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中考语文课外文言文考试必读120篇56鞠躬尽瘁死而后已

56 鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已

一、美文精读

【文学常识】

《后出师表》被认为是《前出师表》的姊妹篇，写于建兴六年（228年）。诸葛亮（181年—234年），字孔明，号卧龙，徐州琅琊阳都（今山东临沂市沂南县）人。三国时期蜀汉丞相，杰出的政治家、军事家、散文家、书法家、发明家。在世时被封为武乡侯，死后追谥忠武侯。代表作有《出师表》、《诫子书》等。曾发明木牛流马、孔明灯等，并改造连弩。

【文章主旨】

表中“鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已”之句，正是作者在当时形势下所表露的坚贞誓言，也是本文的主旨所在。

【文言原文】

先帝深虑汉、贼不两立，王业不偏安，故托臣以讨贼也。以先帝之明，量臣之才，固知臣伐贼，才弱敌强也。然不伐贼，王业亦亡。惟坐而待亡，孰与伐之？是故托臣而弗疑也。臣受命之日，寝不安席，食不甘味。思惟北征。宜先入南。故五月渡泸，深入不毛，并日而食；臣非不自惜也，顾王业不可得偏安于蜀都，故冒危难，以奉先帝之遗意也，而议者谓为非计。今贼适疲于西，又务于东，兵法乘劳，此进趋之时也。

夫难平者，事也。昔先帝败军于楚，当此时，曹操拊手，谓天下以定。然后先帝东连吴越，西取巴蜀，举兵北征，夏侯授首，此操之失计，而汉事将成也。然后吴更违盟，关羽毁败，秭归蹉跌，曹丕称帝。凡事如是，难可逆见。臣鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。至于成败利钝，非臣之明所能逆睹也。

（选自《诸葛亮集》）

【对照注译】

蜀汉。

【是故】托臣而弗疑也。

都】此指蜀汉之境。

所以冒着危险，来

县的叛乱，东面

【东连吴越】本句指刘备遣诸葛【秭归蹉跌】

【作品赏析】

全文娓娓道来，一是分析形势，二是表明衷心，三是委婉规劝。入情入理，其壮烈之气，似又超过前表。

【读后必练】（共30分）

1．解释加点的词语。（10分）

①故．托臣以讨贼也（）②固．知臣伐贼（）

③是故

．．托臣而弗疑也（）④宜．先入南（）

⑤并．日而食（）⑥而议者谓．为非计（）

⑦昔．先帝败军于楚（）⑧凡事如是

．．（）

⑨当．此时（）⑩曹操拊手

．．（）2．翻译。（10分）

①以先帝之明，量臣之才，固知臣伐贼，才弱敌强也。

②惟坐而待亡，孰与伐之？

③臣受命之日，寝不安席，食不甘味。

④凡事如是，难可逆见。

⑤臣鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。

3．对“惟坐而待之，孰与伐之”的“孰”解释正确的一项是（）(3分)

A．通“熟”，形容词

B. 同“谁”，疑问代词

C．同“怎么”，疑问代词

D．同“为什么”，疑问代词

4．文中提出了蜀军北伐的有利条件，请找出有关句子。（3分）

5．这段文字在内容上写到了哪两层意思？请概括回答。（4分）

【参考答案】

1. ①所以。②本来。③因此。④应该。⑤一起。⑥认为。⑦从前。⑧像这样。⑨在。⑩拍手。

2. ①以先帝那样的明察，估量臣下的才能，本来就知道臣下要去征讨敌人，是能力微弱而敌人强大的。②是坐而待毙，还是主动去征伐敌人呢？③臣下接受任命的时候，睡不安稳，食无滋味。④所有的事都是这样，很难加以预料。⑤臣下只有竭尽全力，到死方休罢了。

3．C 4．今贼适疲于西，又务于东。

5. 表达了诸葛亮对蜀汉的忠诚，提出了北伐中原的积极主张。

二、趣文泛读

钻火

艾子一夕疾呼一人钻火，久不至。艾子呼促之。门人曰：“夜暗，索钻具不得。”谓先生曰：“可持烛来，共索之矣。”艾子曰：“非我之门，无是客也!”

【译文】

一天晚上，艾子急呼一个门生快快钻火，但很久没有取到火种。艾子着急地督促门生。门生说：“夜中太黑暗了，找不到钻火用具。”又对先生说：“您赶快拿蜡烛来，我们便可找到钻具了。”艾子说：“（这种人）不是我的门生（弟子），我没有这样的门客呀！”

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