《英语3》辅导资料
《英语(三)》辅导资料
Part I. Vocabulary and Structure
In this part there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
1.It is his duty to__ B. see __that everyone has enough money for the trip.
A. look
B. see
C. watch
D. note
2.Thanks to the doctor's treatment, the patient was brought ___ A. through ____ at last.
A. through
B. up
C. out
D. about
3.The young man was confident enough to __ C. brush aside _____ any difficulties.
A. drop off
B. cut down
C.
brush aside D. leave out
4.It is arranged that the foreign teacher ___ D. should _____ teach us Oral English.
A. ought
B. might
C. would
D. should
5.As we expected, their project has ended __B. in ____ complete failure.
A. on
B. in
C. at
D. with
6.When they reach a certain age, army officers ___ A. retire ______ from active service.
A. retire
B. retreat
C.
reverse D. remain
7.___ C. As ____ everyone expected, Tom did the best in the competition.
A. Which
B. That
C. As
D. What 8.Shall I give a chocolate to each of the children? It is better __ B. not to ____.
A. not
B. not to
C. not
to do D. not do
9.As a teacher, you should always dress in ___C. decent _____ clothes.
A. beautiful
B. shabby
C.
decent D. bright
10. She ___ A. instructs ____ music once a week at a middle school.
A. instructs
B. institutes
C.
installs D. insists
11.These slum children were ____ D. doomed _____ to lives of poverty.
A. determined
B. sure
C.
sentenced D. doomed
12.The noise was ____B. building up _____ until Mary couldn't stand it any longer.
A. keeping up
B. building up
C.
turning up D. setting up
13.The swimmer ___D. emerged ______ from the water and climbed onto the raft.
A. floated
B. arose
C.
raised D. emerged
14.She can't afford a new coat and so will have to ___
A. make do with _____ the old one.
A. make do with
B. do with
C. be
done with D. do without
15.To our ___ C. relief ______, George's illness proved not to be as serious as we had feared.
A. surprised
B. contented
C.
relief D. anxiety
16.He __ C. went by _______ the directions contained in the guide-book.
A. went on
B. went beyond
C.
went by D. went forth
17.Traveling between time zones may result in __ C.
obvious disturbances in normal sleep patterns and body rhythms.
A. dangerous
B. important
C.
obvious D. impressive
18.There was no sleeping accommodation __ A. available ___ to us for the night.
A. available
B. sufficient
C.
probable D. possible
19.Whatever weather it is, we will __B. carry out _____ this test.
A. carry away
B. carry out
C.
carry off D. carry over
20.He said that the demonstration would go on __ D. as planned ___.
A. as planning
B. like planning
C.
as it planned D. as planned
21.The roof began to __ D. give way ____ because of the great weight on it.
A. give up
B. give in
C. give
back D. give way
22.When we reached the top of Mount Tai, a magnificent view of the land A. greeted _us.
A. greeted
B. presented
C.
gave D. spread
23.The thief steals whatever he can __C. get his hands on ___.
A. lay his fingers on
B. have
a hand in
C. get his hands on
D. put
his hand to
24.We are to have a class meeting before we _B. break up ______for the vacation.
A. break off
B. break up
C.
break down D. break through
25.Ted agreed to ____ C. call off _____ the strike if the company would satisfy the demand of the workers.
A. call out
B. call to
C. call
off D. call on
26.In the last few years, the Internet and the World
Wide Web have become______ words; almost
everyone has heard of them.
A. family
B. home
C. house
D. household
27.Vicki never worried or hesitated about anything,
she just ______it and almost always got whatever
she wanted.
A. went by
B. went for
C. went over
D. went with
28. The reason 800 million people go hungry today is
not that there isn’t enough food in the world,
______that these people cannot get the food
anyway.
A. but
B. despite
C. even
D. except
29.As she matured as an artist, she______ realize that
“all artists are a product of their culture.”
A. came to
B. kept to
C. took
to D. went to
30. My son failed to come back home last night. This
morning the police came to our house and ______
my worst fears that he was injured in a car
accident.
A. advocated
B. confirmed
C.
insured D. promised
31. You speak an excellent English. Where did you
___ A. pick __ it __ up ____?
A. pick…up
B. look…up
C.
keep…up D. take…on
32.It was very ___ B. considerate ____ of you to let
us know you were going to be late.
A. considerable
B. considerate
C.
considering D. considered
33.The US has already taken some steps to ___B. cope with ____ the serious problems created by
the energy crisis.
A. comply with
B. cope with
C. leave
out D. rule out 34.If you won't agree to our plan, ____ D. neither will they _______.
A. neither they will
B. they will neither
C. they
won't neither D. neither will they
35.I shall tell him the truth, ___ D. no matter whether he likes it or not ____. A. no matter he likes it or not B. whether he would like it or not C. no matter he may like it or not D. no matter whether he likes it or not
36.During June and August there was no rain for weeks ___ D. on end ____.
A. in the end
B. at the end
C. by the end
D. on end
37.In this hospital patients with measles were isolated by
glass walls _ C. from ___ those suffering
from other diseases.
A. for
B. in
C. from
D. over
38.He has an enormous ____ B. appetite _____ for classical
music and classic literature.
A. interest
B. appetite
C. smell
D. power
39.A bomb hit the warehouse and everything in it __ A.
went up _______ in heavy smoke.
A. went up
B. went down
C. went under
D. went on
40.Traditionally, Chinese businessmen often make their
deals ___ A. over ____ dinner.
A. over
B. by
C. with
D. for
41.Whom do you want to ___ A. have go ___with you, Tom or Mary?
A. have go
B. have to go
C. having going
D. have gone
42.It turned out that his previous experience was __ B. of value ___ to his final success.
A. value
B. of value
C. value
of D. for value 43.If I criticized you, it is __ B. so ____I want you to
do better in future.
A. for
B. so
C. that
D. what
44.We came back from the party ___ C. happy ____that we had made many new friends there.
A. happily
B. sadly
C. happy
D. sad
45.It isn't cold enough for there _ D. to be __a frost
tonight, so I can leave Jim's car out quite safely.
A. would be
B. being
C. was
D. to be
46.The frequent social activities got __ D. in the way
of ___his studies.
A. hold of
B. rid of
C. down to
D. in the way of
47.It is rather _ A. that __ she was too busy to go with
you, not that _she was unwilling to.
A. that…that
B. because…for
C.
for…for D. so…that
48.Someone thinks that a dictionary means everything
when he tries to learn a language, but in my
opinion, a dictionary is ___ B. of little use ____to
beginners of English. A. useful B. of little use C. of use D. used 49.My pen has run out of ink. Can you lend me a pen __C. to write wit ___? A. to write B. for writing on C. to write with D. writing
50.The fog is so heavy that we have difficulty __ B in making out __what it is before us.
A. to make out B in making out C. for making out D. on making out
51.Teaching is a sinking-stomach profession, because
I leave the classroom an hour later ___ D. convinced ____ that I was even more boring
than usual.
A. believed
B. thought
C.
considered D. convinced
52.Beethoven, the great musician, wrote nine symphonies in his life, most of them ___B. written ____after he had lost his hearing.
A. writing
B. written
C. having written
D. were written
53.My objective this summer is ___ C. to learn _____ to drive a car.
A. learn
B. learning
C. to learn
D. of learning
54. We aren't very busy in the shop at the moment; in fact we're rather __ D. slack ______.
A. free
B. lazy
C. spare
D. slack
55.You should really avoid your ___D. father's staying __ at home alone as he is very ill.
A. father stays
B. father to
stay
C father who stays D. father's
staying
56.When you are asked to give evidence in court, you should __B. hold back___ nothing.
A. let out
B. hold back
C. run out
D. give away
57.We don't know what is _D. going on____ in the world if we don't read the newspapers.
A. going for
B. going off
C. going over
D. going on
58.In order to learn English well, we should work hard.
__ C. In addition ____, good methods are equally important.
A. However
B. Therefore
C. In addition
D. Except
59.If you think you can do the job, don't hesitate, just _ C. go ahead ______.
A. go away
B. go on
C. go ahead
D. go over
60.I'm afraid Jack will be punished for his
carelessness because last night two prisoners escaped when he was ____ C. on guard _____.
A. watchful
B. off guard
C. on guard
D. watching out
61.Most Japanese strongly protested against the US military _ D. presence_ in their country.
A. preface
B. powder
C. position
D. presence
62.The boy was locked in his room and kept _______ the whole morning.
A. studying
B. study
C. studied
D. to study
63.The fire spread to the house and soon sent smoke and D. sparks over the top of the roof.
A. flashes
B. burns
C. lights
D. sparks
64.Those atomic bomb victims still _B. bear_hidden wounds and are kept alive by constant care.
A. face
B. bear
C. take
D. carry
65.The sun was almost up ____ C. when _____ they finally reached the top of the mountain.
A. while
B. until
C. when
D. unless
66.Their mother could not afford to ___ B. feed _____ them on meat and fish every day.
A. supply
B. feed
C.
support D. buy
67.It was not until ____ A. when_____ it was threatened with invasion that Vermont declared itself an independent commonwealth.
A. when
B. that
C.
which D. then
68.When I entered the room, I noticed a ___ C. surprised ____ look come over her face.
A. surprising
B. surprise
C.
surprised D. surprisingly
69.Even if we __ B. reduce _____ our expenses to the minimum, we still can't afford to buy a house in less than two years.
A. shorten
B. reduce
C.
lower D. drop
70.It ___ D. happened ____ that I picked up the key he had lost.
A. by chance
B. took place
C.
occurred D. happened
71. You are late again, but I shan't hold it __ B. against ______ you as it is not your fault.
A. on
B. against
C. for
D. from
72. ____ C. The moment ____ I saw you, I know you were angry with me.
A. Suddenly
B. Once
C.
The moment D. As
73. It is urgent that he ____ A. should ____ be rescued from the mountain before dark.
A. should
B. would
C.
may D. could
74. Exports have already ___ C. overtaken ____ last year's figure.
A. overheard
B. overcome
C.
overtaken D. overthrown
75.We both ___D. definitely _____ agree that my salary should be doubled.
A. occasionally
B. faithfully
C.
thoughtfully D. definitely
76. We have __A. declared___ time and again that we will never be the first to use nuclear weapons.
A. declared
B. demanded
C.
informed D. insisted
77. When the streets are full of melting snow, you can't help but __ A. get__ your shoes wet.
A. get
B. getting
C.
to get D. got
78. He felt he did not ___C. deserve______ to be given such a great honor.
A. achieve
B. get
C.
deserve D. worthy
79. Some interesting questions ____ B. came up _____ at our discussion of current affairs.
A. came out
B. came up
C.
came through D. came upon
80. You must go there quickly, __D. unless ______ you won't be back in time.
A. else
B. or other
C.
or else D. unless
81.The country's economy ___ D. is built on ___ both agriculture and industry.
A. has built up
B. has built on
C. is
built up D. is built on
82.He was very happy when he left the classroom, _ A. sure_ that he would do very well in the examination.
A. sure
B. being sure
C.
made sure D. making sure
83.___ C. While he was walking ____along the street,
a car hit him and ran away.
A. Walking
B. Walked
C. While he
was walking D. While walking
84.To be a college teacher, you have to fulfill certain ___ B. academic _____ qualifications.
A. practical
B. academic
C.
learned D. technical
85.The author once taught a course ____B. which was called__ "Self Reliance in a Technological Society".
A. that had called
B. which was called
C. which called
D. that called
86.I couldn't see the ____ D. point ____ of getting the couple to live together.
A. grade
B. mark
C. score
D. point
87.Encouraged by his first successful novel, the young man was working _ C. on ___a new one.
A. at
B. in
C. on
D. to
88.Pots are made by shaping wet ___ A. clay ___ and then baking it to make it hard.
A. clay
B. earth
C. soil
D. dirt
89.Many teachers think ___ D. keeping ____ diaries is a good way to learn English.
A. making
B. taking
C. casting
D. keeping
90.That well-known player is ____ A. left ____ out of his country's football team.
A. left
B. felt
C. come
D. made
91.The head of the company ___ C. turned _____ out to be a twenty-year-old girl.
A. made
B. took
C. turned
D. looked
92.The other day we were boating on the river __ A. when ______ a storm came up.
A. when
B. while
C.
as D. where
93.Our train is ___ A. due ____ in Beijing at 10 a.m.
A. due
B. sure
C.
early D. late
94.Not until after the First World War __ C. did women gain ______ the right to vote.
A. when women gained
B. that women
gained
C. did women gain
D. women
gained
95.As he was in no hurry, he ____B. took ___ his time at dinner.
A. made
B. took
C.
spent D. passed 96.Everything you have told us ____C. confirms ____ us in the view that this man cannot be trusted.
A. complains
B. conducts
C.
confirms D. concludes
97.The manager kept a ____ D. respectful ___ silence
when the young man was giving his opinion about the company's plan for the new year.
A. respected
B. respectable
C.
respective D. respectful
98.He persisted in spite of difficulties. ____ B. Eventually ____, he succeeded in getting what he wanted.
A. Temporarily
B. Eventually
C.
Nevertheless D. subsequently
99.Since many university graduates have applied, I am
afraid I do not _ D. stand a chance of getting the job.
A. keep
B. take
C.
make D. stand
100.The minister declared his ___ D. intention _____ to run for president.
A. influence
B. interest
C.
instinct D. intention
Part II. Reading Comprehension
There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 5 questions or incomplete statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. You should read them carefully and decide on the best answer, then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
Passage 1
If you are like most people, your intelligence varies from season to season. You are probably a lot sharper in the spring than you are at any other time of year. A noted scientist, Ellsworth Huntington,
concluded from other men's work and his own among peoples in different climates that climate and temperature have a definite effect on our mental abilities.
He found that cool weather is much more favorable for creative thinking than is summer heat. This does not mean that all people are less intelligent in summer than they are during the rest of the year. It does mean, however, that the mental abilities of large numbers of people tend to be lowest in summer.
Spring appears to be the best period of the year for thinking. One reason may be that in the spring man's mental abilities are affected by the same factors that bring about great changes in all nature.
Fall is the next-best season, then winter. As for summer, it seems to be a good time to take a long vacation from thinking.
1.According to the passage, man's intelligence __c. changes with the seasons_______.
A.stays the same through the year
B.varies
from day to day
C.changes with the seasons
D.changes
from year to year
2.Ellsworth Huntington decided that climate and temperature have ___ B. some effect on most people's intelligence ______.
A. a great effect on everyone's intelligence
B. some effect on most people's intelligence
C. some effect on a few people's intelligence
D. no effect on most people's intelligence
3.Ellsworth Huntington's conclusion was based on __
B.the results of research done by himself and other scientists among peoples in different climate._________.
A.variations of his own mental abilities from
season to season
B.the results of research done by himself and
other scientists among peoples in different
climates.
C.detailed records of temperature changes in
different places
D.detailed records of different ways of thinking
among peoples in different climates
4.Why does the author say summer is a good time to take a long vocation from thinking?
B．Because people tend to be less creative during summer
A.Because a long vocation in summer helps to
improve people's mental power.
B.Because people tend to be less creative during
summer.
C.Because summer is a good time for outdoor
activities.
D.Because mental exertion in the summer heat
taxes too much of people's energy.
5.The central idea of this passage is __ A. man's mental abilities change from season to season_____.
A.man's mental abilities change from season to
season
B.man's intelligence varies from place to place
C.man should take a long vacation in summer
D.if you want to do creative thinking, go to a
cool place
Passage 2
When I was about six years old, my mother came home one day and found that I had collected half a dozen babies of the neighborhood ---- all of them too young to walk ---- and had them sitting before me on the floor while I was teaching them to wave their arms.
When she asked the explanation of this, I informed her that it was my school of dance. She was amused, and placing herself at the piano, she began to play for me. This school continued and became very popular. Later on, little girls of the neighborhood came and their parents paid me a small sum to teach them. This was the beginning of what afterwards proved a very lucrative occupation.
My mother took me to a famous ballet teacher, but his lesson did not please me. When the teacher told me to stand on my toes, I asked him why, and when he replied "Because it is beautiful," I said that it was ugly and against nature and after the third lesson I left his class, never to return. This stiff and commonplace gymnastics which he called dancing only disturbed my dream. I dreamed of a different dance. I did not know just what it would be, but I was feeling out towards an invisible world into which I guessed I might enter if I found the key.
My art was already in me when I was a little girl, and it was owing to the heroic and adventurous spirit of my mother that it was not stifled. I believed that whatever the child is going to do in life should be begun when it is very young. I wonder how many parents realize that by the so-called education they are giving their children, they are only driving them into the commonplace, and depriving them of any chance of doing anything beautiful or original.
1.When her mother came home one day, the narrator of the story __ A. was teaching half a dozen babies to dance __.
A.was teaching half a dozen babies to dance
B.was teaching half a dozen babies to walk
C.was collecting babies of the neighborhood
D.was making babies of the neighborhood sit
before her on the floor 2.The attitude of the narrator's mother toward her school of dance was one of _ C. support .
A. despise
B. contempt
C.
support D. indifference
3.The narrator thought that ballet was ____B. stiff, ugly and unnatural ______.
A. the most graceful dance
B. stiff, ugly and unnatural
C. a dance that she had dreamed of
D. an invisible world into which she guessed she
might enter
4.According to the narrator, she owed her success in art to __B.the support of her understanding and adventurous mother .
A.the good education her parents gave her
B.the support of her understanding and
adventurous mother
C.her inborn talent
D.her ballet teacher
5.The central idea of the passage is that ___ A. parents should try to discover the natural gift in their children and help to develop it while they are young ____.
A.parents should try to discover the natural gift in
their children and help to develop it while they
are young
B.the so-called good education parents give their
children only drives them into the
commonplace and deprives them of any chance
of doing anything original
C.mothers should be heroic and adventurous
D.ballet is no good as a form of dance
Passage 3
Is vitamin E a cure for baldness? Will it cure
acne（痤疮）? Can it relieve the pain of arthritis or prevent ulcers? These are only a few of the uses some people claim for vitamin E, but for many years no scientific proof has been possible for any of these claims.
Vitamin E is not a rare substance by any means; it is present in vegetable oils and in grains, but in most diets the main source of vitamin E is leafy vegetables. Some vitamin E is lost in the cooking process, but not a really significant amount; a good balanced diet will, according to critics of “vitamin medicine”, supply all the vitamin E anyone needs.
In animals, shortage of vitamin E causes sudden and obvious changes. Chickens deprived of vitamin E develop muscular weakness. Calves whose diets contain inadequate amounts of vitamin E develop heart disease. Rats who are deprived of vitamin E develop liver degeneration. Nor do they grow as quickly as healthy rats.
But in humans, with one exception, there are no symptoms of any kind associated with a vitamin E deficiency. Premature infants who lack proper amounts of vitamin E sometimes develop anemia（贫血）or skin rashes, but any symptoms caused by this deficiency in adult humans are either too insignificant to appear in normal tests or are simply nonexistent. A study in Elgin, Illinois, followed subjects maintained on low vitamin E diets for six years and could discover no effects of the diet on the subjects at all.
Some studies, such as a study performed by three Canadian doctors in the late 1940s, have found vitamin E helpful in treating specific diseases, such as angina pectoris, a type of heart disease. But other studies have tried to duplicate these findings and failed. So there is no absolutely undeniable evidence that vitamin E will prevent or cure disease.
Claims for the cosmetic use of vitamin E continue to multiply, however. Creams and ointments containing vitamin E appear on the market almost daily, to help remove skin blemishes（瑕疵）, to soften dry skin, to control skin wrinkles. Vitamin E is even used in deodorants（除臭剂）. Vitamin E itself is a preservative, an antioxidant, so the producers’ thinking is that vitamin E will prevent odor by preventing bacteria from oxidizing perspiration. But no study or medical proof ever appeared to prove any of these cosmetic claims completely.
You can add vitamin E pills to your morning routine if you like, but unfortunately no one has ever been able to demonstrate conclusively any reason why you should.
1. The main idea of this passage is that _ C. most of the medical and cosmetic claims about vitamin E are not supported by research ____.
A.taken as a preventive measure against
disease, vitamin E can be harmful
B.although vitamin E has not been proved
effective in fighting disease, it does have
some cosmetic value
C.most of the medical and cosmetic claims
about vitamin E are not supported by
research
D.advertisements are attempting to mislead
the public with their claims about vitamin 2. In animals, vitamin E deficiency is associated
with all of the following disorders except _ B.
diabetes___.
A. heart disease
B. diabetes
C. liver
degeneration D. muscular weakness
3. Which of the following conclusions is NOT supported by the passage? C. Vitamin E is more
useful cosmetically than medically
A.Vitamin E deficiency is less harmful to
humans than to other animal.
B.Vitamin E may be helpful in treating
angina pectoris.
C.Vitamin E is more useful cosmetically than
medically.
D.Vitamin E is fairly abundant in a balanced
diet.
4. The passage suggests that _ B. the public regards vitamin E as a wonder drug____.
A.little research has been done to protect
consumers
B.the public regards vitamin E as a wonder
drug
C.advertising is basically a business of
deception
D.some research that has been reported has
been proved false
5. As used in this passage, the word “degeneration” means __ B. deterioration ____.
A. ailment
B. deterioration
C. deviance
D. maturation
Passage 4
A summary of the physical and chemical nature of life must begin, not on the Earth, but in the Sun; in fact, at the Sun’s very center. It is here that is to be found the source of the energy that the Sun constantly pours out into space as light and heat. This energy is liberated at the center of the Sun as billions upon billions of nuclei of hydrogen atoms collide with each other and fuse together to form nuclei of helium, and, in doing so, release some of the energy that is stored in the nuclei of atoms. The output of light and heat of the Sun requires that some 600 million tons of hydrogen be converted into helium in the Sun every second. This the Sun has been doing for several thousands of millions of years.
The nuclear energy is released at the Sun’s center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only very much shorter wavelength. This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun, to be remitted at slightly longer wavelengths. This radiation, in its turn, is absorbed and remitted. As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the X-ray part of the spectrum, eventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we can do to the solar surface, and can escape into space, without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small fraction of the Sun’s light and heat is emitted in such directions that, after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits the Earth. (268 words)
1.What does the passage mainly discuss?
A.The production of solar light and heat.
B.The physical and chemical nature of life.
C.The conversion of hydrogen to helium.
D.Radiation in the X-ray part of the spectrum.
2.According to the passage, energy is released in the Sun when_____.
A.helium atoms bind with each other.
B.gamma radiation escapes from the spectrum.
C.radiation is absorbed by helium.
D.nuclei of hydrogen atoms collide.
3.The passage indicates that, in comparison to radio waves, gamma wave_____.
A. are not as long.
B. produce
louder sound.
C. are less magnetic.
D. do not
form in the Sun’s centre.
4.According to the passage, through which of the following is the energy released in the Sun pass before it becomes light?
A. Electromagnetic space.
B. The
solar surface.
C. The X-ray part of the spectrum.
D.
Interplanetary space.
5.It can be inferred from the passage that the Sun’s light travels _____.
A.through solid objects in space.
B.in
many different directions.
C.more slowly than scientists previously believed.
D.further in summer than in winter.
Passage 5
Unbelievable as it sounds, a rain of fish did actually occur in 1817, at Appin, Scotland. It consisted of a downpour of small herrings (青鱼), a feat that nature repeated in 1830, at Islay, in Argyllshire. Some 60 years ago there was a shower of small frogs in the west of England and in 1900 a thunderstorm brought down more of the creatures near Liverpool. Even this doesn’t exhaust the marvels of nature, for many other curious effects have been connected with rainfalls. For example, there was a shower of red rain in 1608 at Aix, during which large red drops of liquid were on the cemetery and the walls of the church. Needless to say, this “shower of blood”was not taken lightly by the frightened inhabitants. Red rain has been recorded many times since then, for instance at Vienna and in Italy in 1901, in Cornwall and Hamburg in 1902, and in England in 1903. The explanation probably lies in the fact that large quantities of algae（海藻）were brought down by the rain. Algae are tiny plants measuring less than one-thousandth of an inch in diameter --- the simplest forms of vegetable life.
Black rain is another oddity that has visited the British Isles. In 1862, 4 showers of black rain fell in Scotland. They were probably the result of volcano dust brought to earth from the higher atmosphere. Yellow rain has also been recorded and pollen is suspected of being the coloring agent.
While such curiosities of nature are startling, they all have natural explanations. The herrings --- were probably picked up by a waterspout at sea. The frogs probably enjoyed a similar experience as a result of a whirlwind, either from a swamp or from a meadow. In any event, no rainstorms of fish or frogs have been recorded far from either seacoasts or swampland.
1.The best title for this passage is_____.
A. A Shower of Fish
B. A
Rain of Frogs
C. The Marvels of Nature
D.
Curious Rainfalls
2.The main idea of this passage is that_____.
A.a rain of fish actually occurred in 1817, at
Appin, in Scotland.
B.many curious but natural effects have been
connected with rainfalls.
C.black rain is an oddity that has visited the
British Isles.
D.all curiosities of nature have natural
explanations.
3.A downpour of frogs occurred near_____.
A. Appin, Scotland.
B.
Vienna.
C. Hamburg.
D.
Liverpool.
4.The author states that such curiosities of nature_____.
A. cannot be explained.
B. have natural explanations.
C. are caused by God.
D. will cease as man’s knowledge of nature increases.
5. You can infer from the passage that Islay, in Argyllshire, is near_____.
A. meadowland.
B. the
desert.
C. the seacoast.
D.
mountains.
Passage 6
In the first year or so of web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they are looking for.
Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the web because of doubts about its reliability. Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private Internet.
Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to pull customers into sites. In the past years, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to push information directly out to customers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product of offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purist.
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e10855139.html,, and other pioneers show that a web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop on silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
1. We learn from the beginning of the passage that web business _A. has been striving to expand its market.
A. has been striving to expand its market
B. intended to follow a fanciful fashion
C. tried but in vain to control the market
D. has been booming for one year or so
2. Speaking of the online technology available for
marketing, the author implies that __ C. there is a radical change in strategy __.
A.the technology is popular with many web
users
B.businesses have faith in the reliability of
online transaction
C.there is a radical change in strategy
D.it is accessibly limited to established
partners
3. In the view of Net purists, _ D. there should be no online commercial information without request
_____.
A.there should be no market messages on
online culture
B.money making should be given priority to
on the web
C.the web should be able to function as the
television set
D.there should be no online commercial
information without request
4. We learn from the last paragraph that _B. interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers ______.
A.pushing information on the web is
essential to Internet commerce
B.interactivity, hospitality and security are
important to online customers
C.leading companies began to take the online
plunge decades ago
D.setting up shops in silicon is independent
of the cost of computing power
5. The word “transaction” in paragraph two can
be best replaced by __ C. deal.____.
A. interactivity
B. activity
C. deal
D. dealing
Passage 7
Thatcherism is, by Thatcher’s reckoning, only halfway completed. Upon coming to power in 1979, she reduced income tax (the top rate fell from 83% to 60%), raised the value added tax (a levy on goods and services) from 8% to 15% and sharply cut public spending. The money supply was throttled, and interest rates were allowed to soar. The strategy cooled inflation, but also threw a record number of British companies into bankruptcy and millions of workers out of jobs. Since 1979, when the downturn began, industrial production has slumped 8%.
There are some encouraging signs. Bank lending rates are now in the 10% range, down from 17% in 1980 and interest on mortgages has fallen from 15% to around 11%. Productivity is up, and the rate of wage hikes is down. But none of these signs of improving health is proof the rebound will persist. Many economists are bracing for a jump in joblessness to 3.3 million this fall. Nevertheless, the prime minister is unlikely to resort to Keynesian pump priming even if her policies remain slow to work. At a critical time during her first term, when many in her cabinet were demanding a U-turn on economic policy, she uttered the now famous words: “The lady’s not for turning.”
Thatcher not only has changed the course of British economic policy, but has altered the shape of the nation’s politics, especially within the Conservative Party. Fading fast is the image of the Tories as the private preserve of landed gentlemen who went to the right schools, believe in modernization and carry a certain sense of nobleless oblige toward the lower classes. Thatcher has taken the party out of the hands of the gentry and turned it over to people like herself who have worked their way up in the world and who sometimes see a sense of social responsibility as an unaffordable luxury. She has forged an alliance between skilled workers and the middle class. Only unskilled workers have remained safely in the Labor camp, and theirs is a swindling breed.
1.Thatcherism is_____.
A.Thatcher’s economic experiment.
B.the alliance forged by Thatcher between
skilled workers and the middle class.
C.the toughness of Thatcher’s personality and
of her policies.
D.the generalization of Thatcher’s first term.
2.Which of the following is true about the economic
phenomena in Britain from 1979 to 1983?
A.All interest rates were kept high.
B.Employment rate was way up. So was
productivity.
C.Inflation was down and industrial
production dropped.
D.Both industrial production and productivity
increased since 1979.
3.Which one of the following is not true?
A. Thatcher is Tory.
B. Whether Thatcher would change her policies or
not depended on whether the rebound would persist.
C. Thatcher advocated thrift.
D .Thatcher is self-reliant.
4.Which of the following agrees with the old image of typical Tory?
A. Enthusiastic.
B. With a life story which starts from obscurity to prominence.
C. Lacking a sense of social responsibility.
D. Gentle.
5. Which of the following is the right and the most
complete list of the skills used in this passage? A. Giving examples, listing figures, making reference to the past.
B. Giving examples, listing figures, making comparisons.
C. Giving examples, listing figures, making comments.
D. Giving examples, listing figures, making comparisons, making predictions.
Passage 8
Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volumes of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are noxious. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem.
There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be dwindled. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazard. This involves the processing of solid wastes “prior to”disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or minimize pollution upon final disposal.
The second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients contained. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries, such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste products into marketable byproducts. Other industries are exploring potential economic uses for their waste products.
1. The purpose of this passage is _____.
A. to make the reader acquainted with water pollution problems.
B. to alert the reader to the dwindling water supply.
C. to explain industrial uses of water.
D. to demonstrate various measures to solve the pollution problem.
2.Which of the following points is NOT included in the passage?
A. diluting wastes needs a certain amount of water.
B. demands for water will go up along with the
expanding population.
C. intensive cultivation of land requires more and
more chemicals.
D. industrial development includes the
simplification of complex chemical processes.
3.The reader can conclude that_____.
A. countries of the world will work together on pollution problems.
B. some industries are now making economic use of liquid wastes.
C. byproducts from wastes lead to a more prosperous marketplace.
D. science is making great progress in increasing water supplies.
4.What techniques has the author used in writing the passage?
A. Conducting interviews with authorities in the field of water controls.
B. Providing definitions which clarify important terms.
C. Offering opinions and personal observations.
D. Making strong arguments and persuasions.
5.The words “prior to”(in Paragraph 2) probably mean_____.
A. during.
B. before.
C. after.
D. beyond.
Passage 9
Today’s trumpet is one of the world’s oldest instrument. It is really the result of many centuries of development. Although it looks nothing like its ancestors, there are many similarities. All trumpets are hollow tubes. They are blown. And they all use the player’s lips to produce the basic sound.
The trumpet developed as players and makers worked to improve its design, size, shape, material and method of construction. They wanted to create an instrument that would produce a beautiful and attractive tone, enable the performer to play all the notes of scale, extend the range higher and lower, make it possible to play more beautiful music, and, in general, be easier to play well. The remarkable way in which the modern trumpet achieves these goals is a measure of the success of all those who struggled to perfect this glorious instrument.
The trumpet is actually the leading member of an entire family of related instruments. There are trumpets of seven different sizes and in several different keys. There are cornet, bugles, flugelhorns and a number of others that are all similar to the trumpet in the way they are made and played.
The trumpet family is much more than a group of related instruments that can stir one with their sound, or narrow tubes of metal capable of producing a variety of musical sounds. It is a link to many different periods of history and to people of many cultures. From the use of trumpets in ancient religious ceremonies to the part they play in modern rock bands, the trumpet family of instruments has much to tell about civilization and its development.
1. What is the best title of the passage? A. Science and the trumpet
A.Science and the trumpet
B.The
trumpet and its ancestry
C.Recordings of the trumpet
D.How
the trumpet is made
2. It can be inferred from the passage that ___ B.
air pressure_____ is needed to make the trumpet work.
A. long finger
B. air pressure
C. keen eyesight
D. daily cleaning
3. Which of the following can be inferred about the first trumpet players? D. They could not play all the notes of the scale.
A.They were not able to pick up the trumpet.
B.They could not play simple tune.
C.They had difficulty improving upon the
trumpet.
D.They could not play all the notes of the
scale.
4. The word “one” in the first sentence of
paragraph 4 could be best replaced by _ B. the listener._____.
A. the composer
B. the listener
C. a family
D. an instrument
5. The author believes that the trumpet is
particularly important because it __C. has
istorical significance.
A.can be used in rock bands
B.is
a religious instrument
C.has historical significance
D.has a narrow range
Passage 10
Aging is the process of growing old. It occurs eventually in every living thing provided, of course, that an illness or accident does not kill it prematurely. The most familiar outward signs of aging may be seen in old people, such as the graying of the hair and the wrinkling of the skin. Signs of aging in a pet dog or cat include loss of playfulness and energy, a decline in hearing and eyesight, or even a slight graying of the coat. Plants age too, but the signs are much harder to detect.
Most body parts grow bigger and stronger, and function more efficiently during childhood. They reach their peak at the time of maturity, or early adulthood. After that, they begin to decline. Bones, for example, gradually become lighter and more brittle. In the aged, the joints between the bones also become rigid and more inflexible. This can make moving very painful.
All the major organs of the body show signs of aging. The brain, for example, works less efficiently, and even gets smaller in size. Thinking processes of all sorts are slowed down. Old people often have trouble in remembering recent events.
One of the most serious changes of old age occurs in the arteries, the blood vessels that lead from the heart. They become thickened and constricted, allowing less blood to flow to the rest of the body. This condition accounts, directly or indirectly, for many of the diseases of the aged. It may, for example, result in heart attack.
Aging is not a uniform process. Different parts of the body wear out at different rates. There are great differences among people in their rate of aging. Even the cells of the body differ in the way they age. The majority of cells are capable of reproducing themselves many times during the course of a lifetime. Nerve cells and muscle fibers can never be replaced once they wear out.
Gerontologists --- scientist who study the process of aging --- believe the wearing out of the body is controlled by a built-in biological time-clock. They are trying to discover how this clock works so that they can slow down the process. This could give man a longer life and a great number of productive years.
1.When the brain begins to age, _____.
A. eyesight will begin to decline too.
B. it becomes lighter.
C. the thinking processes go on just as before.
D.memorization declines.
2.According to the passage, what is responsible for many of the diseases of the old?
A. Their trouble in remembering recent events.
B. The worn-out nerve cells and muscle fibers.
C. The blood vessels that have become thickened and constricted.
D. The rigid and inflexible joints between the bones.
3.“Aging is not a uniform process”means that _______.
A. old people do not have the same outward signs of aging.
B. not all people age at the same age.
C. the process of aging is slow.
D. nerve cells and muscle fibers do not age simultaneously.
4.Which of the statements about aging is false?
A. People vary in their rate of aging.
B. The cells of the body age in different ways.
C. The various parts of the body do not wear out at the same rate.
D. All body cells once worn out can never be replaced.
5. Which piece of information is given in the passage?
A. Gerontologists can give man a longer life.
B. Gerontologists can prevent diseases connected with aging.
C.Gerontologists have discovered that aging is controlled by a built-in biological ime-clock.
D.Gerontologists have found ways to slow down the process of aging.
Passage 11
Cash has been the root of much social and economic evil. Some have advocated simply abolishing it, thus leaving the public to use other existing non-cash payment media. The emergence of electronic funds transfer technology, however, makes it possible to change the nature of money and to divorce it from evil. Operations like Visa and MasterCard demonstrate that tens of billions of payment transactions (交易) a year can be handled efficiently and securely. Eighty percent of Americans regularly use credit cards. The development of a federal system to handle the country’s 300 billion annual cash transactions in the United States electronically is within reach.
Questioning the safety of electronic money is like a Las Vegas gambling patron questioning the security of treasury bonds. The new system will replace cash---the stuff in your wallet or purse that robbers and muggers will kill for, the stuff for which convenience shop clerks, taxi drivers, and shop owners are shot everyday in the United States. Any form of money is safer than cash!
Yet, concern about electronic security is understandable. Credit-card companies mail out advisories to destroy old cards, and patrons observe sales clerks scanning Hot Card list. There are new accounts of bank-card cheating, electronic thefts, and computer-security breaches(违规行为).
Credit-card losses due to fraud（欺骗）are not as bad as the public might believe. In 1990 in the United States, they amounted to only $300 million, or 0.12% of Visa’s and MasterCard’s combined gross volume. More than twice that amount of currency is reported stolen every year---and who knows how much more goes unreported.
But the proposed electronic-money system is debit（记入借方）system. If a crook takes your credit card, he’s free to spend as much as he likes---at least until you report the card missing or stolen. But with a debit system, even if a crook were able to access to
your account, the most you could lose is the balance in your account. While that is unpleasant though, it does not approach the big numbers mentioned in credit card of company fraud.
1.What is the author’s atti tude towards cash?
A.Cash much be got rid of.
B.The nature of cash must be change.
C.Cash is a convenient way of payment.
D.Cash has brought about a lot of trouble.
2.What is true about electronic money?
A. It can in no way replace cash, however
powerful it is.
B. It can be used in eighty percent of the payment
transactions
C. It is a form of money controlled by the federal
government
D. It can make payment transactions efficiency
and secure
3.The phrase “Hot card” in Para graph 3 probably means_______.
A. a card that is missing or stolen
B. a card
that has been out of date
C. a card that is much used
D. a card
that has a lot money in it.
4.In Paragraph 4 the author makes a comparison to show that _______.
A. credit card losses due to fraud are greater than
cash losses
B. cash losses are much greater than credit card
losses due to fraud
C. the gross volume of Visa’s and MasterCard’s is
great
D. case losses every year are much greater than report.
5.The debit system is proposed because_______.
A. a crook will have no access to any
card-holder’s account
B. a crook can spend as much money as he likes
if he has got the debit card
C. the maximum that a card-holder will lose is
the money left in his account
D. the losses of a card-holder will be reduced to
zero if he loses his card.
Passage 12
“Fingers were made before forks.” When a person gives up good manners, puts aside knife and fork, and dives into his food, someone is likely to repeat that saying.
The fork was an ancient agricultural tool,
but for centuries no one thought of eating with it. Not until the eleventh century, when a young lady from what is now known as Turkey brought her fork to Italy, did the custom reach Europe.
By the fifteenth century the use of the fork was widespread in Italy. The English explanation was that Italians were averse to eating food touched with fingers, “seeing all men’s fingers are not alike dean.” English travelers kept their friends in stitches while describing this ridiculous Italian custom.
Anyone who used a fork to eat with was laughed at in England for the next hundred years. Men who used forks were thought to be sissies, and women who used forks were called show-offs and overnice. Not until the late 1600’s did using a fork become a common custom.
1. For many years, English travelers in Italy considered eating with forks __ D. funny .
A. clever
B. necessary
C. elegant
D. funny
2. The English thought that Italians used forks because they wanted to ____B. keep their food clean _.
A.impress their visitors
B.keep their food clean
C.imitate the people of the East
D.please the English visitors
3. By the fifteenth century, forks were used ___
B.all over Italy_______.
A.by ladies in Europe
B.all over Italy
C.by gentlemen in Europe
D.in some part of England
4. The use of forks became widespread in England __ B. in the late 16th century______.
A.about 600 years after they came to Europe.
B.in the late 16th century.
C.as soon as they were brought to Europe
D.earlier than in any other western countries.
5. The custom of eating with a fork was ____C. brought to Europe from Asia _______
A.first found in Italy
B.brought to Europe from America
C.brought to Europe from Asia
D.popular among Italians when they were
first invented.
Passage 13
In the second half of each year, many powerful storms are born in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean seas. Of these, only about half a dozen generates the strong, circling winds of 75 miles per hour or more that give them hurricane status, and several usually make their way to the coast. There they cause millions of dollars of damage, and bring death to large numbers of people.
The great storms that hit the coast start as innocent circling disturbances hundreds even thousands of miles out to sea. As they travel aimlessly over water warmed by the summer sun, they are carried westward by the trade winds. When conditions are just right, warm, moist air flows in at the bottom of such a disturbance, moves upward through it and comes out at the top.
In the process, the moisture in this warm air produces rain, and with it the heat that is concerted to energy goes in the form of strong winds. As the heat increases, the young hurricane begins to swirl in a counter-clockwise motion.
The average life of a hurricane is only about nine days, but it contains almost more power than we can imagine. The energy in the heat released by a hurricane’s rainfall in a single day would satisfy the entire electrical needs of the United States for more than six months. Water, not wind, is the main source of death and destruction in a hurricane. A typical hurricane brings 6 to 12 inch downpours resulting in sudden floods. Worst of all is the powerful movement of the sea, the mountains of water moving toward the low-pressure hurricane center. The water level rises as much as 15 feet above normal as it moves toward shore.
1.When is an ordinary tropical storm called a hurricane?
A.When it begins in the Atlantic and Caribbean
seas. B.When it hits the coastline
C.When it is more than 75 miles wide.
D.When its winds reach 75 miles per hour
2.What is the worst thing about hurricane?
A.the destructive effects of water
B.the heat they release
C.the heat they release that they last about nine
days on the average D.the strong winds 3.The counter-clockwise swirling of the hurricane is brought about by ___.
A.the low-pressure area in the center of the storm
B.the force of waves of water
C.the trade winds
D.the increasing heat
4.Apparently the word “downpour” means___.
A. heavy rainfall
B. dangerous waves
C. the progress of water to the hurricane center
D. the increasing heat
5.Which statement about a hurricane is wrong?
A. It travels more than 75 miles per hour
B. It usually exists about 9 days.
C. It usually result in 6-12 inch downpours
D.It sometimes brings the sea water level to the height of 15 feet
Passage 14
A third of Britons are overweight, states a report published in January by the Royal College of Physicians, the result of an 18-month-long study. About five percent of children weigh too much, and are likely to stay that way for life; in the mid-twenties age group the proportion of fat people rise to a third, and of the middle-age population half are overweight.
Fat people risk severe health problems, says the report, including high blood pressure, breathlessness and various forms of heart disease. Smoking is particularly risky for overweight people.
The safest way to lose weight is to eat cereals, bread, fruit and vegetable, and cut down on fatty meats, butter and sweet foods. Current diets do far more harm than good; slimming machines that vibrate muscles have not been proved useful; saunas (蒸汽浴) merely remove a little body water, and health farms, says the report, serve as expensive holidays.
The report emphasizes that exercise is most important to health. Though it doesn’t necessarily reduce weight, it maintains the correct proportion of body fat to body muscle. And it isn’t only for the young. From middle age a minimum of 20 minutes of gentle physical jerks should be practiced here times a week.
The report advocates several health measures to combat the high prevalence of overweight in this country. They include an increase of tax on alcohol to reduce its increasing and dangerously fattening, consumption; and the provision of more sports facilities by local authorities. Britain’s doctors, the report concludes, must learn to be more sympathetic and specific in their advice to the overweight, encouraging a change in eating habits on a long-term basis, and taking into account the many—often complex—reasons why fat people are fat.
1. The passage is mainly about _____________.
A.Why many Britons are overweight
B. how
to avoid getting overweight
C.Britons’ overweight problem
D. t he
relations between overweight and health
2 According to the report, a person is most likely to
stay fat for the whole of his life if he ___.
A. gets fat in his middle age
B. gets
fat in his twenties
C. gets fat when he is a child
D. is
born fat
3. The report thinks that exercise___________.
A. is a way to reduce weight
B. is a
sure way to keep one healthy
C. can convert fat to muscle
D.
sometimes increase weight
4. The report points out that drinking too much alcohol________.
A. will also cause a person to get overweight
B. will cause a person to do less sports
C. will make a person forget that he is fat
D. will lead a person to bad eating habits
5.The report suggests that when treating the overweight, doctors should ________.
A. encourage a long-term diet for everyone
B. first consider why so many people are
overweight
知识产权法复习资料
知识产权法平时作业 一. 知识产权法概论 一. 名词解释 1.知识产权 2.知识产权的客体 3.知识产权法 4.知识产权法律关系 5.知识产权法律关系客体 6.《巴黎公约》 7.《伯尔尼公约》 8.《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》 9.国民待遇原则10.独立性原则 二.简答题 1.简述知识产权的概念。 2.简述知识产权的特征。 3.简述知识产权的分类。 4.简述《建立世界知识产权组织公约》保护的识 产权的类型。 5.如何理解“知识产权是无形财产权”？ 6.简述知识产权与物权利的区别。 7.简述我国《民法通则》保护的知识产权的类型。 8.简述知识产权专有性的含义及其表现。 9.简述知识产权地域性的含义及其表现。 10.简述三种知识产权法律保护之间的联系与区 别。 11.简述知识产权法的调整对象。 12.简述知识产权的主体制度的特征。 13.简述知识产权的客体的特征。 14.简述知识产权法的内容体系。 15.简述我国知识产权法的体系。 16.列举我国主要知识产权法规名称。 17.简述《保护工业产权的巴黎公约》确定的保护 知识产权的基本原则。 18.简述《TRIPS协定》保护的知识产权范围。 19.简述《TRIPS协定》确定的知识产权保护原则。 三.论述题 1.论述我国知识产权法体系的完善。 二. 著作权法 一.名词解释 1.著作权 2.邻接权 3.著作权法 4.著作权主体 5.著作权的继受主体 6.作者 7.作品 8.委托作品 9.合作作品10.职务作品11.汇编作品 12.演绎作品13.保护作品完整权 14.署名权15.发表权16.表演者权 17.出版者权18.表演权19.展览权 20.出租权21.信息网络传播权 22.著作权合理使用23.著作权法定许可使用 24.著作权集体管理25.法人作品 二. 简答题 1.简述著作权的概念与特征。 2.简述著作权与著作物所有权的区别。 3.简述著作权与专利权的联系与区别。 4.简述著作权与商标权的联系与区别。 5.简述著作权法的基本原则。 6.简述著作权的自动保护原则。 7.简述我国著作权法的体系。 8.简述2001年《著作权法》修改内容。 9.简述外国人作品获得保护的条件。 10.简述作者的构成要件与认定。 11.简述法人视为作者的条件。 12.简述职务作品的概念及其权利归属。 13.简述委托作品著作权归属。 14.简述合作作品的特征、权利归属以及著作权行 使规定。 15.简述演绎作品著作权的取得的条件及其权利归 属。 16.简述影视作品的著作权归属。 17.简述合作作品与汇编作品之间的区别。 18.简述作品获得保护的条件。 19.简述我国著作权法中作品的分类。 20.简述不受我国著作权法保护的对象。 21.简述著作人身权的内容和特征。 22.简述著作财产权的内容与特征。 23.简述享出租权的著作权人情形。 24.简述著作权合理使用的条件。 25.简述著作权合理使用的情形。 26.简述属于著作权法合理使用情况中的“对他人 作品适当引用”的具体含义。 27.简述著作权法定许可使用的条件。 28.简述著作权法定许可使用的情形。 29.比较著作权的合理使用和法定许可的异同。 30.简述邻接权与著作权的联系与区别。 31.简述表演者权的取得的条件 32.简述表演者的权利和义务。 33.简述表演权与表演者权的联系与区别。 34.简述图书出版者的权利和义务。 35.简述录音录像制作者的权利和义务。 36.简述广播组织权的权利和义务。 37.简述我国著作权保护期限的规定。 38.简述著作权侵权行为的主要表现。 39.简述著作权侵权行为的法律责任。 40.简述著作权的集体管理的内容。 1
知识产权法自考重点
知识产权法 知识产权：人们对于自己的创造成果和经营管理活动中的标记、信誉依法享有的权利 知识产权法：调整因知识产品而产生的各种社会关系的法律规范的总和，是一种专门的国际制度 原是主体：在作品创造完成后，直接根据法律的规定或者合同的约定对文学、艺术、和科学作品享有著作权的人。 继受主体;通过受让、继承、或法律规定的其他地方式取得全部或一部分著作权的人 委托作品：委托人向作者支付约定的创作报酬由作者按照他人的意志和具体要求而创作的特定作品 合作作品：两人以上共同创作的作品 作品：指文学、文艺和科学领域内，具有独创性并能以孟中有形形式复制的智力创造成果 民间文学艺术作品：在一国国土上,由该国的民族创作，经世代相传，不断发展而构成的作品 计算机软件;计算机程序及有关文档 文档：用来表述程序的内容、组成、设计、功能等 著作人生权：作者基于作品创作所享有的各种与人生相连而无直接财产内容权利 发表权：决定作品是否公之于众的权利 署名权;表明作者身份，在作品上署名的权利
修改权：修改或者授予他人修改作品的权利 著作财产权：著作权人自己使用或者授予他人以一定方式使用作品而获得物质利益权益 复制权：以印顺、复印、录音、录像等方式将作品制成一份或者多份的权利 领接权：指玉与著作权有关的权利 出版权;出版者对出版的作品所享有的一系列权利的统称 表演者权利：依法对表演所享有的权利 广播组织：通过无线电播由或图像构成录音作品的人 合理使用在特定条件下法律允许他人自由使用享有著作权的作品 植物新品种：经过人工培育或则对发现的野生植物可以开发，具备新颖性、特异性、一致性和稳定性 植物新品种权：育种者对于植物新品种所享有的专有权利 著作权的转让：著作权人将其作品财产权全部转移给他人的法律行为 著作权行政管理;国家著作权行政管理机关，代表国家对著作权工作进行管理的行为 著作权集体管理;著作权人授权有关组织，代为集中管理著作权、领接权的制度 著作权侵权行为：未经著作权人的同意，擅自对著作权作品进行使用
辅导学生教师计划制定材料
辅导学生教师计划制定材料一 本学期，我主要担任初中八年级9-15班的生物教学工作。本学期的一开始，我就特别关注每个学生的生物的学习状况和发展，通过测验和平时表现，把学生分为三个等级，即优秀生、中等生和后进生。 后进生的转化工作是生物学科培优补差工作的重心，而六个班级的后进生更是一个很大的数字，可想而知生物学科后进生的转化任务是多么艰巨。在如此艰巨的任务面前，我并没有退缩，而是时刻保持一个清醒的头脑，认真审视这些后进生的学习状态。时刻与班主任及其他任课老师保持联系，共同做好后进生的转化工作。 在教学中我对后进生生物学xxx行了长期的观察，我就发现：这些后进生的脑子并不笨，而是因为落下的功课太多，才使得听不懂老师讲课。通过和一些后进生的沟通后发现，他们对优异成绩也有积极的渴望，也非常希望自己的名字出现在前几名的名单中，也希望得到家长和老师的表扬，而不是没完没了的训斥。 抓住后进生这个心理，就在课堂上向这些后进生多提一些简单的问题，帮助他们在学习上找回自信，让他们体验到学习成功的喜悦，并进行适时地鼓励和表扬，让他们感受到老师的关怀和学生的帮助。 其实在这些后进生身上也有不少优点：比如班级责任心强，热爱劳动等等。再比如说：他们比别人遭遇过更多的不平和坎坷，因此他们比别人有更多丰富的体验;他们失败的次数很多，他们更能承受挫折。 因此，我经常对后进生说：你就从现在做起，现在正是考验你智慧的时候，为什么不在这个时候给自己一个正面的机会，证明一下自己的实力呢? 通过本期不懈的努力，不少后进生的生物的学习成绩进步还是很大的。班上的平均分大都较上学期期末考试成绩提高了6-8分。同时我又深知，后进生转化工作是一个长期而又漫长的过程，后进生需要老师一点一滴的呵护。 辅导学生教师计划制定材料二 一、工作目标 1、加强对培优补差工作的常规管理和检查。 2、认真挑选好培优补差的对象。 3、通过培优补差，使学生能充分认识到学习的重要性。
初三英语复习资料(全套)
初三系列复习资料（5）代词考点集汇，讲解和训练 五、代词 【考点直击】 1. 人称代词主格、宾格形式及其主要用法；2 常见不定代词的一般用法； 3 反身代词的形式、意义及其主要用法； 4. 关系代词的基本用法 5. 相互代词的基本用法； 6. 疑问代词的基本用法。 7. 名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的形式、区别及其主要用法； 8. 指示代词的一般用法，并了解其在上下文中的指代用法 【名师点睛】 代词是代替名词、形容词和数词的词。按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。 一. 人称代词 1.人称代词的人称、数和格，如下表所示。 2.人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。如： I like table tennis. （作主语）Do you know him?（作宾语） 3.人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如： ---Whos is knocking at the door? ---It’s me. 4.人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。如： He is older than me. | He is older than I am. 二. 物主代词 1.表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，如下表所示。
2. 形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如： Our teacher is coming to see us. This is her pencil-box. 3. 名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。 Our school is here, and theirs is there.（作主语） --- Is this English-book yours? （作表语）--- No. Mine is in my bag. I've already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? （作宾语） 三. 指示代词 指示代词包括：this，that，these，those。 1. this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例如： This is a pen and that is a pencil． We are busy these days． In those days the workers had a hard time． 2. 有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this 和these则是指下面将要讲到的事物，例如： I had a cold. That's why I didn't come. What I want to say is this ; pronunciation is important in learning English． 3. 有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that或those代替，例如： Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai． 4. this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如： Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking? 四. 反身代词 英语中用来表示"我自己"，"你自己"，"他自己"，"我们自己"，"你们自己"等意义的代词称为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词，其形式如表所示。
知识产权法复习资料
知识产权法复习资料 重难点归纳 1.被认为是世界上第一部版权法的是1709年英国的《安娜女王法》 2.在一定条件下，也可能成为著作权主体的是国家。 3.知识产权是自然人或法人的智力成果比较全面。 4.我国《著作权法》保护的是表现形式。 5.专利权的地域性是指在申请地所在的国家或者地区拥有法律保护。 6.著作财产权：具有一定的时间性、是著作人身权的对称、是和若干使用权紧密联系在一起的。 7.著作权含有保护期限不受时间限制。 8.狭义的邻接权包括：表演者权、音像制作者权、广播电视组织权。 9.狭义的知识产权包括工业产权和版权。 10.占著作权集体许可合同中比例越来越大的合同是一揽子许可合同。 11.作者的传播权包括：表演者权、录制者权、广播组织权、出版者权。 12.著作权的转让是著作权中的使用权在法定期限内归为他人所有。 13.地方著作权管理部门在业务上受国家版权局指导。 14.工业产权中的创造性成果权包括：发明专利权、使用新型权、外观设计权。 15.侵犯著作权的法律责任包括：民事责任；行政责任；刑事责任。 16.专利权的特征包括：第一，就独占性而言，在同一法域内，相同主题的发明创造只能被授予一项专利权。第二，就时间性而言，专利权的保护期限较短。发明专利权的期限为20年，实用新型和外观设计专利权的期限为10年，不得续展。 17.任何方法都不属于实用新型的范围是实用新型特点。
18.新颖性是指在申请日以前没有同样的发明或者实用新型在国内外出版物上公开发表过、在国内公开使用过或者以其他方式为公众所知，也没有同样的发明或者实用新型由他人向国务院专利行政部门提出申请并且记载在申请日后公布的专利申请文件中。 19.知识产权公约协议中，1994年4月15签署、1995年1月1日生效的是那一协议与贸易有关的知识产权。 20.职务发明创造的专利申请权归该发明创造的发明人所有的是说法错误的。 21.专利期限说法是1992年12月31日前向原中国专利局提出申请、到2001年12月11日仍然有效的发明专利权，其专利权期限延长为自申请日起20年。 22.知识产权法的渊源一般分为两类：国内法、国际法。 23.不属于专利权的强制许可的是在专利申请日前已经制造相同产品、使用相同方法或者已经作好制造、使用的必要准备，国务院专利行政部门可以给予许可实施发明专利的强制许可。 24.一项发明或实用新型获得专利授权的实质条件是：新颖性、创造性、实用性。 25.将营销模式纳入专利保护范围的是那个国家：丹麦。 26.关于假冒他人专利的说法错误的是假冒他人专利者只有依法承担停止侵权、赔偿损失、消除影响的法律责任。 27.发明专利的保护期是20年，起算日期为申请日。 28.初步审定予以公告的商标被异议，经过审理裁定异议不成立予以核准注册的，商标权保护期的起算日是：初审公告3个月期满之日。 29.职务作品著作权归作者享有的情况下，单位在其业务范围内享有二年优先使用权，该优先使用权期限的起算日为：作者向单位交付作品之日。 30.法人或者其他组织作品的发表权和著作财产权的保护期限为50年，其起算日是：创作完成日。
知识产权法复习重点重点讲义资料
知识产权法复习重点 注意问题 驰名商标是指在中国为相关公众广为知晓并享有较高声誉的商标。我国对驰名商标一般采取个案认定与被动认定方式。驰名商标的认定机构是商标局、商标评审委员会、人民法院。认定驰名商标应当考虑下列因素： 1、相关公众对该商标的知晓程度； 2、该商标使用的持续时间； 3、该商标的任何宣传工作的持续时间、程度和地理范围； 4、该商标作为驰名商标受保护的记录； 5、该商标驰名的其他因素。 商标法明确保护驰名商标，根据其是否在我国取得注册，给予不同的保护措施。 复习中注意掌握的问题 知识产权是一种无形财产权，是一种特殊的民事权利，这是知识产权的法律性质。 其特征表现为： 1、识产权的法律确认性； 2、识产权的专有性； 3、知识产权的地域性； 4、知识产权的时间性。 知识产权的范围 世界贸易组织（WTO）的《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》第一部分第一条所界定的与贸易有关的知识产权范围是： （1）版权与邻接权；（2）商标权；（3）地理标志权；（4）工业品外观设计权； （5）专利权；（6）集成电路布图设计（拓扑图）权；（7）未公开的信息专有权。 知识产权制度 知识产权制度是国际上通行的各个国家普遍采用的确认、保护和利用知识产权的管理制度。知识产权法是调整因确认、行使和保护知识产权的过程中所产生的各种社会关系而发生的各种法律关系的法律规范的总称。 商标的概念 商标，是指在商品或者服务项目上所使用的，用以识别不同生产、经营者所生产、制造、加工、拣选或者经销的商品或者提供的服务，有显著的文字、图形、字母、数字、三位标志、颜色组合或者上述要素的组合构成的可视性标志。它是表彰商品或者服务的一种标志，是一种识别性标志，是由经营者使用的一种标志。 商标的构成要素，2001年《商标法》规定，“任何能够将自然人、法人或者其他组织的商品与他人的商品区别开的可视性标志，包括文字、图形、字母、数字、三维标志和颜色组合，以及上述要素的组合，均可以作为商标申请注册。” 商标权的概念、法律特征 商标权，也可称为商标专用权，是指商标注册人对其注册商标所享有的专用权利。所谓注册商标，是指经国家商标主管机关核准注册之商标。． （1）中华人民共和国的国家名称、国旗、国徽、军旗、勋章相同或者近似的，以及同中央国家机关所在地特定地点的名称或者标志性建筑物的名称、图形相同的。 （2）同外国的国家名称、国旗、国徽、军旗相同或者近似的，但该国政府同意的除外。 （3）同政府间国际组织的名称、旗帜、徽记相同或者近似的，但经该组织同意或者不易误导公众的除外。 （4）与表明实施控制、予以保证的官方标志、检验印记相同或者近似的，但经授权的除外。
辅导青年教师全部材料
辅导青年教师全部材料 目录 关于XXX同志培养青年教师情况的证明 (2) 辅导青年教师专题材料 (3) 如何上好一节成功的课 (3) 与青年教师互助共勉，共同成长 (6) ——关于辅导青年教师的工作总结 (6)
关于XXX同志培养青年教师情况的证明 XXX同志自XXXX年X月从XXXX大学毕业后进入我校工作以来，一直从事XXXX教育教学工作，专业基础扎实，成绩突出，在做好本职工作的同时，还通过听课、观摩教学、公开课教学、教研组内教学小论文交流和“三定”备课等各种形式开展教学教研活动，积极培养青年教师，有效的帮助比自己工作迟的青年教师提高业务水平和教学能力，对青年教师XXX、XXX等的培养倾注了大量的心血，使之尽快胜任地理课的教学，为我校地理教育教学研究活动的开展做出了重要贡献，该同志已成为骨干教师之一。 特此证明。 XX中学 XXXX年X月
辅导青年教师专题材料 如何上好一节成功的课 XXXX市XX中学 XXX 上课容易，上好课却并不容易。使一节课充满活力，学生学习兴趣高。学生有所得，教师有所感，能够引发学生积极的兴趣，主动参与的热情，实属难能可贵。这里我就平时上课的一些心得体会，作一些思路的分析，认为可以从以下几个角度来提高课程的质量。 １、以直观的手段进行教学 地理这个学科，空间思维要求高，而且还牵涉到很多其他的学科，所以单纯依赖学生视野和见闻是难以掌握的，空谈也必然失去根基，纯粹的理论不符合现在学生的认知水平，所以必须借助直观的教学手段，比如教学中可以借助地球仪，各种地理教学挂图和地理景观图等直观教具，或者借助多媒体资料，幻灯片等手段，把教学内容生动地展现在学生面前，将会收到意想不到的效果，不仅能够激发学生的学习兴趣，也能更容易的让学生理解并掌握内容。 例如我在讲授世界地理中东部分的“五海三洲之地”和“丰富的石油资源”两段，就充分利用地图册并有计划的运用课本插图用谈话法进行教学．指导学生首先在中东地图上，找出中东的五海（里海，黑海，地中海，红海和阿拉伯海），三洲（亚洲，欧洲，非洲）的位
初三英语同步辅导教材一
初三英语同步辅导教材一一、内容提要 1．第三册语言点及句型 2．同义句的归纳 3．汉译英句子训练 一、专项练习与归纳 1．Have got 有 She has got a new house. We had got many books in the library. 2．Leave for 离开某地去另一地 He left for Beijing. I’ll leave Nanjing for Shanghai. 3．Pay for 付款 He paid much money for books. She has paid for what we ate and drank. 4．used to 过去，曾经…… She used to be a famous doctor. They used to live in the village. 5．Her hobby is to read. My job is to teach English. 6．encourage sb to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 I often encourage the boy to pass the next maths exam. Mr Green encouraged us to do more speaking in class. 7．all over 全身 It rained heavily last night . I was wet all over. 8．so far 到目前为止 So far , we have learned over two thousand English words. So far, he has been to to Beijing for three times. 9．none /none of … None of us like/like this film. None of the books is /are mine. 10．Come true 成为现实，现实 My dream of visiting the west Lake has come true. His dream of being a science came true.. 11．not only …but also…不但……而且 Net only Li Ming but also Wang Ping went to the library. She is not only a part-time assistant but also a surfer. They study not only English but also French.
知识产权法案例练习
著作权法 1、 2、李某自学英语多年，经常做笔译练习。李某同事赵某常在报刊上发表一些文章。李某为了提高翻译水平，常将见到的文章顺手拿过来做翻译练习。一次李某将赵某在报纸上发表的一篇文章进行翻译。赵某见到李某翻译自己的文章，便提出李某这样做未经自己许可，是侵犯自己的著作权。李某辩称：自己只是做翻译练习，并不打算发表，但赵某坚持认为李某侵犯了自己的著作权，并要求李某今后不得再翻译自己的作品。双方为此发生争执。 问题：李某是否侵犯了赵某的著作权？为什么？ 答案： 李某没有侵犯赵某的著作权。 赵某对自己撰写的文章依《著作权法》第2条，第9条，第11条享有著作权。一般情况下，未经著作权人同意，任何人不得擅自使用其作品。但是《著作权法》为了有利于文化传播，对著作权人的权利作了一些限制，其中最主要的就是合理使用制度。其中一项规定，“为个人学习、研究或者欣赏，使用他人已经发表的作品”的，属于合理使用。结合本案来看，法律规定的3个条件李某都符合。其一，必须是为了个人目的学习、研究或者欣赏，而非单位、集体或多人的使用目的，李某为提高自己的翻译水平而使用赵某的文章属于此类；其二，必须是使用他人已发表的作品，否则，即使是为了个人学习、研究或欣赏目的也属侵权，赵某的文章刊登在报纸上属已发表作品，李某用来练习符合规定；其三，必须尊重著作权人除使用、获得报酬外的其他权利，李某只是利用赵某的文章做翻译练习，无发表的打算，也未擅自行使其他权利，符合这一条件。所以，李某并未侵犯赵某的著作权。 3、李某(溥仪遗孀)曾与贾某是邻居，贾某曾帮李某整理溥仪的日记及其他的遗留文字，并整理李某的一些口述资料，后以署名“李某”、“贾某整理”的方式将有关整理资料的文章发表于杂志上。后来李某又与王某合作，并将溥仪日记、其他文稿及出自贾某手笔的整理资料(约二万多字)全部交给王某，王某在上述材料基础上完成了《溥仪的后半生》一书。与此同时，贾某自费采访三百多人，查阅大量档案材料，并在此基础上完成了《末代皇帝的后半生》一书。 为此，李某和王某向法院提起诉讼，认为贾某的《末代皇帝的后半生》一书，抄袭了《溥仪的后半生》一书，达70%以上，侵犯其著作权，要求被告公开赔礼道歉、销毁存书、停止侵害、赔偿损害等。 被告贾某辩称：《末代皇帝的后半生》一书是自己根据调查、收集的历史资料独立完成的，不存在抄袭；相反的是，王某使用被告的整理成果用于《溥仪的后半生》一书中，已构成侵权。 问题：《末代皇帝的后半生》一书的著作权应当属于谁？为什么？ 答案： 应当属于被告贾某所有。因为贾某使用的材料属于历史资料，而作为历史资料的素材，原则上属于共有领域的财富，不应当受著作权法保护，任何人都可以利用。对于本案中的《末代皇帝的后半生》和《溥仪的后半生》两书，由于对象是同一个，所参考的历史资料很多是同样的，因此内容上不可避免有相同或相似之处，但不能就此认定一定存在抄袭，也不能因为自己写过溥仪的事情就禁止别人再写。 4、为纪念宋庆龄同志诞辰100周年，经中央批准，宋庆龄基金会编辑了一部《宋庆龄选集》(上、下册)，交人民出版社出版。由于宋庆龄同志没有子女，亦无明确的合法继承人，因此
知识产权法期末复习重点详解
知识产权法期末复习重点详解 第一编知识产权法导论 ●知识产权 ◆含义P3：知识产权是人们基于创造性智力成果和工商业标记（商业信誉）依法享有的权利的统称。 该定义反映了知识产权的如下几点特征： 第一，“智力成果”的概念使之与“智力活动”划清了界限。 第二，“创造性的智力成果”的概念，使之将非创造性的智力成果排除在知识产权的保护对象之外。 第三，知识产权之所以划分为创造性的智力成果权和工商业标记权，是因其作为财产权，创造性的智力成果权的价值与工商业标记权的价值来源截然不同。 第四，强调知识产权依法产生，是指法律对它所要提供保护的创造成果和工商业标记是有选择的。 ◆特征：（注意同知识产权客体的特征相区分） ①专有性：也称独占性、排他性，要求同一项智力成果不得有两项或两项以上同一性质的知识产权并存，权利人独占地享有知识产权利益，未经权利人同意，没有法律依据，任何人不得利用其智力成果。 包含以下两层含义：其一，权利的专有性、独占性、排他性是绝对的，相同的智力成果只能依法产生一项知识产权，只能有一个权利人；其二，利益的专有、排他，只有权利人在法定期限内能够行使权利，其他人未经许可，不得行使该项知识产权。 ②地域性：在一个国家或地区取得的知识产权，原则上之在该国或该地区有效，在另一个国家或地区并不当然地受到保护。 ③时间性：知识产权在法律规定的有效期限内受法律保护；一旦期限届满，权利归于消灭，其智力成果进入公有领域成为公共财富。 ◆性质P15： （一）“知识产权是私权”。 私权，就是公民、法人和其他组织依法享有的私人权益。 《知识产权协议》第一次明确界定了知识产权的本质属性，即以私权名义强调知识财产私有的法律形式。这种私权包括两方面内容：首先是创造者对自己的智力创造成果所享有的权利，其次是社会公众分享智力创造活动所带来利益的权利。 《民法通则》的第五章民事权利的第三节就为知识产权。 知识产权的民事权利的基本属性被各国所认同。 （二）知识产权与物权的共性与差异。 知识产权与物化、外化表达的有体物（或称有形物）发生关系。 ◇与物权的共性：①都属于财产权；②都具有对世性，即权利人特定而义务人不特定； ③都具有公示性，除著作权的产生不需要履行特定的手续外，其他知识产权的产生均需要到国家机关进行登记，而后公告；④都是独立处分权，在法律允许的范围内自由处分。 ◇与物权的区别： ①客体（标的）不同； 物权：物，包括有体物和无体物。 知识产权：知识的构造或信息的集合，具有非物质性、知识性。客体的非物质性是知识产权区别于财产所有权的本质特性。 ⑴在排他性上，物权绝对排他；知识产权在占有上具有社会公共性的特点。 ⑵物权客体本身有形损耗、损毁灭失；知识产权具有永存性。
辅导青年教师过程性材料
辅导青年教师过程性材料（一） 青年教师刚踏上工作岗位，有充沛的精力，有搞好教育教学的满腔热情，有丰富的理论知识。她们工作很努力，踏实肯干，但教学效果却不理想，究其原因，是由于缺少实践经验，理论知识不能很好地同实践相结合，空有满腹经纶，难于传授给学生。课堂上虽累得满头大汗，讲得口干舌燥，甚至喊哑了喉咙，但收效甚微。我校吕老师就是这样的一位老师，我主要是从政治思想、专业技术、业务能力、班级管理等几个方面进行指导，下面就培养吕老师的做法详述如下： 对于青年教师，我首先要求政治合格，要有一颗忠诚党的教育事业的赤子之心，要拥护中国共产党的领导，热爱社会主义祖国，坚持四项基本原则，有为教育事业而献身的精神。我经常同吕老师谈心，使她明确了方向，看准了目标，那就是用自己丰富的知识为祖国培养出更多更好的人才。 有了正确的政治方向，就看如何发挥自己的聪明才智去教好学生了。在指导吕老师搞好教学工作时，我首先教她怎样写教学计划。我要她在写计划前必须熟悉新课程标准，了解本学年度所要完成的教育教学任务，掌握本学年度与前后学年度有什么联系，然后订出学年度计划和学期计划。在具
体写计划时，还要参阅教材和教师教学用书，依据教材编排意图、原则、特点制订出单元计划，计划内容包括：教材分析、学生基本情况分析、教学理念、教学目标、教学重难点、教学措施、教学方法、课时安排、备注等几个方面。这样以来，吕老师对怎样写好教学计划就胸有成竹了。然后指导她怎样写教案，对刚踏上工作岗位的青年教师来说，写教案是件难事，写好教案则是难上加难。因为在课堂是讲的就是教案上写的，教案写得成功与否，将直接影响到课堂教学效果，我就要求吕老师在写教案前，先要熟悉教材，吃透教材，驾驭教材，掌握编者的编排意图，前后单元的联系，然后是熟悉学生，根据学生的年龄特点和心理特点及已有的知识，写出既适合学生口味又能突出自己特色的教案。在具体写每一课时的教案时，我告诉吕老师从教学目标、教学重难点、教具准备、教学方法、教学过程等几个方面入手，一定要目的明确、重难点突出、教法选取恰当，特别是教学过程，一定要结构紧凑，时间安排合理，在规定的时间内讲授完毕，教学过程中的语言叙述，老师的提问，学生的回答，小结等都要写清楚、具体，课后要有作业。在写出切实可行的教案之后，关键是看教师如何把自己教案上写的，清楚明白地向学生讲授了，这就是上课。我在指导吕老师讲课时，要她从教学目的要求、课堂结构、仪表、语言、板书等几个方面注意。无论哪一课时，教学目的要求必须明确，而且要在刚上课时
初三英语总复习资料.doc
初三英语总复习资料 八种动词时态，有的只要求达到理解层次，有的则要求达到熟练运用层次。至少其中五种时态包括过去进行时是要求达到熟练运用层次的，而且其考查方式肯定不会以某一时态的独立形式出现，而是时态的综合运用，尤其要重视各种时态之间的区别。 找出它们之间的不同冠词的用法. 现以冠词为例： 1.John was given _______ orange bag for his birthday but ______ bag was lost just now. A.an,a B.a,the C.the,a D.an,the 2.There's ________ old tree near _______ house. A.a,an B.an,the C.a,the D.the,a 3.There is ___ 800-metre-long road behind ___ hospital.A.an,an B.a,a C.an,the D.a,the 4._______ good,kind girl she is! A.How B.What a C.What D.How a 5.________ bad weather!I hope it won't last long. A.How B.What C.What a D.How a 6._______ they are listening to the teacher! A.How careful B.What careful C.How carefully D.What carefully 由上例题我们可以发现冠词和感叹句是必考内容。同样，象宾语从句的语序、代词的格、主谓语一致、动词和介词的搭配、近义词的比较以及习惯表达法和情态动词的使用等，无一不在考查之列。所有这一切语言基础知识，我都将通过对典型试题的解题分析，展开讨论，分层展示难易对比，系统归纳。对于语言基础知识是这样处理，那么对以能力测试为主要目的的中考其他试题形式又该怎么办呢？这里我们以一篇完形填空题为例： A poor farmer had never left his small village.After he(1) a lot of money,he decided to spend a holiday in an expensive hotel(旅馆)in a bigtown.(2)lunch time came on his first day there,he went to eat in the restaurant(餐馆)of the hotel(3) his new clothes.The head waiter(服务员)(4)him to the table,took his order and went away.When he turned and (5)the farmer again,he had a (6)!The farmer had tied(系)his table cloth round his (7). The head waiter told another waiter to go to the farmer and (8) him that people (9) do such a thing in his restaurant.So the waiter went tothe farmer and said in a (10) voice(声音),"Good morning,sir.Would you like a haircut?" 1.A.lent B.made C.paid D.gave 2.A.During B.Though C.When D.Because 3.A.for B.with C.on D.in 4.A.wanted B.put C.showed D.brought 5.A.looked at B.watched C.saw D.found 6.A.look B.rest C.table cloth D.surprise 7.A.arm B.neck C.hand D.head 8.A.ask B.tell C.taught D.told 9.A.can't B.don't C.won't D.mustn't 10.A.friendly B.tired C.sad D.ter 要求考生从所给的选项中选出正确答案，使补足后的短文意思通顺，结构完整。对此，考生必须通篇考虑，不能拿来就做，那样必然顾此失彼，前后意思不得连贯。目前的中考完型还侧重于语法，这将在逐年试题的变革中转向按上下文的要求来推断理解。 在解这类题时，必须掌握“词感现象”，注意学会区分“干扰项”。所谓词感，“the sense of word"是指一种对词或词群的感受能力。对词的感受力强，在解题时会较为容易地找到它与情景的关系。词感并不仅仅指词与词之间的细微差异，也并不注重词的搭配与组合，它较多地强调选用恰当的词，以利于对情景作出合乎逻辑的判断。同时也就把其它三个作为干扰项的选择项排除掉了。最后复读一篇全文，就会语感流畅，句意明确。 这儿举例的目的是想说明，我从一个较高的立意来对中考题型，特别是完形、阅读等，进行分析、探讨，借以使同学们获得较为完整的解题思路和解题方法。 词汇（一） 这一讲里，主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法，特别是针对同学不易掌握的方面。一、名词关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数，名词的格。 单数可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an，而不是a 1.复数的构成方法：(1)一般在复数名词后加s，如：dog--dogs。 (2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es，如：watch--watches。 (3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es，如：country--countries。
知识产权基础PPT整理的复习资料
专利基础知识-----知识产权基础 我国于1980年3月3日向WIPO递交了加入申请书，并在3个月后成为WIPO 的正式成员国。 知识产权是民事权利，知识产权权利法定，知识产权依法产生。 WTO列举的知识产权范围:版权与邻接权、商标权、地理标志权、工业品外观设计权、专利权、集成电路布图设计权、未披露过的信息专有权 WIPO中规定的知识产权保护范围：关于文学、艺术和科学作品的权利、关于表演艺术家的演出、录音和广播的权利、关于人们努力在一切领域的发明的权利、关于科学发现的权利、关于工业品外观设计的权利、关于商标、服务商标、厂商名称和标记权利、关于制止不正当竞争的权利、在工业、科学、文学或艺术领域里一切其他来自知识活动的权利 知识产权的取得就是指民事主体全面满足法律规定的实体条件和程序要求后，依法获得相关知识产权的过程及结果。 知识产权的原始取得即绝对取得：依法申请取得、依法自动取得 知识产权的继受取得即传来取得或相对取得 知识产权的特征：知识产权客体的无形性、知识产权权利的法定性（依法律的明确规定而发生）、知识产权权益的双重性（人身权与财产权）、知识产权使用的多元性(知识产权及其客体使用多元)、知识产权权属的专有性、知识产权权源的地域性、知识产权期限的时间性（商标、地理标志除外）、知识产权权能的限制性 著作权（广义）（著作权、邻接权、计算机软件著作权，外国实用艺术品著作权）商业秘密权知名商品权科技成果精神权利（自动） 集成电路布图设计权（登记或使用） 专利权植物新品种权（申请） 商标权（注册商标申请获得，驰名商标申请或自动） 企业名称权（国内申请、国外自动) 地理标志权（申请、登记、自动）特殊标志权(一般特殊标志，奥林匹克标志，世界博览会标志）（注册） 狭义著作权的具体种类：人身权（发表、署名、修改、保持完整）、财产权（复制、发行、出租、展览、表演、放映、广播、信息网络传播、摄制、改编、翻译、汇编、其他） 邻接权的具体内容：出版者权利、表演者权利、录音录像制作者权利、广播电台、电视台权利 工业产权的种类：技术类工业产权（专利权、植物新品种权、非专利技术成果权）、制止不正当竞争权（经营秘密权等）、标识类工业产权（商标权、知名商品权、厂商名称权、地理标志权、特殊标志权） 科技成果精神权利的内容：科学成果精神权利（发现权）：发现人；署名权与科技奖励权：国家自然科学奖；发明权（国家技术发明奖）；其他科技成果权知识产权保护的特点：司法保护与行政保护双管齐下 知识产权司法保护：知识产权案件的一审管辖权；民事案件一审管辖：专利52个中院，植物新品37个中院，集成电路由43个中院，其他知识产案件全部中院，加15个基层法院；行政案件一审管辖：各地中院，但以专利复审委员会和商标评审委员会为被告的由北京第一中级人民法院一审受理；刑事案件一审管辖：基层、中、高级人民法院 知识产权行政保护措施：行政强制措施：责令停止侵权行为；查封、扣押或扣留等形式；行政处罚：警告、罚款、没收非法所得、没收非法财物、责令停产停业、暂扣或吊销许可证或执照、行政拘留、其他行政处罚；行政调解：自愿或请求 行政强制措施：国家行政机关或法律授权的组织，为了预防或制止正在发生或可能发生的违法行为、危险状态以及不利后果，或为了保全证据、确保案件查处工作的顺利进行而对相对人的人身自由、财产或有关行为予以强制限制的一种具体行政行为。主要有责令停止侵权行为；查封、扣押或扣留等形式行政处罚：行政机关等行政主体为了维护公共利益和社会秩序，保护公民、
辅导青年教师材料22
辅导青年教师材料 李琼是我校新来的年轻教师，走上工作岗位不久，对教师行业还较陌生，尤其对说课不熟悉，下面就谈谈自己在指导李琼老师说课中做法 。本次乡镇组织的说课比赛，她选的是五年级数学下册第四单元第一节《分数的意义》，在实际操作中，说课还存在着一些问题，诸如：说课项目不齐备，内容不全面；把说课稿混同于备课教案；说课稿往往缺乏说课的根据问题一：说课项目不齐备，内容不全面 从李琼说课的实际操作过程来看，不善于组织材料，不知道怎样写说课稿；不知道要达到什么标准；说课稿顾此失彼，很不全面，有欠缺之处，为解决好这个问题，下面我将说课内容进行了全面的指导
问题二：把说课稿混同于备课教案 备课是说课的基础；说课是备课的提高。说课稿往往把“过程设计”部分当成了“教学实录”来写，例如：“师……”、“生……”。这分明是在给学生讲课，不像是给教师说课。为了处理好这个问题，我把说课稿与备课教案列表对照， 问题三：说课稿往往缺乏说课的根据 说根据，既是说课的重要组成部分，又是说课的薄弱环节。说课的显著特点，就是说根据，也就是说，除了说出“教什么”“怎样教”，还要说出“为什么这样教”。笔者经常担任说课大赛的评委，从所接触到的说课情况看，老师们最缺乏的就是说出根据。板书设计只说了写什么，没说出为什么这样写。说课设计仅仅是重复叙述教学的过程，未能体现设计的理论依据；有的虽有根据却没能把
过程和依据整合在一起。 解决的办法有两点：一是一定要明确说根据的意义。例如欲恰当地说出教学设计的根据，可从课程标准、教材特点、学生情况及教学理论去找根据，同时需要对教学设计进行认真的研究，在研究的过程中，可能认识到哪些教学设计好，为什么好，如何进一步完善；哪些教学设计不好，为什么不好，如何恰当地改进。如果长期坚持说教学设计的根据，有利于教师熟悉教学设计的规律，掌握教学设计的方法，优化教学设计的思路，提高教学设计的能力。 二是认真学习教育理论，并使理论与实践紧密结合。要说出或说好根据，这就需要用教育理论武装头脑，单凭教学经验是不行的，如果能坚持自觉学习教育理论，带着教学中急需解决的问题学习教育理论的相关内容，实现教育理论与教学实践的紧密结合，能灵活地运用教育理论的观点去解决教学中的具体问题，养成用教育理论解决教学问题的良好习惯，就会收到事半功倍的效果。 李琼老师按照我的指导，精心研究准备，最终取得了乡镇说课比赛的第一名。
人教版初中英语中考总复习资料
人教版初中英语中考总复习资料 1、英语的十种词性：名动形，数副代，介冠连叹。 说明：名词，动词，形容词，数词，副词，代词，介词，冠词，连词和感叹词。 2、英语的九种句子成分：主谓宾，定状补，表同介宾。 说明：主语，谓语，宾语，定语，状语，宾补，表语（即主补），同位语和介词宾语。 3、英语的九种词组或短语：名动形，副过介，现不动。 说明：名词词组，动词词组，形容词词组，副词词组，过去分词词组，介词词组，现在分词词组，不定式词组和动名词词组。 4、英语的十种限定词：“倍指”定数量；物疑“关不名”。 说明：倍数词（含分数词），指示代词，定冠词（含不定冠词），基数词（含序数词），量词；物主代词（指形容词性），疑问代词，关系代词，不定代词，名词属格。 5、英语的十种状语：时地方频目，原结条让伴。还有“程度状语”。 说明：时间状语，地点状语，方式状语，频度状语，目的状语，原因状语，结果状语，条件状语，让步状语和伴随状语。 6 说明：时间状语从句，地点状语从句，方式状语从句，目的状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，条件状语从句，让步状语从句和比较状语从句。 7、英语四种非谓语动词的作用如下： 1）现在分词的作用：定状补表（取中间四个字） 2）过去分词的作用：定状补表（取中间四个字）
3）动名词的作用：除“状语”外，其它均可。 4）不定式的作用：除“介宾”外，其它均可。 说明：A．要想记住非谓语动词的作用，读者必须首先牢记九种句子成分：主谓宾，定状补，表同介宾。 B．非谓语动词，顾名思义，就是不能单独做谓语的动词。 C．在介词except和but后面，一定要用不定式作介词宾语。例如： I said nothing but to wait at the gate of the factory. She did n’t know what to do except complain about it. 如果在but和except前面有do的某种形式，那么but和except后的不定式符号“to”就必须省去，比如第二个例子就是如此。 8、英语的连系动词包括：听闻看似容易，变保仍感艰辛。 听起来：sound 变得：get, go, grow, turn, become 闻起来：smell 保持：keep, hold, stay, stand 看起来：look 仍然：remain 似乎：seem, appear 感觉：feel, taste 例如：She went mad last night. This dish tastes wonderful. Leaves turn yellow in autumn. 说明：这两句话几乎攮括了所有常用的连系动词，句中的“容易和艰辛”无意义。 9、下面十种词义后必须使用“Be-型”虚拟语气谓语：(should) + do（动词原形） 建命要推“安决坚”，看病要数“必重紧”