当前位置：文档库 › Aerodynamic design of a 300kW horizontal axis wind turbine for province of Semnan[

Aerodynamic design of a 300kW horizontal axis wind turbine for province of Semnan[

Aerodynamic design of a 300kW horizontal axis wind turbine for province of Semnan

A.Sedaghat ?,M.Mirhosseini

Department of Mechanical Engineering,Isfahan University of Technology,Isfahan 84156-83111,Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:

Available online 12April 2012Keywords:

Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT)Aerodynamic design BEM theory Chord Twist

a b s t r a c t

In this research,Blade Element Momentum theory (BEM)is used to design a HAWT blade for a 300kW horizontal axis wind turbine.The airfoil is RIS?-A1-18,produced by RIS?National Laboratory,Denmark.Desirable properties of this airfoil are related to enhancement of aerodynamic and structure interactions.Design parameters considered here are wind tip speed ratio,nominal wind speed and diameter of rotor.The nominal wind speed was obtained from statistical analysis of wind speed data from province of Semnan in Iran.BEM is used for obtaining maximum lift to drag ratio for each elemental constitution of the blade.Obtaining chord and twist distribution at assumed tip speed ratio of blade,the aerodynamic shape of the blade in every part is speci?ed which correspond to maximum accessible power coef?cient.The design parameters are trust coef?cients,power coef?cient,angle of attack,angle of relative wind,drag and lift coef?cients,axial and angular induction factors.The blade design distributions are presented versus rotor radius for BEM results.The blade shape then can be modi?ed for ease of manufacturing,structural concerns,and to reduce costs.

1.Introduction

In consideration of the pertinent policies such as geographical position,environmental protection and government’s tax allow-ance,many countries proffered huge funds on technology of wind-power electricity generation and so it developed very fast than compare with technology of thermal power.Utilizing of wind energy has been progressed by more than 50countries in the whole world considerably [1].Wind turbines have exhibited their ability to sustain whereas wind energy is a clean,raw material-costless,favorable renewable energy.Wind turbine are classi?ed into two con?gurations based on their rotational rotor axis with respect to the ground:the older generation,lower-power vertical axis (e.g.Savonius and Darrieus rotor)and the higher power,horizontal-axis at wide commercial deployment (e.g.AWE series 54-900,52-750,Vestas series v39,and v66,and Nordtank-300).The potential energy of wind is estimated to be about 6500MW in Iran [2].Germany,for example,produced some 4400MW of electricity from wind;while,Iran with a similar level of available wind power produces approximately 100MW according to recent news from the ministry of power in Iran [3].There are abundant wind resources freely available in Northern part of Iran.Manjil,Binalood,and Semnan areas are located in the northern part of the country.There are 21installed wind turbines in Manjil,1with 500kW,5with 550kW and 15with 300kW capacities plus 27more wind turbines were installed by 1999in Manjil,Roodbar and Harzevil and recent employment of 28.4MW in Binalood [3–5].Semnan province,as shown in Fig.1,with 5.6%of the whole area of Iran is the sixth big province in the country.Semnan province area is 95,815km 2.Semnan is located between N34°400–N37°100latitude and E51°590–E57°40longitude [4].

The province of Semnan is bordered from east by the province of Khorasan razavi,from north,Northern Khorasan,Mazandaran and Golestan provinces,from south,Yazd and Esfahan provinces,west,Tehran and Qom provinces.The center of province,Semnan is located at 228km from Tehran and the distance from interna-tional waters of Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea in turn is 1600and 200km.This province includes 5townships,13districts,18cities and 29villages.According to the latest statistics in 2001,the pop-ulation of the province is estimated to be 558,000that 73.5%were in urban area and 26.5%were rural dwellers [7].In general,the dominant prevailing wind in the area is blowing from the north-west to the southeast and is called Tooraneh.Also other winds in the province called Shahriari,Kavir and Khorasan winds,blow from west,south and east to west in different seasons of the year,respectively [8,9].Detailed statistical study of wind at 10m,30m and 40m height in Semnan province is presented in [4].2.Aerodynamic of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT)In the development of modern commercial wind turbines,the size has contiguously increased to the latest multi-MW turbines such as the wind farm shown in Fig.2.Generally,the two

Corresponding author.

E-mail address:sedaghat@cc.iut.ac.ir (A.Sedaghat).

Fig.1.The location of Semnan province in the map of Iran[6].

Fig.2.Group of HAWTs in a wind farm in UK[10].

fundamental objectives of the design of a HAWT turbine are

maximize its annual energy production(AEP)and to minimize

the cost of energy(COE)produced[11–13].Recently,focus has

been intensi?ed on designing wind turbine rotors for maximum

aerodynamic performance[14–22].According to particularly chal-

lenges and dif?culties to achieve a good ef?ciency and thus

obtaining better economical performance,any improvement

the aerodynamic design of wind turbines infers a signi?cant bene-

that increase.Aerodynamic ef?ciency of wind turbines extre-

mely depends on the performance of the rotor blade,the airfoil

section,and the design form.The theoretical maximum for the

Fig.4.Actuator disk modelling of a wind turbine in a stream tube.

r U

?U ??????????????????????????????????????????C e1t2=k T

C 2

e1t1=k T

à1

!v u u t e6T

For Haddadeh region in province of Semnan in Iran,k =1.6,c =6.52,and the annual mean wind speed and the corresponding rated wind speed is calculated to be 5.85and 8at a height of 40m,respectively [4].

2.2.Rotor speci?cation for HAWTs

The design of the blade requires a great number of design vari-ables parameters to control rotor shape and airfoil characteristics including:the number of blade B ,the rotor diameter D ,the section airfoil lift to drag ratio that depend on the angle of attack a ,and the chord length c ,and twist angle h t at each section of blade.In com-mercial HAWTs,it is normally chosen three blades (B =3).If fewer than three blades are selected,there will be a number of structural problems that must be considered in the hub design.

To determine rotor diameter from Eq.(1),the maximum acces-sible power coef?cient,C p ,max ,is sought.According to the type of application,we need an optimum wind tip speed ratio,de?ned as the rotational speed of blade tip,R X ,to the wind speed,U ;i.e.k ?R X =U .For a water pumping windmill,for which greater torque is needed,we use 1

In this work,the maximum accessible power coef?cient,C p ,max ,and the corresponding optimum value of k opt is calculated from the empirical relation [23]:

C p ;max

?16 k 1:32tk à820àá2B "

#à1àe0:57Tk 2

Cl Cd k t12B

àáe7T

Fig.3shows a group of C p –k curves for a three bladed HAWT

In order to specify the airfoil type,the maximum lift-to-drag ra-tio is criterion with other dynamical,roughness sensitivity,and stall behavior of airfoil for the class of wind power considered.Fun-damentally,the determination of the rotor size depends on the re-quired energy and blown mean wind speed.As relative wind speed is the resultant of the stream wind speed,blade section speed and rotor induced ?ow.Lift force is the main force for operating the wind turbine to produce useful power.Airfoils for HAWT are often designed to be used at low attack angle,where the drag coef?cient is usually much lower than the lift coef?cient.Especially,at blade

Fig.5.Annular control volumes for calculating wake rotation.

Fig.6.Annular control volumes for calculating wake rotation.

tip airfoils with high lift to drag ratio,low roughness sensitivity, low noise character should be selected to insure the nearest opti-mum aerodynamic performance.Grif?ths[24]showed that the output power is greatly affected by the airfoil lift-to-drag ratio.A general aviation airfoil shape is NACA series,and dedicated airfoil shapes used in modern wind turbines are:S8series developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)in USA,FFA-W ser-ies developed by FOI in Sweden,RIS?-A1series developed by RIS?in Denmark,DU series developed by Delft University of Technology in Netherlands.It has been found in some applications that more than one airfoil shape can be used for the wind turbine blade de-sign,but there will be bending between these airfoils which may add to uncertainties in the design process.

In this project,the RIS?type airfoils are used[25].In this class of airfoils,the different families of modern airfoils applied in wind turbines,are veri?ed that with regarding veri?cation of criteria re-late to design of wind turbines,the airfoils RIS?-A1-18,FFA-W3-301,FFA-W3-241,DU93-W-210,were proper choices from which RIS?-A1-18is selected for the300kW HAWT in this study[25]. The experimental results of RIS?-A1are related to open test part of VELUX wind tunnel measurements with1%turbulence.Details of these tests and measurement instruments are given in[26].Also the tests were carried out in the Reynolds number equal to 1.6?106.A generalized analysis on manufacturing,industrializa-tion,and costs shows that the obtained chord length and twist an-gle from the theoretical analysis should be modi?ed[27].Whereas the chord length and twist angle of the wind turbines design are not linear,one procedure for this goal(e.g.simpli?cation in CNC machining for blade’s mold manufacturers)is applying?tted linear relationship on the chord length and twist angle curves separately, yet not considered here.

From the experimental data for the RIS?-A-18airfoil[25],lift coef?cient against angle of attack,i.e.Cl–a,and drag coef?cient against angle of attack,i.e.Cd–a,is used and approximated by a lin-ear equation for the lift coef?cient and a quadratic equation for the drag coef?cient versus the angle of attack.The maximum lift to drag ratio(Cl/Cd)is calculated to be(Cl/Cd)max=167at the angle of attack of a=7°for RIS?-A1-18airfoil.From Fig.3for the RIS?-A-18aerofoil with the maximum lift to drag ratio equals of 167,the optimum tip speed ratio is obtained to be k opt=10for the corresponding maximum power coef?cient of C p,max=0.51. Assuming a mechanical-electrical ef?ciency of g=0.9and adopting the rated wind speed of U?8m from the statistical analysis of wind data at Semnan province[4],the Rotor diameter is calculated from Eq.(1)to be equals to D=54m.To obtain an optimum blade shape as a guide,i.e.chord length and twist angle distribution along the blade,the Blade Element Momentum(BEM)theory is employed discussed next[23].The blade shape then can be modi-

90 A.Sedaghat,M.Mirhosseini/Energy Conversion and Management63(2012)87–94

?ed for ease of manufacturing,structural concerns,and to reduce costs.

2.3.Rotor design using BEM theory

The primitive blade shape is determined using an optimum shape blade considering wake rotating.Ultimate blade shape and its performance are speci?ed with iterative relations and including drag,tip losses and ease of manufacturing.It is also worth empha-sizing that with more accurate aerodynamic coef?cients at high at-tack angles,the more accurate design and performance prediction can be obtained.But the aerodynamic coef?cients of a rotating air-foil are different from the ones of a linear moving airfoil at stall conditions.

Considering the rotor as an actuator disk which its effects are a sudden drop in pressure and assuming constant speed at the rotor [23],the linear momentum theory is used for air?ow through a one dimensional tube as shown in Fig.4.

From Betz theory,an ideal wind turbine reduces wind speed to two third of the freestream value[23].Since the wind turbine pro-duces a useful torque for generating power,the conservation of moment of momentum must be satis?ed by employing a wake rotation downstream of the wind turbine in some annular control volumes as shown in Fig.5.

In actuator disk theory,friction drag is ignored which is not realistic.In order to modify this shortcoming[23],blade element theory is considered to incorporate the effects of drag force exerted on each elemental constitution of blade as shown in Fig.6.

Adopting the procedure discussed in Manwell[23],one may calculate the power coef?cient through an iterative method to the following form:

C p?8=k2

Z k

k h

F k3

ae1àaT1àeCd=ClTcot h

? d k re8T

F is tip loss correction factor,a is axial induction factor, a is angular induction factor,k r?r X=U is the local speed ratio for an element of blade at radial distance of r.The element dimension is c as the local chord length and dr as the width of element.The drag to lift ratio eCd=ClTcorresponds to the local airfoil section.

2.4.Rotor control for HAWTs

In high wind speeds,it is noteworthy to be able to control and limit the rotational mechanical power.The power limitation may be done either by stall control,pitch control or active stall control. Pitch control system in wind turbines have become the more appli-cable type of installed wind turbines in recent years.For low wind speeds,the speed controller can continuously adjust the speed of

A.Sedaghat,M.Mirhosseini/Energy Conversion and Management63(2012)87–9491

the rotor to maintain the tip speed ratio constant to produce the maximum power coef?cient,and to improve the ef?ciency of the turbine.For higher wind speeds however pitch angle regulation is required to keep the rotational speed constant.Small changes in pitch angle can reduce considerably the power output.There-fore,the purpose of the pitch angle control may be expressed as [28,29]:

1.Optimizing the power output of the wind turbine.

3.Results and discussion

Fig.7a shows that chord length distribution from the BEM anal-ysis.The maximum chord length calculated to be 2.6m at nearly 10%of blade length from the blade root to the value of nearly 0.3m at tip.From the practical point of view,higher chord length near the root contribute less to the power gained from wind turbine and therefore it can be modi?ed to reduce material weights and costs and also provide ease of manufacturing [30–33].Fig.7b shows the twist angle distribution across the blade length varying from 38°in root to nearly 0°near tip of blade.The twist angle var-iation along the rotor blade maintains the optimum sectional angle of attack for producing the maximum lift to drag ratio at each section.

In Fig.8a,the angle of relative wind is varying from 43°in root to 3°at tip producing the much desirable angle of attack value of 7°as shown in Fig.8b.The angle of attack,a ,is constant for the full length of the blade except from 90%of the blade length near to tip that rapidly decreases to values of 6.2°due to tip losses.Tip losses are due to tip vortexes generated at the tip of blades.The undesirable effects of tip losses may be reduced by incorporating new technologies developed in aviation industry [34]such as wingtips implemented in ?xed wing aircrafts or reshaping tip blades in aircraft propellers.

Fig.9a demonstrates that for any angle of attack,Cl is almost constant to the value of 1.11except at the tip which it drops to the value of 1.05.Drag coef?cient distribution is shown in Fig.9b which exhibit a constant value of 0.0069everywhere.This provides a lift to drag ratio of 161nearly for 90%of the length of blade a very desirable value for wind turbine blades.For large HAWT blades,the Fig.13.Monthly power density of Haddadeh at 40m.

92 A.Sedaghat,M.Mirhosseini /Energy Conversion and Management 63(2012)87–94

comprehensive methods such as experimental measurements [33]and/or computational ?uid dynamics (CFD)techniques [35].

Fig.11a shows the local thrust coef?cient,C t ,which is almost equals to the constant value of nearly 0.88which gradually de-creases to about 0.84near in both the root and the tip of blade.Fig.11b shows the power coef?cient for the rotor blade which pos-sess its maximum (C p =1.1)near tip at 90%of the blade length.The variation of power coef?cient across the rotor blade is nearly a lin-ear function except a small margin near the tip of blade.An opti-mum power distribution along the blade may concern with reducing blade’s loads towards the tip of blade.This accomplish in some designs by using variable airfoil sections from root to tip of blade to reduce the maximum lift coef?cient Cl max at sections near the tip of blade [31].

In Fig.12,the characteristic performance of the designed blade in terms of the power coef?cient C p against tip speed ratios k is shown.It is observed that C p increases to its maximum (0.51)with k up to its optimum value of 10,and then it decreases at higher tip speed ratio values.

Thus,the predicted aerodynamic characteristics of the designed 300kW HAWT is achieved according to the initial achievable opti-mum value of C p max =0.51at k =10.The monthly power density of wind at Haddadeh calculated from annual wind data [7]is pre-sented in Fig.13.The available 10minutely measured wind data at the heights of 10m,30m,and 40m were provided by the Ira-nian renewable energy organisation (SUNA)[36]for the period of 12months.

Fig.14also compares the results from the measured wind data by the Iranian renewable energy organisation (SUNA)[36]and our Weibull distribution which shows power density at height of 40m is relatively good around 300W/m 2for the class of wind turbine designed here.4.Conclusion

There are abundant high quality wind resources available in Iran;however,the growth of wind turbine industry has been very slow in Iran.This work attempts to address some issues and to pre-liminary design a site speci?c 300kW wind turbine based on man-ufacturing and economical capabilities and also power demands in the province of Semnan.The positive attitudes in power organiza-tion in Iran for moving towards clean and renewable energies have encouraged this type of research in several universities and private organizations in Iran.This as yet requires incentives from European and other developed countries to support research in renewable energies in developing countries both economically and technolog-ically to assist moving faster towards the world of carbon free.To withstand against increasing CO 2emission into our environment

and global warming,imminent international efforts and collabora-tions are required to further develop and enhance use of wind en-ergy and other renewable resources.

References

[1]Mostafaeipour A.Productivity and development issues of global wind turbine

industry.J Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2010;14:1048–58.

[2]News letter from Iranian society of solar energy.A report on the largest wind

turbine in Germany with a capacity of 4.5MW;2003.

[3]Ministry of power in Iran.

php?id=21481>[accessed November 2011].

[4]Mirhosseini M,Shari?F,Sedaghat A.Assessing the wind energy potential

locations in province of Semnan in Iran.J Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2011;15:449–59.

[5]Kazemi Karegar H,Zahedi A,Ohis V,Taleghani G,Khalaji M.Wind and solar

energy development in Iran.North Amir Abad (Tehran/Iran):Centre of Renewable Energy Research and Application;2006.

[6]Semnan province in Iran.

[accessed November 2011].

[7]Iran chamber society [Internet].

25_semnan/25_semnan.php >[cited 12.02.11].

[8]Irano-British quarterly magazine No.25[Internet].

semnan-pdf-d5*******>[cited 18.01.11].

[9]Semnan Meteorological Organization..

[10]Wikipedia [Internet].[cited

16.11.11].

[11]Wenzhi L,Fuhai ZH,Jianxin W,Changzeng L,3D modeling methods of

aerodynamic shape for large-scale wind turbine blades.In:International conference on information technology and computer science,IEEE conference;2009.p.7–10.doi:10.1109/ITCS.2009.10.

[12]Morgan CA,Garrad AD.The design of optimum rotors for horizontal axis wind

turbines,wind energy conversion.In:Milborrow DJ,editor.Proceedings of 1988tenth BWEA wind energy conference.London:Mechanical Engineering Publications Ltd.;1988.p.143–7.

[13]Glauert H.Aerodynamic theory.In:Durand WF,editor.Division L.Airplane

propellers,vol.4,Berlin;1935.p.324–30[chapter XI,reprinted New York:Dover;1963].

[14]Belessis MA,Stamos DG,Voutsinas SG.Investigation of the capabilities of a

genetic optimization algorithm in designing wind turbine rotors.In:Proceedings of European Union wind energy conference and exhibition,Goteborg,Sweden;1996.p.124–7.

[15]Selig MS,Coverstone-Carroll VL.Application of a genetic algorithm to wind

turbine design.ASME J Energy Resour Technol 1996;118(1):22–8.

[16]Giguere P,Selig MS,Tangler JL.Blade design trade-offs using low-lift airfoils for

stall-regulated HAWTs,NREL/CP-500-26091.National Renewable Energy Laboratory,Golden,CO;1999.

[17]Fuglsang P,Madsen HA.Optimization method for wind turbine rotors.J Wind

Eng Ind Aerodyn 1999;80:191–206.

[18]Fuglsang P,Thomsen K.Site-speci?c design optimization of 1.5–2.0MW wind

turbines.J Solar Energy Eng 2001;123:296–303.

[19]Benini E,Toffolo A.Optimal design of horizontal-axis wind turbines using

blade-element theory and evolutionary computation.J Solar Energy Eng 2002;124:357–63.

[20]Tempel JVD,Molenaar DP.Wind turbine structural dynamics.Wind Eng

2002;26(4):211–20.

[21]Jureczko M,Pawlak M,Mezyk A.Optimisation of wind turbine blades.J Mater

Process Technol 2005;167:463–71.

[22]Khalfallah MG,Koliub AM.Suggestions for improving wind turbines power

curves.Desalination 2007;209:221–9.

[23]Manwell J.Wind energy explained:theory design and application.John Wiley

&Sons Inc.;2002.p.83–138.

[24]Grif?ths RT.The effect of airfoil characteristics on windmill performance.

Aeronaut J 1977;81(7):322–6.

[25]Fuglsang P,Sangill O,Hansen P.Design of a 21m blade with Ris?-A1airfoils for

active stall controlled wind turbines.Ris?-R-1374(EN),RIS?National Laboratory,Roskilde,December;2002.

[26]Fuglsang P,Antoniou I,S?rensen NN,Madsen HA.Validation of a wind tunnel

testing facility for blade surface pressure measurements.RIS?-R-981(EN),RIS?National Laboratory,Denmark;1998.

[27]DNV/Ris?.Guidelines for design of wind turbines.2nd ed.Denmark:Jydsk

Centraltrykkeri;2002.

[28]Suryanarayanan S,Dixit A.Control of large wind turbines:review and

suggested approach to multivariable design.In:Proceedings of the American control conference,Portland,USA;2005.p.686–90.

[29]Burton T,Sharpe D,Jenkins N,Bossanyi E.Wind energy handbook.Chichester

(UK):John Wiley &Sons Ltd.;2001.

[30]Dong L,Liao M,Li Y,Song X,Xu K.Study on aerodynamic design of horizontal

axis wind turbine generator system.In:International conference on energy and environment technology,IEEE conference;2009.p.841–4.doi:10.1109/ICEET.2009.208.

[31]Xudong W,Shen WZ,Zhu WJ,S?rensen JN,Jin C.Shape optimization of wind

turbine blades.Wind Energy

2009;12:781–803.

Fig.14.Annual power density in Haddadeh at 10m,30m and 40m.

and Management 63(2012)87–9493

[32]Johansen J,Madsen HA,Gaunaa M,Bak C.Design of a wind turbine rotor for

maximum aerodynamic ef?ciency.Wind Energy2009;12:261–73.

[33]Schreck SJ,Robinson MC.Horizontal axis wind turbine blade aerodynamics in

experiments and modeling.IEEE Trans Energy Convers2007;22(1):61–70. [34]Madsen HA,Rasmussen F.A near wake model for trailing vorticity compared

with the blade element momentum theory.Wind Energy2004;7:325–41.[35]Madsen HA.A CFD analysis of the actuator disc?ow compared with

momentum theory results.In:Proceedings of the10th symposium on aerodynamics of wind turbines,IEA joint action,Edinburgh;1996.p.109–24.

[36]Renewable energies organization of Iran.

waves-windenergy-en.html>.

94 A.Sedaghat,M.Mirhosseini/Energy Conversion and Management63(2012)87–94

从实践的角度探讨在日语教学中多媒体课件的应用

从实践的角度探讨在日语教学中多媒体课件的应用在今天中国的许多大学，为适应现代化，信息化的要求，建立了设备完善的适应多媒体教学的教室。许多学科的研究者及现场教员也积极致力于多媒体软件的开发和利用。在大学日语专业的教学工作中，教科书、磁带、粉笔为主流的传统教学方式差不多悄然向先进的教学手段而进展。一、多媒体课件和精品课程的进展现状然而，目前在专业日语教学中能够利用的教学软件并不多见。比如在中国大学日语的专业、第二外語用教科书常见的有《新编日语》（上海外语教育出版社）、《中日交流标准日本語》（初级、中级）（人民教育出版社）、《新编基础日语（初級、高級）》（上海译文出版社）、《大学日本语》（四川大学出版社）、《初级日语》《中级日语》（北京大学出版社）、《新世纪大学日语》（外语教学与研究出版社）、《综合日语》（北京大学出版社）、《新编日语教程》（华东理工大学出版社）《新编初级（中级）日本语》（吉林教育出版社）、《新大学日本语》（大连理工大学出版社）、《新大学日语》（高等教育出版社）、《现代日本语》（上海外语教育出版社）、《基础日语》（复旦大学出版社）等等。配套教材以录音磁带、教学参考、习题集为主。只有《中日交流標準日本語（初級上）》、《初級日语》、《新编日语教程》等少数教科书配备了多媒体DVD视听教材。然而这些试听教材，有的内容为日语普及读物，并不适合专业外语课堂教学。比如《新版中日交流标准日本语（初级上）》，有的尽管DVD视听教材中有丰富的动画画面和语音练习。然而，课堂操作则花费时刻长，不利于教师重点指导，更加适合学生的课余练习。比如北京大学的《初级日语》等。在这种情形下，许多大学的日语专业致力于教材的自主开发。其中，有些大学的还推出精品课程，取得了专门大成绩。比如天津外国语学院的《新编日语》多媒体精品课程为2007年被评为“国家级精品课”。目前已被南开大学外国语学院、成都理工大学日语系等全国40余所大学推广使用。

新视野大学英语全部课文原文

Unit1 Americans believe no one stands still. If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind. This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor. "We are slaves to nothing but the clock,” it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. It is a precious resource. Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime. Once the sands have run out of a person’s hourglass, they cannot be replaced. We want every minute to count. A foreigner’s first impression of the U.S. is li kely to be that everyone is in a rush -- often under pressure. City people always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going, restlessly seeking attention in a store, or elbowing others as they try to complete their shopping. Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace

新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解 Unit4

新视野三版读写B2U4Text A College sweethearts 1I smile at my two lovely daughters and they seem so much more mature than we,their parents,when we were college sweethearts.Linda,who's21,had a boyfriend in her freshman year she thought she would marry,but they're not together anymore.Melissa,who's19,hasn't had a steady boyfriend yet.My daughters wonder when they will meet"The One",their great love.They think their father and I had a classic fairy-tale romance heading for marriage from the outset.Perhaps,they're right but it didn't seem so at the time.In a way, love just happens when you least expect it.Who would have thought that Butch and I would end up getting married to each other?He became my boyfriend because of my shallow agenda:I wanted a cute boyfriend! 2We met through my college roommate at the university cafeteria.That fateful night,I was merely curious,but for him I think it was love at first sight."You have beautiful eyes",he said as he gazed at my face.He kept staring at me all night long.I really wasn't that interested for two reasons.First,he looked like he was a really wild boy,maybe even dangerous.Second,although he was very cute,he seemed a little weird. 3Riding on his bicycle,he'd ride past my dorm as if"by accident"and pretend to be surprised to see me.I liked the attention but was cautious about his wild,dynamic personality.He had a charming way with words which would charm any girl.Fear came over me when I started to fall in love.His exciting"bad boy image"was just too tempting to resist.What was it that attracted me?I always had an excellent reputation.My concentration was solely on my studies to get superior grades.But for what?College is supposed to be a time of great learning and also some fun.I had nearly achieved a great education,and graduation was just one semester away.But I hadn't had any fun;my life was stale with no component of fun!I needed a boyfriend.Not just any boyfriend.He had to be cute.My goal that semester became: Be ambitious and grab the cutest boyfriend I can find. 4I worried what he'd think of me.True,we lived in a time when a dramatic shift in sexual attitudes was taking place,but I was a traditional girl who wasn't ready for the new ways that seemed common on campus.Butch looked superb!I was not immune to his personality,but I was scared.The night when he announced to the world that I was his girlfriend,I went along

新视野大学英语读写教程第一册课文翻译及课后答案

Unit 1 1学习外语是我一生中最艰苦也是最有意义的经历之一。虽然时常遭遇挫折，但却非常有价值。 2我学外语的经历始于初中的第一堂英语课。老师很慈祥耐心，时常表扬学生。由于这种积极的教学方法，我踊跃回答各种问题，从不怕答错。两年中，我的成绩一直名列前茅。 3到了高中后，我渴望继续学习英语。然而，高中时的经历与以前大不相同。以前，老师对所有的学生都很耐心，而新老师则总是惩罚答错的学生。每当有谁回答错了，她就会用长教鞭指着我们，上下挥舞大喊：“错！错！错！”没有多久，我便不再渴望回答问题了。我不仅失去了回答问题的乐趣，而且根本就不想再用英语说半个字。 4好在这种情况没持续多久。到了大学，我了解到所有学生必须上英语课。与高中老师不。大学英语老师非常耐心和蔼，而且从来不带教鞭！不过情况却远不尽如人意。由于班大，每堂课能轮到我回答的问题寥寥无几。上了几周课后，我还发现许多同学的英语说得比我要好得多。我开始产生一种畏惧感。虽然原因与高中时不同，但我却又一次不敢开口了。看来我的英语水平要永远停步不前了。 5直到几年后我有机会参加远程英语课程，情况才有所改善。这种课程的媒介是一台电脑、一条电话线和一个调制解调器。我很快配齐了必要的设备并跟一个朋友学会了电脑操作技术，于是我每周用5到7天在网上的虚拟课堂里学习英语。 6网上学习并不比普通的课堂学习容易。它需要花许多的时间，需要学习者专心自律，以跟上课程进度。我尽力达到课程的最低要求，并按时完成作业。 7我随时随地都在学习。不管去哪里，我都随身携带一本袖珍字典和笔记本，笔记本上记着我遇到的生词。我学习中出过许多错，有时是令人尴尬的错误。有时我会因挫折而哭泣，有时甚至想放弃。但我从未因别的同学英语说得比我快而感到畏惧，因为在电脑屏幕上作出回答之前，我可以根据自己的需要花时间去琢磨自己的想法。突然有一天我发现自己什么都懂了，更重要的是，我说起英语来灵活自如。尽管我还是常常出错，还有很多东西要学，但我已尝到了刻苦学习的甜头。 8学习外语对我来说是非常艰辛的经历，但它又无比珍贵。它不仅使我懂得了艰苦努力的意义，而且让我了解了不同的文化，让我以一种全新的思维去看待事物。学习一门外语最令人兴奋的收获是我能与更多的人交流。与人交谈是我最喜欢的一项活动，新的语言使我能与陌生人交往，参与他们的谈话，并建立新的难以忘怀的友谊。由于我已能说英语，别人讲英语时我不再茫然不解了。我能够参与其中，并结交朋友。我能与人交流，并能够弥合我所说的语言和所处的文化与他们的语言和文化之间的鸿沟。 III. 1. rewarding 2. communicate 3. access 4. embarrassing 5. positive 6. commitment 7. virtual 8. benefits 9. minimum 10. opportunities IV. 1. up 2. into 3. from 4. with 5. to 6. up 7. of 8. in 9. for 10.with V. 1.G 2.B 3.E 4.I 5.H 6.K 7.M 8.O 9.F 10.C Sentence Structure VI. 1. Universities in the east are better equipped, while those in the west are relatively poor. 2. Allan Clark kept talking the price up, while Wilkinson kept knocking it down. 3. The husband spent all his money drinking, while his wife saved all hers for the family. 4. Some guests spoke pleasantly and behaved politely, while others wee insulting and impolite. 5. Outwardly Sara was friendly towards all those concerned, while inwardly she was angry. VII. 1. Not only did Mr. Smith learn the Chinese language, but he also bridged the gap between his culture and ours. 2. Not only did we learn the technology through the online course, but we also learned to communicate with friends in English. 3. Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives.

新大学日语简明教程课文翻译

新大学日语简明教程课文翻译第21课一、我的留学生活我从去年12月开始学习日语。已经3个月了。每天大约学30个新单词。每天学15个左右的新汉字，但总记不住。假名已经基本记住了。简单的会话还可以，但较难的还说不了。还不能用日语发表自己的意见。既不能很好地回答老师的提问，也看不懂日语的文章。短小、简单的信写得了，但长的信写不了。来日本不久就迎来了新年。新年时，日本的少女们穿着美丽的和服，看上去就像新娘。非常冷的时候，还是有女孩子穿着裙子和袜子走在大街上。我在日本的第一个新年过得很愉快，因此很开心。现在学习忙，没什么时间玩，但周末常常运动，或骑车去公园玩。有时也邀朋友一起去。虽然我有国际驾照，但没钱，买不起车。没办法，需要的时候就向朋友借车。有几个朋友愿意借车给我。二、一个房间变成三个从前一直认为睡在褥子上的是日本人，美国人都睡床铺，可是听说近来纽约等大都市的年轻人不睡床铺，而是睡在褥子上，是不是突然讨厌起床铺了？日本人自古以来就睡在褥子上，那自有它的原因。人们都说日本人的房子小，从前，很少有人在自己的房间，一家人住在一个小房间里是常有的是，今天仍然有人过着这样的生活。在仅有的一个房间哩，如果要摆下全家人的床铺，就不能在那里吃饭了。这一点，褥子很方便。早晨，不需要褥子的时候，可以收起来。在没有了褥子的房间放上桌子，当作饭厅吃早饭。来客人的话，就在那里喝茶；孩子放学回到家里，那房间就成了书房。而后，傍晚又成为饭厅。然后收起桌子，铺上褥子，又成为了全家人睡觉的地方。如果是床铺的话，除了睡觉的房间，还需要吃饭的房间和书房等，但如果使用褥子，一个房间就可以有各种用途。据说从前，在纽约等大都市的大学学习的学生也租得起很大的房间。但现在房租太贵，租不起了。只能住更便宜、更小的房间。因此，似乎开始使用睡觉时作床，白天折小能成为椅子的、方便的褥子。

新视野大学英语第一册Unit 1课文翻译

新视野大学英语第一册Unit 1课文翻译学习外语是我一生中最艰苦也是最有意义的经历之一。虽然时常遭遇挫折，但却非常有价值。我学外语的经历始于初中的第一堂英语课。老师很慈祥耐心，时常表扬学生。由于这种积极的教学方法，我踊跃回答各种问题，从不怕答错。两年中，我的成绩一直名列前茅。到了高中后，我渴望继续学习英语。然而，高中时的经历与以前大不相同。以前，老师对所有的学生都很耐心，而新老师则总是惩罚答错的学生。每当有谁回答错了，她就会用长教鞭指着我们，上下挥舞大喊：“错！错！错！” 没有多久，我便不再渴望回答问题了。我不仅失去了回答问题的乐趣，而且根本就不想再用英语说半个字。好在这种情况没持续多久。到了大学，我了解到所有学生必须上英语课。与高中老师不同，大学英语老师非常耐心和蔼，而且从来不带教鞭！不过情况却远不尽如人意。由于班大，每堂课能轮到我回答的问题寥寥无几。上了几周课后，我还发现许多同学的英语说得比我要好得多。我开始产生一种畏惧感。虽然原因与高中时不同，但我却又一次不敢开口了。看来我的英语水平要永远停步不前了。直到几年后我有机会参加远程英语课程，情况才有所改善。这种课程的媒介是一台电脑、一条电话线和一个调制解调器。我很快配齐了必要的设备并跟一个朋友学会了电脑操作技术，于是我每周用5到7天在网上的虚拟课堂里学习英语。网上学习并不比普通的课堂学习容易。它需要花许多的时间，需要学习者专心自律，以跟上课程进度。我尽力达到课程的最低要求，并按时完成作业。我随时随地都在学习。不管去哪里，我都随身携带一本袖珍字典和笔记本，笔记本上记着我遇到的生词。我学习中出过许多错，有时是令人尴尬的错误。有时我会因挫折而哭泣，有时甚至想放弃。但我从未因别的同学英语说得比我快而感到畏惧，因为在电脑屏幕上作出回答之前，我可以根据自己的需要花时间去琢磨自己的想法。突然有一天我发现自己什么都懂了，更重要的是，我说起英语来灵活自如。尽管我还是常常出错，还有很多东西要学，但我已尝到了刻苦学习的甜头。学习外语对我来说是非常艰辛的经历，但它又无比珍贵。它不仅使我懂得了艰苦努力的意义，而且让我了解了不同的文化，让我以一种全新的思维去看待事物。学习一门外语最令人兴奋的收获是我能与更多的人交流。与人交谈是我最喜欢的一项活动，新的语言使我能与陌生人交往，参与他们的谈话，并建立新的难以忘怀的友谊。由于我已能说英语，别人讲英语时我不再茫然不解了。我能够参与其中，并结交朋友。

新大学日语阅读与写作1 第3课译文

习惯与礼仪我是个漫画家，对旁人细微的动作、不起眼的举止等抱有好奇。所以，我在国外只要做错一点什么，立刻会比旁人更为敏锐地感觉到那个国家的人们对此作出的反应。譬如我多次看到过，欧美人和中国人见到我们日本人吸溜吸溜地出声喝汤而面露厌恶之色。过去，日本人坐在塌塌米上，在一张低矮的食案上用餐，餐具离嘴较远。所以，养成了把碗端至嘴边吸食的习惯。喝羹匙里的东西也象吸似的，声声作响。这并非哪一方文化高或低，只是各国的习惯、礼仪不同而已。日本人坐在椅子上围桌用餐是1960年之后的事情。当时，还没有礼仪规矩，甚至有人盘着腿吃饭。外国人看见此景大概会一脸厌恶吧。韩国女性就座时，单腿翘起。我认为这种姿势很美，但习惯于双膝跪坐的日本女性大概不以为然，而韩国女性恐怕也不认为跪坐为好。日本等多数亚洲国家，常有人习惯在路上蹲着。欧美人会联想起狗排便的姿势而一脸厌恶。日本人常常把手放在小孩的头上说“好可爱啊！”，而大部分外国人会不愿意。如果向回教国家的人们劝食猪肉和酒，或用左手握手、递东西，会不受欢迎的。当然，饭菜也用右手抓着吃。只有从公用大盘往自己的小盘里分食用的公勺是用左手拿。一旦搞错，用黏糊糊的右手去拿，

会遭人厌恶。在欧美，对不受欢迎的客人不说“请脱下外套”，所以电视剧中的侦探哥隆波总是穿着外套。访问日本家庭时，要在门厅外脱掉外套后进屋。穿到屋里会不受欢迎的。这些习惯只要了解就不会出问题，如果因为不知道而遭厌恶、憎恨，实在心里难受。过去，我曾用色彩图画和简短的文字画了一本《关键时刻的礼仪》（新潮文库）。如今越发希望用各国语言翻译这本书。以便能对在日本的外国人有所帮助。同时希望有朝一日以漫画的形式画一本“世界各国的习惯与礼仪”。练习答案５、（１）止める並んでいる見ているなる着色した（２）拾った入っていた行ったしまった始まっていた

新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程第二册课文翻译(全册)

新视野大学英语第三版第二册读写课文翻译 Unit 1 Text A 一堂难忘的英语课 1 如果我是唯一一个还在纠正小孩英语的家长，那么我儿子也许是对的。对他而言，我是一个乏味的怪物：一个他不得不听其教诲的父亲，一个还沉湎于语法规则的人，对此我儿子似乎颇为反感。 2 我觉得我是在最近偶遇我以前的一位学生时，才开始对这个问题认真起来的。这个学生刚从欧洲旅游回来。我满怀着诚挚期待问她：“欧洲之行如何？” 3 她点了三四下头，绞尽脑汁，苦苦寻找恰当的词语，然后惊呼：“真是，哇！” 4 没了。所有希腊文明和罗马建筑的辉煌居然囊括于一个浓缩的、不完整的语句之中！我的学生以“哇！”来表示她的惊叹，我只能以摇头表达比之更强烈的忧虑。 5 关于正确使用英语能力下降的问题，有许多不同的故事。学生的确本应该能够区分诸如their/there/they're之间的不同，或区别complimentary 跟complementary之间显而易见的差异。由于这些知识缺陷，他们承受着大部分不该承受的批评和指责，因为舆论认为他们应该学得更好。 6 学生并不笨，他们只是被周围所看到和听到的语言误导了。举例来说，杂货店的指示牌会把他们引向stationary（静止处），虽然便笺本、相册、和笔记本等真正的stationery（文具用品）并没有被钉在那儿。朋友和亲人常宣称They've just ate。实际上，他们应该说They've just eaten。因此，批评学生不合乎情理。 7 对这种缺乏语言功底而引起的负面指责应归咎于我们的学校。学校应对英语熟练程度制定出更高的标准。可相反，学校只教零星的语法，高级词汇更是少之又少。还有就是，学校的年轻教师显然缺乏这些重要的语言结构方面的知识，因为他们过去也没接触过。学校有责任教会年轻人进行有效的语言沟通，可他们并没把语言的基本框架——准确的语法和恰当的词汇——充分地传授给学生。

新视野大学英语1课文翻译

新视野大学英语1课文翻译 1下午好！作为校长，我非常自豪地欢迎你们来到这所大学。你们所取得的成就是你们自己多年努力的结果，也是你们的父母和老师们多年努力的结果。在这所大学里，我们承诺将使你们学有所成。 2在欢迎你们到来的这一刻，我想起自己高中毕业时的情景，还有妈妈为我和爸爸拍的合影。妈妈吩咐我们：“姿势自然点。”“等一等,”爸爸说，“把我递给他闹钟的情景拍下来。”在大学期间，那个闹钟每天早晨叫醒我。至今它还放在我办公室的桌子上。 3让我来告诉你们一些你们未必预料得到的事情。你们将会怀念以前的生活习惯，怀念父母曾经提醒你们要刻苦学习、取得佳绩。你们可能因为高中生活终于结束而喜极而泣，你们的父母也可能因为终于不用再给你们洗衣服而喜极而泣！但是要记住：未来是建立在过去扎实的基础上的。 4对你们而言，接下来的四年将会是无与伦比的一段时光。在这里，你们拥有丰富的资源：有来自全国各地的有趣的学生，有学识渊博又充满爱心的老师，有综合性图书馆，有完备的运动设施，还有针对不同兴趣的学生社团——从文科社团到理科社团、到社区服务等等。你们将自由地探索、学习新科目。你们要学着习惯点灯熬油，学着结交充满魅力的人，学着去追求新的爱好。我想鼓励你们充分利用这一特殊的经历，并用你们的干劲和热情去收获这一机会所带来的丰硕成果。 5有这么多课程可供选择，你可能会不知所措。你不可能选修所有的课程，但是要尽可能体验更多的课程！大学里有很多事情可做可学，每件事情都会为你提供不同视角来审视世界。如果我只能给你们一条选课建议的话，那就是：挑战自己！不要认为你早就了解自己对什么样的领域最感兴趣。选择一些你从未接触过的领域的课程。这样，你不仅会变得更加博学，而且更有可能发现一个你未曾想到的、能成就你未来的爱好。一个绝佳的例子就是时装设计师王薇薇，她最初学的是艺术史。随着时间的推移，王薇薇把艺术史研究和对时装的热爱结合起来，并将其转化为对设计的热情，从而使她成为全球闻名的设计师。 6在大学里，一下子拥有这么多新鲜体验可能不会总是令人愉快的。在你的宿舍楼里，住在你隔壁寝室的同学可能会反复播放同一首歌，令你头痛欲裂！你可能喜欢早起，而你的室友却是个夜猫子！尽管如此，你和你的室友仍然可能成

新视野大学英语2课文翻译

新视野大学英语2课文翻译（Unit1-Unit7） Unit 1 Section A 时间观念强的美国人 Para. 1 美国人认为没有人能停止不前。如果你不求进取，你就会落伍。这种态度造就了一个投身于研究、实验和探索的民族。时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一个是劳力。 Para. 2 人们一直说：“只有时间才能支配我们。”人们似乎是把时间当作一个差不多是实实在在的东西来对待的。我们安排时间、节约时间、浪费时间、挤抢时间、消磨时间、缩减时间、对时间的利用作出解释；我们还要因付出时间而收取费用。时间是一种宝贵的资源，许多人都深感人生的短暂。时光一去不复返。我们应当让每一分钟都过得有意义。 Para. 3 外国人对美国的第一印象很可能是：每个人都匆匆忙忙——常常处于压力之下。城里人看上去总是在匆匆地赶往他们要去的地方，在商店里他们焦躁不安地指望店员能马上来为他们服务，或者为了赶快买完东西，用肘来推搡他人。白天吃饭时人们也都匆匆忙忙，这部分地反映出这个国家的生活节奏。工作时间被认为是宝贵的。Para. 3b 在公共用餐场所，人们都等着别人吃完后用餐，以便按时赶回去工作。你还会发现司机开车很鲁莽，人们推搡着在你身边过去。你会怀念微笑、简短的交谈以及与陌生人的随意闲聊。不要觉得这是针对你个人的，这是因为人们非常珍惜时间，而且也不喜欢他人“浪费”时间到不恰当的地步。 Para. 4 许多刚到美国的人会怀念诸如商务拜访等场合开始时的寒暄。他们也会怀念那种一边喝茶或咖啡一边进行的礼节性交流，这也许是他们自己国家的一种习俗。他们也许还会怀念在饭店或咖啡馆里谈生意时的那种轻松悠闲的交谈。一般说来，美国人是不会在如此轻松的环境里通过长时间的闲聊来评价他们的客人的，更不用说会在增进相互间信任的过程中带他们出去吃饭，或带他们去打高尔夫球。既然我们通常是通过工作而不是社交来评估和了解他人，我们就开门见山地谈正事。因此，时间老是在我们心中的耳朵里滴滴答答地响着。 Para. 5 因此，我们千方百计地节约时间。我们发明了一系列节省劳力的装置；我们通过发传真、打电话或发电子邮件与他人迅速地进行交流，而不是通过直接接触。虽然面对面接触令人愉快，但却要花更多的时间, 尤其是在马路上交通拥挤的时候。因此，我们把大多数个人拜访安排在下班以后的时间里或周末的社交聚会上。 Para. 6 就我们而言，电子交流的缺乏人情味与我们手头上事情的重要性之间很少有或完全没有关系。在有些国家, 如果没有目光接触，就做不成大生意，这需要面对面的交谈。在美国，最后协议通常也需要本人签字。然而现在人们越来越多地在电视屏幕上见面，开远程会议不仅能解决本国的问题，而且还能通过卫星解决国际问题。

新视野大学英语第三版课文翻译

新视野大学英语3第三版课文翻译 Unit 1 The Way to Success 课文A Never, ever give up! 永不言弃！ As a young boy, Britain's great Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill, attended a public school called Harrow. He was not a good student, and had he not been from a famous family, he probably would have been removed from the school for deviating from the rules. Thankfully, he did finish at Harrow and his errors there did not preclude him from going on to the university. He eventually had a premier army career whereby he was later elected prime minister. He achieved fame for his wit, wisdom, civic duty, and abundant courage in his refusal to surrender during the miserable dark days of World War II. His amazing determination helped motivate his entire nation and was an inspiration worldwide. Toward the end of his period as prime minister, he was invited to address the patriotic young boys at his old school, Harrow. The headmaster said, "Young gentlemen, the greatest speaker of our time, will be here in a few days to address you, and you should obey whatever sound advice he may give you." The great day arrived. Sir Winston stood up, all five feet, five inches and 107 kilos of him, and gave this short, clear-cut speech: "Young men, never give up. Never give up! Never give up! Never, never, never, never!" 英国的伟大首相温斯顿·丘吉尔爵士，小时候在哈罗公学上学。当时他可不是个好学生，要不是出身名门，他可能早就因为违反纪律被开除了。谢天谢地，他总算从哈罗毕业了，在那里犯下的错误并没影响到他上大学。后来，他凭着军旅生涯中的杰出表现当选为英国首相。他的才思、智慧、公民责任感以及在二战痛苦而黑暗的时期拒绝投降的无畏勇气，为他赢得了美名。他非凡的决心，不仅激励了整个民族，还鼓舞了全世界。在他首相任期即将结束时，他应邀前往母校哈罗公学，为满怀报国之志的同学们作演讲。校长说：“年轻的先生们，当代最伟大的演说家过几天就会来为你们演讲，他提出的任何中肯的建议，你们都要听从。”那个激动人心的日子终于到了。温斯顿爵士站了起来——他只有5 英尺5 英寸高，体重却有107 公斤。他作了言简意赅的讲话：“年轻人，要永不放弃。永不放弃！永不放弃！永不，永不，永不，永不！” Personal history, educational opportunity, individual dilemmas - none of these can inhibit a strong spirit committed to success. No task is too hard. No amount of preparation is too long or too difficult. Take the example of two of the most scholarly scientists of our age, Albert Einstein and Thomas Edison. Both faced immense obstacles and extreme criticism. Both were called "slow to learn" and written off as idiots by their teachers. Thomas Edison ran away from school because his teacher whipped him repeatedly for asking too many questions. Einstein didn't speak fluently until he was almost nine years old and was such a poor student that some thought he was unable to learn. Yet both boys' parents believed in them. They worked intensely each day with their sons, and the boys learned to never bypass the long hours of hard work that they needed to succeed. In the end, both Einstein and Edison overcame their childhood persecution and went on to achieve magnificent discoveries that benefit the entire world today. Consider also the heroic example of Abraham Lincoln, who faced substantial hardships, failures and repeated misfortunes in his lifetime. His background was certainly not glamorous. He was raised in a very poor family with only one year of formal education. He failed in business twice, suffered a nervous breakdown when his first love died suddenly and lost eight political

新视野大学英语读写教程2-(第三版)-unit-2-课文原文及翻译

Text A 课文 A The humanities: Out of date? 人文学科：过时了吗？ When the going gets tough, the tough takeaccounting. When the job market worsens, manystudents calculate they can't major in English orhistory. They have to study something that booststheir prospects of landing a job. 当形势变得困难时，强者会去选学会计。当就业市场恶化时，许多学生估算着他们不能再主修英语或历史。他们得学一些能改善他们就业前景的东西。 The data show that as students have increasingly shouldered the ever-rising c ost of tuition,they have defected from the study of the humanities and toward applied science and "hard"skills that they bet will lead to employment. In oth er words, a college education is more andmore seen as a means for economic betterment rather than a means for human betterment.This is a trend that i s likely to persist and even accelerate. 数据显示，随着学生肩负的学费不断增加，他们已从学习人文学科转向他们相信有益于将来就业的应用科学和“硬”技能。换言之，大学教育越来越被看成是改善经济而不是提升人类自身的手段。这种趋势可能会持续，甚至有加快之势。 Over the next few years, as labor markets struggle, the humanities will proba bly continue theirlong slide in succession. There already has been a nearly 50 percent decline in the portion of liberal arts majors over the past generatio n, and it is logical to think that the trend is boundto continue or even accel erate. Once the dominant pillars of university life, the humanities nowplay li ttle roles when students take their college tours. These days, labs are more vi vid and compelling than libraries. 在未来几年内，由于劳动力市场的不景气，人文学科可能会继续其长期低迷的态势。在上一代大学生中，主修文科的学生数跌幅已近50%。这种趋势会持续、甚至加速的想法是合情合理的。人文学科曾是大学生活的重要支柱，而今在学生们参观校园的时候，却只是一个小点缀。现在，实验室要比图书馆更栩栩如生、受人青睐。 Here, please allow me to stand up for and promote the true value that the h umanities add topeople's lives. 在这儿，请允许我为人文学科给人们的生活所增添的真实价值进行支持和宣传。

新大学日语课文翻译。

第10课日本的季节日本的一年有春、夏、秋、冬四个季节。 3月、4月和5月这三个月是春季。春季是个暖和的好季节。桃花、樱花等花儿开得很美。人们在4月去赏花。 6月到8月是夏季。夏季非常闷热。人们去北海道旅游。7月和8月是暑假，年轻人去海边或山上。也有很多人去攀登富士山。富士山是日本最高的山。 9月、10月和11月这3个月是秋季。秋季很凉爽，晴朗的日子较多。苹果、桔子等许多水果在这个季节成熟。 12月到2月是冬季。日本的南部冬天不太冷。北部非常冷，下很多雪。去年冬天东京也很冷。今年大概不会那么冷吧。如果冷的话，人们就使用暖气炉。第12课乡下我爷爷住哎乡下。今天，我要去爷爷家。早上天很阴，但中午天空开始变亮，天转好了。我急急忙忙吃完午饭，坐上了电车。现在，电车正行驶在原野上。窗外，水田、旱地连成一片。汽车在公路上奔驰。这时，电车正行驶在大桥上。下面河水在流动。河水很清澈，可以清澈地看见河底。可以看见鱼在游动。远处，一个小孩在挥手。他身旁，牛、马在吃草。到了爷爷居住的村子。爷爷和奶奶来到门口等着我。爷爷的房子是旧房子，但是很大。登上二楼，大海就在眼前。海岸上，很多人正在全力拉缆绳。渐渐地可以看见网了。网里有很多鱼。和城市不同，乡下的大自然真是很美。第13课暑假大概没有什么比暑假更令学生感到高兴的了。大学在7月初，其他学校在二十四日左右进入暑假。暑假大约1个半月。很多人利用这个假期去海边、山上，或者去旅行。学生中，也有人去打工。学生由于路费等只要半价，所以在学期间去各地旅行。因此，临近暑假时，去北海道的列车上就挤满了这样的人。从炎热的地方逃避到凉爽的地方去，这是很自然的事。一般在1月、最迟在2月底之前就要预定旅馆。不然的话可能会没有地方住。暑假里，山上、海边、湖里、河里会出现死人的事，这种事故都是由于不注意引起的。大概只能每个人自己多加注意了。在东京附近，镰仓等地的海面不起浪，因此挤满了游泳的人。也有人家只在夏季把海边的房子租下来。暑假里，学校的老师给学生布置作业，但是有的学生叫哥哥或姐姐帮忙。第14课各式各样的学生我就读的大学都有各种各样的学生入学。学生有的是中国人，有的是美国人，有的是英国人。既有年轻的，也有不年轻的。有胖的学生，也有瘦的学生。学生大多边工作边学习。因此，大家看上去都很忙。经常有人边听课边打盹。我为了学习日本先进的科学技术和日本文化来到日本。预定在这所大学学习3年。既然特意来了日本，所以每天都很努力学习。即便如此，考试之前还是很紧张。其他学生也是这

新视野大学英语5课文翻译(全)

教育界的科技革命如果让生活在年的人来到我们这个时代，他会辨认出我们当前课堂里发生的许多事情——那盛行的讲座、对操练的强调、从基础读本到每周的拼写测试在内的教学材料和教学活动。可能除了教堂以外，很少有机构像主管下一代正规教育的学校那样缺乏变化了。让我们把上述一贯性与校园外孩子们的经历作一番比较吧。在现代社会，孩子们有机会接触广泛的媒体，而在早些年代这些媒体简直就是奇迹。来自过去的参观者一眼就能辨认出现在的课堂，但很难适应现今一个岁孩子的校外世界。学校——如果不是一般意义上的教育界——天生是保守的机构。我会在很大程度上为这种保守的趋势辩护。但变化在我们的世界中是如此迅速而明确，学校不可能维持现状或仅仅做一些表面的改善而生存下去。的确，如果学校不迅速、彻底地变革，就有可能被其他较灵活的机构取代。计算机的变革力当今时代最重要的科技事件要数计算机的崛起。计算机已渗透到我们生活的诸多方面，从交通、电讯到娱乐等等。许多学校当然不能漠视这种趋势，于是也配备了计算机和网络。在某种程度上，这些科技辅助设施已被吸纳到校园生活中，尽管他们往往只是用一种更方便、更有效的模式教授旧课程。然而，未来将以计算机为基础组织教学。计算机将在一定程度上允许针对个人的授课，这种授课形式以往只向有钱人提供。所有的学生都会得到符合自身需要的、适合自己学习方法和进度的课程设置，以及对先前所学材料、课程的成绩记录。毫不夸张地说，计算机科技可将世界上所有的信息置于人们的指尖。这既是幸事又是灾难。我们再也无须花费很长时间查找某个出处或某个人——现在，信息的传递是瞬时的。不久，我们甚至无须键入指令，只需大声提出问题，计算机就会打印或说出答案，这样，人们就可实现即时的"文化脱盲"。美中不足的是，因特网没有质量控制手段；"任何人都可以拨弄"。信息和虚假信息往往混杂在一起，现在还没有将网上十分普遍的被歪曲的事实和一派胡言与真实含义区分开来的可靠手段。要识别出真的、美的、好的信息，并挑出其中那些值得知晓的, 这对人们构成巨大的挑战。对此也许有人会说，这个世界一直充斥着错误的信息。的确如此，但以前教育当局至少能选择他们中意的课本。而今天的形势则是每个人都拥有瞬时可得的数以百万计的信息源，这种情况是史无前例的。教育的客户化与以往的趋势不同，从授权机构获取证书可能会变得不再重要。每个人都能在模拟的环境中自学并展示个人才能。如果一个人能像早些时候那样"读法律"，然后通过计算机模拟的实践考试展现自己的全部法律技能，为什么还要花万美元去上法学院呢？用类似的方法学开飞机或学做外科手术不同样可行吗？在过去，大部分教育基本是职业性的：目的是确保个人在其年富力强的整个成人阶段能可靠地从事某项工作。现在，这种设想有了缺陷。很少有人会一生只从事一种职业；许多人都会频繁地从一个职位、公司或经济部门跳到另一个。在经济中，这些新的、迅速变换的角色的激增使教育变得大为复杂。大部分老成持重的教师和家长对帮助青年一代应对这个会经常变换工作的世界缺乏经验。由于没有先例，青少年们只有自己为快速变化的"事业之路"和生活状况作准备。