability and purchase intention. In addition, when selling a product, it can not only depend on whether a product is good or bad or focus on price to appeal cu stomers’ attention. Rather, it should apply advertising endorsers to recommend and promote a product in order to make
形象代言人在宣传上的作用
形象代言人在宣传上的作用 2008年04月14日星期一 17:41 如今社会都在讲究明星效应，一个恰当的明星代言人会提高一个企业的知名度，增加消费者对企业的信任度。可以显示自己在行业内的实力。从而在招商以及销售方面占有一定的优势。 简析品牌形象代言人作用机理 所谓品牌形象代言人，定义是品牌战略者们聘请或塑造的，能让人们通过对其知名度、职业、形象、个性、品行的联想，产生对某种品牌美好印象的人。 按照这个品牌形象代言人发挥作用的机理是情感移植，通过品牌形象代言人引起品牌形象联想、体现品牌个性、造成品牌识别、增加品牌权益。 品牌代言人作用来源 品牌形象代言人的作用来源于三方面：吸引力、可靠性、专业性。 1. 吸引力：消费者认为品牌代言人对于产品或服务具有吸引力，可以吸引消费者的注意力。不少广告和沟通方面的研究指出，肢体和容貌的吸引力是初期判断一个人的重要暗示，有吸引力的沟通者能更易使收讯者对其推荐产品产生正面印象。 2. 可靠性：归因于消费者认为品牌代言人诚实、正直等特性的程度。事实上，不管广告信息来源是否真实，高可靠性的沟通者玩网具有其说服效果。因此使用品牌代言人比一般的创意更具有说服力。 3. 专业性：被定义为沟通者（即品牌代言人）具有其论证产品之专业知识的程度。这三方面对品牌形象皆有影响，如下图所示： 品牌代言人的影响方式 不同类型的品牌代言人各有特色，其说服消费者的能力自然也不同。根据社会影响模式，认为个人会因为不同讯息或熏洗来源而引发不同的动机，进一步产生不同态度。影响消费者态度变化的因素，大致可以分成以下三类： ——顺从。和权力结合，受播者希望博取来源的良好反应，或预见到某种酬赏式的社会效果而不得不顺从，由于品牌代言人与广告受众之间几乎没有互动机会，所以顺从的影响方式很少出现。 ——认同。指个人对另一人、某一群体或英雄偶像产生认同，因而有意义或无意义改变全己的态度。其中，引起认同的来源因素，就是吸引力或受喜爱程度，此种影响过程与品牌代言人有密切关系，消费者往往基于对品牌代言人的认同心态产生被说服行为。 ——内化。个人接受某种行为或态度是出于可定，认为其与个人价值观相符合。简言之，就是消费者传播讯息与其看法一致。 若由品牌沟通过程中所包含的认知、态度、行动等层级效果来看，吸引力，受欢迎等特性在认识和购买阶段是最有影响力，最立竿见影的。这正是为什么众多企业愿意重金礼聘当红明星作其品牌代言人。但是“请代言人就是找名人”这个不成文理论是否真的适用呢？ 越来越多品牌代言冲着当红艺人而来 品牌代言人形象不吻合危害大 当前，一些企业在实施品牌形象代言人传播时，轻视品牌形象定位技术，以为品牌形象定位就是想出一句中听的话；请代言人就是找名人。结果高价请了一个名人，就达不到效果，于是再请新的名人。如此不断重复。有些企业因为各种原因需要重新聘请名人时，前后风格差异太大，不能保持一贯性。有些企业聘请众多风格各异的名人做形象代言人，等等。这些都
广告代言人策略的全球使用现状是1
广告代言人策略的全球使用现状是:1全球20%的广告以名人做推荐;o使用频度较高的名人,主要为体育明星,影视明星,音乐人?很多成功的广告,往往是以淋漓体现明星的个性和精神为特色的"根据Fournier提出的/消费者一品牌关系0概念,她认为品牌关系是表达消费者的身份认同!价值观!目标等的一个有力标识;而自我概念联结作为/消费者一品牌关系0的一个维度,她指出:一个与消费者自我概念联结强的品牌能突显消费者的个性认同"所以,消费者不仅在消费商品,也透过商品表达出个人的自我概念与形象1"在许多情况下,在给定的收入和能力约束下,一个人所选择的生活方式,很大程度上受到一个人现在和欲求的自我概念的影响,即生活方式是一个人自我概念的外在表述"Scott于1994提出:消费的物品必须与消费者的地位!处境相符,搭配的商品也必须获得消费者的认同,才能被消费者所接受"而消费者在参照广告代言人时最主要的动机是希望是否其自我形象真正能够藉由消费获得,同畴也与消费的物品!名人所呈现的风格一致"其中,/自我形象0可以理解为符合自我概念的生活形态"_所以,不同的生活形态群体会受到不同类型广告代言人(名人/典型消费者/专家)的影响,那么到底哪种广告代言人会受到哪种生活形态群体的青睐呢?这直接关系到广告主需求,而且直接会影响其广告营销目标"广告代言人是影响广告效果的一个重要因素"社会心理学家osgood的适应性理论来概括:倾听某人对某对象的主张,听者对主张者的评价与对对象的评价有一种趋于一致(均衡)的倾向"国外研究表明:一个具有信誉的名人能对在广告和品牌的评估中起到重要的前提条件"特别是,一个具有信誉的名人也具备了对消费者对广告态度和品牌态度的积极影响(AtkinandBloek1983:FIShbeinandAjzen1975:GoldbergandHartwiek1990:MitChellandOISon1981 )"另外,LaffertyandGoldsmith(1999)研究还表明,名人信誉通过它对广告态度的影响来对品牌态度产生积极且间接的影响"然而,名人广告对购买意愿的影响,意见不一"其中,Ghanian(1991)认为名人的专业性会使消费者产生更多的购买该品牌的意图"还有学者认为,名人的个人吸引力有助于对品牌名称的识别(Petty,Caci叩Po,Sehumann1983),形成对品牌的肯定的态度(KaminSetal.1989),并为代言的品牌创造显著的个性伽cCraCken1989),从而强化消费者的购买意愿"还有人指出,代言人可感知到的诚实性和专业知识,是对消费者的购买意愿有最大的影响力的两个特征(SpeCketal.,1988)"即广告代言人对广告态度!品牌态度和购买意愿会产生影响"个性时代的到来,使广告代言人对不同生活形态的消费群体的影响越来越复杂,所以生活形态与代言人广告效果是显著相关的"在生活形态营销中,企业通过对消费者心理!价值观!消费行为!视听接触的了解,让一群有着相同的支配时间和金钱模式的同质消费者产生一种感同身受相融合的认知并获得消费者自发性认同,创造出真正让消费者感动的商品的一种营销方式"简言之,生活形态营销就是研究一群人支配时间和金钱的公式?"代言人的特质与产品相互配合是决定广告沟通效果的重要因素因此,广告代言人的选择是广告的重要决策;广告可以藉由代言人的角色将产品的功能!特色表现出来,让视听众了解产品,并产生购买产品的意愿"广告代言人适时的运用,可发挥的实质效益相当大,有事半功倍的作用,一方面能强化广告所透露的讯息,加深消费者对品牌认知的印象;另一方面也能塑造品牌的独特个性,加强消费者的购买欲望"在日常生活中,我们常看到许多广告运用具有专家!典型消费者,或用明星为产品代言,这种利用代言人的广告手法,是广告主期望能达成品牌知名度的提升,使产品表现出差异化形象,促使消费者的人格特质与品牌形象间产生连结效果,甚至产生行为规范性的影响于是有越来越多的学者和营销人员将注意力放在广告中使用的代言人(spokesperson)或推荐人(Endorser)上,并为其提出理论基础"Mowen,Brown&sehulman(1980)?是以平衡理论(balancetheory)和归因理-论(Attributiontheory)来解释消费者!推荐人及产品间的三角关系"平衡理论是社会心理学家He1der(1958)?提出,又称P一"一x理论,P代表自已,O代表对方,X是介于P与O之间的第三者或态度对象物(包括人!.事!物或观念),他认为由于身体会自然而然地希望保持稳定状态(Hemo〔"StaiS),人有一种趋向,就是想把自己和对方的感情钉住在双方对某一客体(object,包括人!事!物)的共同好恶上"由图1一2所示"
阈下知觉广告
阈下广告 阈下知觉：在听觉，视觉或其他感觉阈限值之下产生的知觉。 阈限：心理学中的阈限概念，这是心理学感觉研究的一个基础，心理学认为人们无论视觉还是听觉（当然还有其他感觉），要使刺激对象被人们感觉器官感受到必须有一定的强度，比如声音，如果声音太弱人们是无法听见的，而那个刚刚能让人听到的声音强度就是听觉的阈限，同理刚刚能让人看见的光的强度就是视觉的阈限。 阈限之上的信息可以被人们获得，但是对于阈限以下的刺激人们是不是也会获得一定信息？答案是肯定的。心理学的研究发现阈限以下的信息也可以得到一定程度的加工 阈下知觉广告(subliminal Advertislng) 是在消费者没有意识到的情况下将产品图片、品牌名称或其他营销刺激物呈现给他们的一种技巧。通过这种呈现，营销者希望消费者会在阈下水平对信息进行加工．并做出购买反应．避免消费者对传统广告侵入式营销的反感．从而达到“随风潜入夜，润物细无声”的效果。 最早的研究很有意思，那是1957年在美国新泽西州的一个趣事，当时电影院正在播放一部电影，但是电影的胶片被处理过，加入了“请喝可口可乐”，“请吃爆米花”的广告语，只是这两条广告信息播放的时间是3/1000秒，非常快以至于人们根本就没有觉察到，但是比较实验前后电影院周围的可乐和爆米花销量人们惊奇地发现：爆米花销售上升了58％，可口可乐销售量上升了18％。这说明阈限以下的信息也能达到说服的目的，从而可以作为广告诉求的手段，从此以后就涌现除了各式各样的阈限广告。但是最后研究者想要再次重复这一实验，却没有得到预期的结果，对于阈限广告是否有用，人们仍然在讨论。
虽然阈下广告没有得到推广，但大量研究证明，人们确实对阈下刺激作出了反应。 其他变相的阈下潜意识诉求却经常出现于媒体中，而且往往收到良好的效果。 比如，美国获纽约广告金奖的一则宣传汽车轮胎的电视广告， 画面中没有直接打出轮胎的镜头，而是一位运动员穿着一双旧运动鞋在山上跑，跑着，跑着，鞋面跑开了几道口子。 运动员无可奈何地脱下破鞋，只见鞋底完好无损，崭新如初，鞋底中间却出人意外地印着那家汽车轮胎公司的轮胎商标，消费者看后，不知不觉地记住了广告中所宣传的产品。 这则广告中汽车轮胎的信息虽然只是以很快的速度显示了一下，读者、观众还没来得及探感到这些刺激，但他们却受到这些信息的影响，在他们的潜意识当中牢牢地记住了广告诉求的内容。 阈下技术应用的主要形式： 阈下技术是一种潜意识诉求，“即通过提供人所无法意识到的信息达到说服的目的。” 当心理学家们谈到阈下技术时，通常指的是瞬时闪过的言语、图像或者阈下声波这些绝对得阈下刺激。但是，必须指出，从实际应用的角度来看，大众传播中使用的阈下技术涵盖范围要更宽一些，包括很多不同形式的隐藏信息的使用。在后文中我们会详细举例介绍阈下技术的各种实际应用。在这里仅列举几种主要的形式： ◆用心设计的隐讳图案和暗示性的身体语言 ◆低俗的或经过艺术修饰的、能够使人发生联想并引发本能冲动的隐藏符号 ◆极微弱、极短促的言语或图像的闪现 ◆经过声学处理或隐含不被感知的背景信息的音乐 ◆设置隐喻或使用催眠术（hypnotic）来进行言语表达
论广告表演与广告代言的联系与区别
本科毕业论文 ( 2016届) 题目：论广告表演与广告代言的联系与区别 ——兼谈新《广告法》第二条第五款学院: 人文学院 专业: 广告学 班级: 12广本2班 姓名:黄诗琼 学号: 12105303206 指导老师:徐卫华 完成日期: 2015年12月10日
目录 摘要 (3) 关键词 (3) 一、绪论 (4) （一）研究的背景和意义 (4) 1. 选题的背景 (4) 2. 选题的意义 (4) （二）研究的基本方法 (5) 二、广告代言人的概念及核心要件 (5) （一）广告代言人的概念理解 (5) （二）广告代言人的主要特征和作用 (6) 1、广告代言人的主要特征 (6) 2、广告代言人的主要作用 (7) （三）认定广告代言人的核心要件 (8) 三、广告表演者的概念及转化 (9) （一）广告表演者的概念理解 (9) （二）广告表演者的主要类型和作用 (10) （三）广告表演者在特定条件下的转化 (11) 四、广告法相关规定的问题及对策 (12) （一）广告表演者与广告代言人存在界限模糊问题 (12) （二）广告法对广告代言人的相关规定存在的问题 (13) 1、立法本身对广告代言人的界定不清晰 (13) 2、执法过程中存在的问题 (14) 3、广告法关于广告代言人规定存在漏洞 (14) （三）广告法存在问题的对策 (15) 1、配套出台详细的司法解释 (15) 2、完善广告代言人的认定程序 (15) 五、结论 (12) 参考文献 (17)
论广告表演与广告代言的联系与区别 ——兼谈新《广告法》第二条第五款 摘要：新《广告法》的施行引起了业内人士的普遍关注，其中对广告代言人的相关规定存在认定模糊的问题，即普通的广告表演者在一定的条件下有可能会转化成为大众眼中的广告代言人，这在实践中可能会产生一系列的问题。因此，需要对广告表演与广告代言之间的联系与区别进行论述，从而得出相关的结论。本文从该选题的背景与意义、研究的基本方法、广告代言人的概念及核心要件、广告表演者的概念及转化、广告法相关规定存在的问题及对策等方面着手研究，力图解决广告法在监管执法过程中暴露出的一些缺陷和不足。 关键词：广告代言人；知名度；广告表演者；转化；认定模糊 The Relation and Distinction between Adve rtising Performance and Advertising Endor sement - Chapter II Article 5 of New Advertisement Law Abstract: The implementation of new Advertisement Law has aroused widespread concerns in the field. Some experts mention that the definition of advertising endorsers is not very clear. Theoretically, advertising performers could be transformed into advertising endorsers in the eyes of public under certain conditions. Practically, some problems may arise. Therefore, it’s necessary to dissert the relation and distinction between advertising performance and advertising endorsement. This paper studies background and significance of the topic, basic methodologies of study, the concept and core of advertising endorsers, the concept and transformation of advertising performers, and the existing problems and relevant solutions of regulations of Advertisement Law, to solve the flaws of Advertisement Law in the regulation and enforcement process. Key words: advertising endorsers; reputation; advertising performers; transformation; vague definition.
广告代言人对消费者的影响
广告代言人对消费者行为的影响的分析 为研究广告代言人及品牌名称对消费者品牌态度、质量感知及购买意愿的影响,本人通过调查问卷收集数据,考察了代言人和品牌的国别差异对中国消费者响应影响的差别。广告代言人仅对消费者品牌态度有显著影响;同时品牌名称与广告代言人对消费者品牌态度存在交互影响,美国名人与西化品牌对消费者的影响明显区别于其他影响方式。最后研究意义指出管理实践中应该采取何种代言人和品牌策略。 广告总的来说是有利的，通过广告，大家可以了解到自己需要的产品，但是现在的广告，尤其是非权威媒体的广告，我们不能不对他质疑，有好的广告都是骗人的，而且都骗得是些老实人，面向农民的假化肥农药广告，面向病人的假医药广告.....广告不仅引导消费还影响我们的思维模式，好的广告不仅给了消费者好的产品还可以丰富消费者的生活.当今，广告的效应是强的，特别是电视中的广告。其效应是不容忽视的。 广告要知道它的魔力到底有多大，得看消费者对其掏腰包得热情度……现在来说广告的是否可信度是最令消费者关注的，质量的好坏也是消费者的一大考虑因素…… 现代心理学认为：成功的广告对消费者一般具有六种影响力，它们是： 一、吸引注意力广告以新颖独特的方式给消费者以一定的震撼和吸
引的注意力。 二、传播信息广告向消费者传播商品信息，以形成对商品特别是品牌的认知和印象。 三、情感诉求广告以情感方式打动消费者的心理，引起情绪与情感方面的共鸣，在好感的基础之上进一步产生信赖感。 四、进行说服广告在传播商品信息、引起情绪共鸣的时候，逐渐影响消费者的态度，并说服消费者改变原来的态度，促使消费者逐渐喜欢商品并购买商品。 五、指导购买广告中宣传模式化的消费与购买行为，大力渲染消费或购买商品之后的美妙效果，给消费者明显的示范作用，指导人们的消费与购买行为。 六、创造流行广告常以完全相同的方式，向消费者多次重复同样的内容和诉求，利用大众流行的社会心理机制创造轰动效应，激发更多的消费者参与购买。广告效应总的来说是利弊兼有的！不能只看到有利的一方面。广告是适应当代竞争的必需元素，是传递企业信息的桥梁。 如何打造“广告效应”，使企业在竞争中立于不败？ 信息时代，各种广告铺天盖地，作为一种促销手段，没有人会否认广告存在的合理性和有效性。一则好的广告对于提升企业知名度，树立企业品牌形象，打造主流产品，增进消费力等都有着特别重要的
广告代言人对消费者的影响
广告代言人对消费者行为的影响的分析为研究广告代言人及品牌名称对消费者品牌态度、质量感知及购买意愿的影响,本人通过调查问卷收集数据,考察了代言人和品牌的国别差异对中国消费者响应影响的差别。广告代言人仅对消费者品牌态度有显著影响;同时品牌名称与广告代言人对消费者品牌态度存在交互影响,美国名人与西化品牌对消费者的影响明显区别于其他影响方式。最后研究意义指出管理实践中应该采取何种代言人和品牌策略。 广告总的来说是有利的，通过广告，大家可以了解到自己需要的产品，但是现在的广告，尤其是非权威媒体的广告，我们不能不对他质疑，有好的广告都是骗人的，而且都骗得是些老实人，面向农民的假化肥农药广告，面向病人的假医药广告.....广告不仅引导消费还影响我们的思维模式，好的广告不仅给了消费者好的产品还可以丰富消费者的生活.当今，广告的效应是强的，特别是电视中的广告。其效应是不容忽视的。 广告要知道它的魔力到底有多大，得看消费者对其掏腰包得热情度……现在来说广告的是否可信度是最令消费者关注的，质量的好坏也是消费者的一大考虑因素…… 现代心理学认为：成功的广告对消费者一般具有六种影响力，它们是： 一、吸引注意力广告以新颖独特的方式给消费者以一定的震撼和吸
引的注意力。 二、传播信息广告向消费者传播商品信息，以形成对商品特别是品牌的认知和印象。 三、情感诉求广告以情感方式打动消费者的心理，引起情绪与情感方面的共鸣，在好感的基础之上进一步产生信赖感。 四、进行说服广告在传播商品信息、引起情绪共鸣的时候，逐渐影响消费者的态度，并说服消费者改变原来的态度，促使消费者逐渐喜欢商品并购买商品。 五、指导购买广告中宣传模式化的消费与购买行为，大力渲染消费或购买商品之后的美妙效果，给消费者明显的示范作用，指导人们的消费与购买行为。 六、创造流行广告常以完全相同的方式，向消费者多次重复同样的内容和诉求，利用大众流行的社会心理机制创造轰动效应，激发更多的消费者参与购买。广告效应总的来说是利弊兼有的！不能只看到有利的一方面。广告是适应当代竞争的必需元素，是传递企业信息的桥梁。 如何打造“广告效应”，使企业在竞争中立于不败？ 信息时代，各种广告铺天盖地，作为一种促销手段，没有人会否认广告存在的合理性和有效性。一则好的广告对于提升企业知名度，树立企业品牌形象，打造主流产品，增进消费力等都有着特别重要的
广告代言人的好处英文对译
明星代言人的好处 明星代言人，具有多种正面作用。 第一，提高企业形象。 邀请名人作广告需要大笔酬金。例如美国著名职业篮球明星迈克·乔丹1991年夏天与夸克燕麦片公司签下合同，为盖托瑞德牌夏季运动饮料作广告10年，酬金1800万美金。我国明星的报酬虽然没有这么高，但对普通消费者来说也是一笔天文数字。所以请得起名人作广告的公司或企业通常会给人财大气粗的印象。换言之，明星可以帮助企业或品牌树立起高大的形象。 第二，吸引消费者眼球。 不管明星出现在电视屏幕、高速公路旁的广告牌，还是演出的舞台上，人们总想目睹一下明星风采，看一看明星的所作所为。许多明星都有其追随者、崇拜者，明星的一言一行都会引起他们的关注。所以，明星广告会因明星而得益，提高广告的受众接触率，明星代言的品牌知名度也会因此而提高。 第三，爱屋及乌。 喜欢明星，进而喜欢明星所介绍、所使用的产品或品牌，这是一种常见的情感迁移的心理现象。乔丹是全世界篮球球迷最喜欢的运动员，因此，乔丹所代言的运动鞋耐克也行销全世界，成为运动鞋的领导品牌，超越老牌产品爱迪达斯。 第四，示范作用。 明星对普通消费者具有很大的影响力，人们在生活方式、衣着打扮和行为举止上常常会仿效名人。因此请名人在广告中表演、介绍和推荐产品，能产生较强的感染力和说服力，从而达到促进产品销售的目的。例如美国烟草公司由于较早使用名人作广告，在名人广告宣传开始短短的两个月内，竟然使该公司的红光牌香烟销售额增长47％，市场占有率从20％上升为38％。国内电视剧《渴望》播出之后，刘慧芳的服饰在市场上也曾流行一时。 第五，延续广告效果。 经过长时间的营销努力和广告宣传，消费者会在记忆中建立起明星与品牌的密切联想关系。这样，当消费者在其他场合或情景中再次见到明星时，会不由自主地联想起其曾经代言的品牌，从而起到延续广告效果、维持品牌知名度的作用。时至今日，一说起李默然，人们仍然不会忘记三九胃泰，提起潘红，依旧会想起霞飞。说到王姬，“孔府家酒，叫人想家”便涌现在脑海之中。 第六，提高品牌的品质形象。 不管在国外还是国内，明星都是富有一族、高消费群体，因此，消费者不难作出这样的推断，明星用的品牌肯定是高品质的。联合利华的力士香皂，早期在我国的市场推广，曾聘
阈下知觉广告(subliminal_Advertislng)
阈下广告 关于潜意识在广告中的作用: 广告诉求方式指广告制作者运用各种方法，激发消费者者的潜在需要，形成或改变消费者的某种态度，告知其满足自身需要的途径，促使其出现广告主所期望的购买行为。 广告宣传的最终目的是为了促进消费者对广告主的产品的选择，尽管广告所宣传的产品多种多样，但是它总是通过诉求对象来宣传的，所以对消费者的心理是否有很好的把握将关系到广告是否成功。“科学的广告术是遵循心理学法则的”（广告界流行语）。 广告信息的传播一般都带有强制性，消费者每天面对的是庞大的广告信息，他们不可能在意识层面上对这些信息进行加工，人们对那些对自己工作、生活至关重要的信息已感到难以对付，更何况是广告信息呢。 于是在消费者意识当中对广告信息总是有一种强烈的抵触情绪。 潜意识诉求便成了许多广告制作者的一种策略，其目的是让消费者在毫不费劲的同时不知不觉地接受广告信息。潜意识诉求的另外一个作用是激发消费者的潜在需要。 对于潜意识，许多心理学家对它进行过解释，利用好这些解释对我们进行广告诉求有很好的帮助。 消费者是盲目的,我们不需要知道消费者们需要什么,我们仅仅需要知道他们的需求. 关于目的: 利用潜意识进行广告诉求成了许多广告人的一种策略，其目的是为了让消费者轻松地接受广告信息，并激发他们内心深处潜在的需要。 每个人在日常的学习和工作中都会出现或看到这种现象，与一个口音较重的人交谈时，不是努力去听清楚对方讲的话，而是设法避开与他交谈，或是听而不闻；看到难懂的文章，不是努力去理解，而是先把它搁置一旁；在听人说话时，如果对方的声音太小听起来费劲，则干脆不听；在看书学习时，阅读材料字体太小，字迹模糊，不易看懂，则干脆不看。 总之，当需要投入较多精力去倾听、去阅读时，人们常常设法避开。造成这种现象的根本原因是人们在接受信息时，常常按“认知最省力原则”进行的，这样才能尽量减少自己的心理能量消耗。 我们每天都要接触大量的广告信息,而在大多数情况下我们是不会特意去注意这些广告信息的.所以,"让消费者轻松的接受广告信息的诉求目的"变成为广告从业人员的一个很好的努力方向。 关于无意识,前意识和意识: 弗洛依德认为意识是由不同意识水平的三个部分所组成即无意识（潜意识）、前意识和意识。意识是最表层的部分，它由人能随意想到、清楚觉察到的主观经验组成。它的特点是逻辑性、时空规定性和现实性。 无意识（潜意识）则是包括个人的原始冲动和各种本能，以及出生后和本能有关的欲望。这些原始冲动、本能多数不容于风俗、习惯、道德、法律而被压抑到意识阈之下而成为不被意识到的潜意识。人的潜意识就像一个大仓库，包含着许多原始冲动、各种本能及各种欲望，而各种欲望以性欲为主。 前意识则处于意识和潜意识之间，前意识由那些不能立即回想起来，但经过努力可以意识到的主观经验组成。此外，前意识还扮演“检查官”的作用，它不许那些与社会道德不容的原始欲望和本能冲动，及使人产生焦虑的不良情感进入意识，而把它们压入潜意识当中，把意识和潜意识隔开。 所以可以这样理解,潜意识是"人性本恶"的1种理论依据. 广告诉求利用潜意识理论的意义: