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中考英语名词专题复习教(学)案

英语专题-----名词

一、考点概述。

在英语中，名词的用法十分广泛，且在历年中考中，“名词”考点热仍然处于有升无降之趋势，就近几年的中考英语试题来看，对名词考查得较热的还是“名词的数”、“名词的格”、“名词作主语时和谓语一致关系”等，涉及的题型比较广泛，几乎试卷上的每一大题都有对名词的考查，所以在中考复习的过程中要引起高度重视。【名词的考查围】

可数名词的单数

规则变化

可数名词的复数不规则变化

复合名词的复数变化

名词的数

集体名词的数

常见的不可数名词

不可数名词的数

不可数名词的数量表达方式

专有名词的数

名词

‘s所有格

名词所有格 of 所有格

双重所有格

名词主谓一致

名词的修饰语

二、名词的基本概念和分类。

1. 基本概念

从英语语法角度来讲，表示人物、时间、地点、事物或抽象概念的词，我们通常称为名词。例如：teacher，desk，Japanese，milk，physics等。

2. 名词的分类

总的来说，英语中的名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词两类。

A.专有名词：表示人、地方、事物、、组织等专有名称的名词。例如：Lucy，Shanghai，the Communist Party of China，the United States等。专有名词的第一个字母要大写。

B.普通名词：表示某一类人或事物或表示一个抽象概念的名称的名词。例如：worker，boy，machine等。普通名词又可分为以下四类：

1.个体名词：表示个体的人或事物的名词。例如： man，pencil，chair等。

2.集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称的名词。例如：class，police，army ，family等。

3.物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名词。例如：rice，glass，water等。

4.抽象名词：表示状态、品质、动作、情感等抽象概念的名词。例如：life，love等。

批注：1、专有名词是指人、地方、团体、等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。

2、由普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”，但它不大写。

3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且以意思也有了变化。

eg. beer ----a beer 一杯啤酒，work--- a work 工厂，著作，glass---a glass 一个玻璃杯， room 空间---a room一个房间

【例1】—I have ______ in learning English and I’m so worried. Could you help me with it?

—Sure, I’d love to.

A. joy

B. interest

C. trouble

D. fun

【例2】I like ________best of all the vegetables.

A. potatoes

B. tomato

C. breads

D. rice

三、名词的数。

1. 总述

名词的数是数量概念的语法表现，具体说来，是指名词的单数和复数两种形式，名词按其所表示的事物的性质可分为可数名词和不可数名词两种。个体名词和大多数集体名词一般是可数名词；物质名词和抽象名词是不可数名词，表示可以计数的事物的名词叫可数名词，一般有单数和复数两种形式；表示不可以计数的事物的名词叫不可数名词，一般不分单数和复数。

2.考点详解

1.可数名词的单数：

可数名词的单数形式前面一般加冠词a或an,表示“一”的概念。

【例1】— Can you ride ______bike?(2012，，建邺一模）

—Yes. What about going to the park by bike this coming Saturday?

A. a

B. an

C. the

D. 不填

2.可数名词的复数

可数名词的复数构成形式有两种：一种为规则变化，另一种则为不规则变化（其变化形式需要特别记忆）。

（1）规则变化：一般是在名词后加-s或者-es构成，有规律可循。

【例1】The teacher said we needed to choose three ______ for the school concert.

A. farmers

B. doctors

C. drivers

D. singers

【例2】Whose ______ are these？

A．photo B．photoes C．photos D．photoss

（2）不规则变化

①元音字母发生变化： man — men 男人； woman — women 女人； foot — feet 脚； tooth — teeth 牙齿

②词尾发生变化： child — children 孩子；mouse — mice 老鼠

③单、复数形式相同： deer 鹿；fish 鱼；sheep 绵羊；Chinese 中国人；Japanese日本人

批注：单、复数形式相同的名词在使用时，要注意其谓语动词的变化形式：例如：

All Chinese are proud of it. 所有中国人都为此感到骄傲。

A Japanese is among the visitors. 游客中间有一位是日本人。

④某些集合名词的单数形式具有复数意义： people 人们；police 警察；public 公众

⑤有些以-s结尾的名词通常被看做单数形式： physics物理；politics 政治；news新闻

⑥有些名词通常只有复数形式： clothes 衣服；trousers裤子；glasses 眼镜

【例1】There are many _______ on the hill．

A．sheeps B．sheep C．sheepes D．sheep's

（3）复合名词的复数变化

①一般情况下只变词尾：classroom —classrooms 教室；highway — highways公路；bookshelf —bookshelves 书架

②把中心名词复数：passer-by — passers-by 过路人；looker-on — lookers-on 旁观者

③没有中心词，则在最后部分变化：grown-up — grown-ups 成年人

【例1】—What is your favorite food?

—I like ______ best. I had a large bowl last night.

A. potato noodle

B. potatoes noodles

C. potato noodles

D. potatoes noodles

批注：一些名词的特殊变化形式，考试中出现的频率较高。

1）German — Germans 德国人 human — humans 人类

2）man或者 woman 修饰另一名词时，man 或woman与被修饰的名词都要变为复数： a man doctor — men doctors 男医生； a woman teacher — women teachers 女教师

3.集体名词的数

有些集体名词既可表示单数意义又可表示复数意义，一般来说当这些集体名词指代一个单位、或把集体当做一个整体时，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示这个群体的所有人时，谓语动词常用复数形式。常见的此类集体名词有：

class 班级；family 家庭，家人；team 队，组； group 小组，团体； government 政府；public公众； couple 夫妇；company 公司；army 军队； crowd 人群

【例1】People always at him!

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0817066750.html,ughs

B.smile

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0817066750.html,ugh

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0817066750.html,ughing

批注：

1）有些集体名词不能用具体数字修饰，只能在其前加 the 表示“全体”，如：the English (全体)英国人； the French （全体）法国人； the police （全体）警察； the Chinese (全体)中国人

2）有些集体名词可以表示个体意义： a people 一个民族； two peoples 两个民族

4.不可数名词的数

（1）常见的不可数名词

advice 建议 bread 面包 coffee 咖啡 food 食品

fruit 水果 fun 乐趣 tea 茶叶 furniture 家具

glass 玻璃 milk 牛奶 meat 肉 money 钱

salt 盐 wood 木头 silk 丝绸 coal 煤

sand 沙子 blood 血液 fire 火 ink 墨水

metal 金属 air 空气 pork 猪肉 beef 牛肉

noise 噪音 orange 橘汁 news 新闻 music 音乐

paper 纸 rain 雨 snow 雪 progress 进步

sugar糖 trouble 麻烦 water 水 weather 天气

work 工作 chalk 粉笔 information 信息 knowledge 知识

（2）不可数名词的数量表达方式

①用some, much, a little, little, a lot of , lots of , plenty of 等来表示数量。

much water 许多水； some money 一些钱； a little milk 一点牛奶； lots of beef 许多牛肉

②借助单位量词表示一定数量。

a piece of advice 一条建议 a pair of trousers 一条裤子

a can of beef 一罐啤酒 a cup of orange 一杯橘汁

tow bags of rice 两袋大米 four bottles of ink 四瓶墨水

【例1】The teacher gave us _______________ on how to learn English well.

A. a piece of advice

B. a few advice

C. some advices

D. an advice

③有些物质名词的复数形式表示类别或含有特殊意义。

fruits 各种各样的水果 foods各种各样的食品

vegetables 各种各样的蔬菜 waters 大片水域

④有些物质名词表达可数概念时，可转化为可数名词。

wind 风 ---- a wind 一阵风 coffee 咖啡 ---- a coffee 一杯咖啡

glass 玻璃 ---- a glass 一个玻璃杯 paper 纸 ---- a paper 一报纸

【例1】It rained heavily last night.（同义句转换）

⑤有些抽象名词可转化为可数名词

beauty 美丽 ---- beauty 美人，美的东西

comfort 安慰 ---- comfort 令人感到安慰的人或事

5.专有名词的数

专有名词一般为不可数名词，但下列情况中的专有名词时可数名词，称之为专有名词具体化。

①表示人物时

There are three Lucys in my school. 我们学校有三个叫露西的。

②姓氏的复数前加the 表示夫妻二人或者一家人

The Blacks are visiting the Great Wall. 布莱克一家人正在参观长城。

③表示某作品或艺术品或某人的作品或艺术品时

I have a Harry Potter. 我有一套《哈利·波特》。

④表示某一产品名、地名、国名时

There is a Beijing in China. 中国有一个北京。

⑤表示时间的专有名词变为复数，用来修饰经常性的动作，意为“每个……都”

I’m on duty on Mondays. 我每个周一都值日。

【例1】The Smiths on a trip to Beijing in summer holidays.

A.go

B.is going

C.are going

D.goes

四、名词所有格。

名词的所有格用来表示所属关系，是“……的”的表达方式。名词的所有格有以下几种形式。

1. ’s 所有格

(1)- ’s 所有格：主要用于表达有生命的名词的所有关系。

①通常情况下，在名词的词尾加-’s

Robert’s bicycle 罗伯特的自行车 my father’s job 我父亲的工作

he Children’s Day 儿童节

②在以-s结尾的名词后只加’

students’ books 学生用书 doctors’ office 医生办公室

③以-s结尾的单数名词或专有名词后既可以加-’s,也可以只加-’

the boss’s house 老板的家 the hostess’ photo 女主人的照片

④以and 连接的两个（或两个以上）名词，如共有某物时，只在最后一个名词后加-’s;如表示分别拥有时，每个名词后都要加-’s.

Linda and Mary’s desk 琳达和玛丽的书桌（两人共有）

Linda’s and Mary’s desks 琳达和玛丽的书桌（两人各有）

【例1】—You needn’t wait for Tom any longer. —He must be having supper at _____.

A. the Tell’s

B. the Tells’

C. the Tells

D. Tells

【例2】 mothers can’t come to the meeting because they have gone to Dalian.

A.Sally’s and Jane

B. Sally and Jane’s

C. Sally’s and Jane’s

(2)一些无生命的名词也可以在词尾加-‘s来构成所有格。

①表示时间的名词

a seven days’ holiday 一个七天的假期 today’s weather 今天的天气

a two hours’ meeting 两个小时的会议 five minutes’ walk 步行五分钟的路程

②表示国家、城市等地点的名词

London’s weather 伦敦的天气 the city’s history 城市的历史

③表示价格、重量、距离的名词

ten dollar’s sugar 十美元的糖 fifty pounds’ weight 五十磅重

five kilometers’ distance 五千米的距离 fifteen kilo’s weight 十五千克重

【例1】 It's over _______ from Shanghai to Nanjing.

A. three hours' drive

B. three hour's drive

C. three hours drives

D. three hours drive

批注：考点提示，老师在上课的时候可以让学生作为笔记记录，不建议直接在讲义上呈现这部分容。

在-’s 所有格中，-’s 后的名词有时可以省略。

○被修饰的名词在上下文中同时出现，为了避免重复可省略-’s 后的名词。

This isn’t Jim’s soccer. It’s Bill’s. 这不是吉姆的足球。是比尔的。

○被-’s 所修饰的名词表示店铺、诊所、教堂、学校、住所时，常省略所有格后的名词。

at my aunt’s 在我姑姑家 at the doctor’s 在医生办公室

at the tailor’s 在裁缝店 at the barber’s 在理发店

2. of 所有格

of 所有格由“of + 名词或名词短语”构成，修饰前面的名词，表示无生命的名词的所有格。

(1)多数情况下，of所有格后面的名词时无生命名词。

the end of the story 故事的结局 a map of the world 一世界地图

(2)of 所有格也可以用于有生命的名词，尤其是当该名词有很长的修饰语时。

the songs of the famous singer 那位著名歌星的歌曲

the school life of middle school students 中学生的校园生活

(3)有些名词既可以用’s所有格，也可以用of所有格，两者可互换。

the son of our teacher = our teacher’s son 我们老师的儿子

【例1】 This is .Look, how happily she is dancing!

A. a photo of Lily

B. a photo of Lily's

C. a Lily's photo

D. Lily's photo

批注：

以下情况中，’s所有格和of所有格不能互换：

○表示事物的类别时，只能使用’s所有格

women’s room 女厕所 children’s movies 儿童电影 men’s clothes 男装

○当前后两个名词是同位关系时，只能使用of所有格。

the city of Xi’an 市 the month of September 九月份 the year of tiger 虎年

3. 双重所有格

“of +名词的’s所有格”或“of + 名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格。

(1)表示某人所拥有的多个人或物中的一个或多个。双重所有格中所修饰的名词（即of前面的那个名词）之前通

常用a/an, any, some, a few, two, no, several 和数次修饰，一般不能用the修饰。

a CD of my father’s 我父亲的一唱片 any movie of his 他的任何一部电影

some friends of Jim’s 吉姆的一些朋友 a few friends of theirs 他们的一些朋友

(2)表达特殊的感情。 Of 前面的名词被this, that, these, those, the 等限定词修饰时，往往带有爱憎、褒

贬的色彩。

That new car of Mr. Whit e’s is nice. 怀特先生的新车很漂亮。

Those gifts of yours are in your room. 你的那些礼物在你的房间里。

用法辨析：of所有格与双重所有格的区别

○侧重点不同

This is a map of my father’s. (侧重说明父亲的地图不止一副)

This is a map of my father. (侧重说明这是父亲的地图)

○当of之前的名词是picture, photo等词时，两种所有格的含义不同。

It is a picture of my uncle’s. 这是我叔叔的一副画。（收藏的）

It is a photo of my uncle. 这是我叔叔的照片。（本人）

【例1】—Do you know the boy___ is playing soccer there?

—Certainly , he is a friend of .

A.who, my brother’s

B.who,my brother

C.whom,my brother’s

D.whose,my brother

批注：of所有格与双重所有格学生经常不会区分，例如“我的一个朋友”，很多学生都会直接翻译成“a friend of me”或者“a friend of my”，而不会想到这里是一个双重所有格，应该用“a friend of mine”，在给学生讲解的时候对于一些经常出现的双重所有格的短语给学生列出来一起记忆。

五、名词主谓一致。

1. 复数主语须用复数谓语，单数主语须用单数谓语。

【例1】A man of words and not of deeds ______ a garden full of weed.

A．like B. likes C. is like D. are like

2. 如果名词主语是一个抽象概念，一般都用单数谓语。

【例1】"Many years” a long time, I don’t know how long .

A. are, they are

B. are, it is

C. is, they are

D. is, it is

3. 当主语是and连接的两个名词时，在指一样东西时用单数谓语，若指两样东西时则需用复数主语。

例如：Talking about something and doing it are two different things.

【例1】I want bread and milk instead of bread and butter because bread and butter not sold well before.

A. are

B. is

C. were

D. was

4. 如果名词主语后面跟有with, together with, as well as, except这类词引导的短语，谓语仍用单数，因

为这种结构多为修饰语。

【例1】Mary with her parents watching TV in the sitting-room at this time yesterday.

A. is

B. are

C. was

D. were

5. 集体名词作主语

A. 有些集体名词可跟单数谓语，也可跟复数谓语，视作整体时跟单数谓语，着重于所包含的成员时，则可跟复

数谓语。

【例1】His family lunch at the table now.（have）

【例2】His family very poor before.（be）

B. 有些集体名词都指复数的人或动物，后面都用复数谓语。

【例1】The police （be）going to question him.

C．有些集体名词后面的谓语用单数或复数都可以，也有的集体名词通常只跟单数谓语。

六、名词前的修饰语。

1.只修饰可数名词的修饰语

many 许多 several 有几个 few 很少几个，几乎没有 a few 有几个 a good (great) many 很多 a number of 许多，若干

a large (great) number of 大量的 (large/great) numbers of 大量的

例： a great many toys 大量的玩具 a number of questions 许多问题

a few movies 几部电影 several books 几本书

批注：

【考点提示】

many a 意为“许多的”，要接单数名词，谓语动词用单数。

Many a student loves playing sports. 许多学生热爱体育活动。

2.只修饰不可数名词的修饰语

much 大量，很多 little 几乎没有，很少

a great amount of 大量的 a little 有一些

a bit of 有一点 a good(great) deal of 很多，大量的

例：a little milk 一点牛奶 much time 许多时间 a great deal of waste 大量的废物

3.既可以修饰可数名词又可以修饰不可数名词的修饰语

some 一些 enough 足够的 most 大多数的

a lot of 很多的 lots of 很多的 plenty of 充足的

例：some trees 一些树 enough light 充足的光线 plenty of oil 充足的油

4.名词的其他修饰语

(1)名词作定语修饰名词

a meeting room 会议室 a clothes shop 服装店 a clock shop 钟表店

(2)形容词作定语修饰名词

a sunny day 晴朗的一天 a good idea 一个好主意 a nice girl 一个好女孩

(3)副词修饰名词（副词修饰名词时常置于名词之后）

the weather there 那里的气候 the food here 这里的食物

the rivers below 下面的河流 the air above 上面的空气

(4)介词短语修饰名词（介词短语修饰名词时常置于名词之后）

a book on the desk 桌上的一本书 a picture on the wall 墙上的一幅画

a house with a garden 一所带花园的房子 a boy with glasses 一个戴眼镜的男孩

(5)定语从句修饰名词

She has an MP4 that is the best in her class. 她有一个在班里最好的MP4.

【例1】从括号中选择一个合适的词填空。

1.There is (a little , a few ) milk left in the bottle.

2. (How many, How much) meat would you like?

3.They don’t have (plenty of, a large number of) water for life.

4.Is there (a bit of, large numbers of) sugar in the fridge?

典例精讲

20188 ( )

National Treasure quickly rose to the top television rating ranks after it was p resented on CCTV. It

means a growing in traditional culture among China’s youth.

A．interest B．direction C．habit

D．dream

20168( ) ---8. -It's useful for the deaf people to learn sign language.

---Yes, it's a major way of _____ for them.

A. suggestion

B. vacation

C. production

D. communication

201412( ) — Nobody knows which learn will win the2014 World Cup in Brazil.

—Yes. That is the of the beautiful game.

A. question

B. luck

C. hope

D. magic

20133( ) — It’s a wise _______ to wear the white tie. It matches your shirt well.

A. choice

B. support

C. mixture

D. honour

1. We can get more ________ about the international affairs on the Internet than before.

A. information

B. book

C. report

D. progress

2. If you have any problems, you can ask your parents to give you ______.

A. a piece advice

B. an advice

C. some advice

D. some advices

3. Bret, an old friend of _______ , has decided to give up drinking because he is a driver now.

A. my father

B. my fathers

C. my father's

D. my fathers'

4. — Could you tell me when _______ is? — Yes, it's on the third Sunday in June.

A. Mother's Day

B. Father's Day

C. Tree Planting Day

D. Thanksgiving Day

5. _______ tourists will come to visit Shanghais during World Expo 2010.

A. Much

B. Quite a lot

C. A great deal of

D. A great number of

6. All the _______ teachers and _______ students are having an important meeting now.

A. women; girl

B. woman; girl

C. women; girls

D. woman; girls

7. The wind, together with the rain and fog, _______ making sailing difficult.

A. have been

B. was

C. /

D. are

8. The singer and dancer _______ our party this evening.

A. was going to be in

B. are going to be in

C. were going to be in

D. is going to be in

9. _______ fun it is to surf on a windy day!

A. How a

B. What a

C. What

D. How

10. I'll give you _______ to finish the work.

A. two-weeks time

B. two weeks' time

C. two week time

D. two weeks time

11. David talked with a friend of _______ on the Internet for a long time yesterday.

A. he

B. his

C. him

D. himself

12. _______ people can afford to buy the house because the price of it is too high.

A. Little

B. A little

C. Few

D. A few

13. _______ progress he has made since he came to our class!

A. How much

B. How great a

C. What great

D. What a great

14. The news _______ for my mother.

A. are

B. were

C. be

D. is

15. Your shoes are worn out. You'd better buy a new _______.

A. one

B. shoes

C. pair

D. Shoe

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