中国特色社会主义法律体系：结构、特色和趋势

关键词: 法律体系/法律规范/公法与私法/实体法与程序法/国际法与国内法

内容提要: 中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成为研究中国法律体系的结构、特色和发展趋势奠定了现实基础。可以规范性法律文件的归属和法律规范的性质两个向度作为研究法律体系的框架。前者的目的在于描述中国立法的现状，后者旨在分析不同性质的法律规范在各个法律部门的分布。改革开放以来，由于市场经济、民主政治、和谐社会、生态文明、法制建设和全球化的影响，使各类法律规范在不同法律部门中的分布发生有意义的变化，这种变化一方面反映世界各国法律体系发展的共性，另一方面又有鲜明的中国特色。

中国共产党十五大提出，到2010年形成有中国特色社会主义法律体系，十六大重申到2010年形成中国特色社会主义法律体系的目标。作为一项政治使命，现在这一任务已经完成。一个以宪法为中心，包括宪法相关法、民法商法等法律部门在内的中国特色社会主义法律体系已经形成，这就为从理论上深入研究中国法律体系奠定了现实基础。中国社会主义法律体系如何划分很早就是法学界关注的问题，但是由于缺乏现实立法的根据，除了引用国外的材料，难免无的放矢。作为一项科学研究，中国特色社会主义法律体系的内在结构如何，它未来的发展趋势，这种趋势和世界其他国家的法律发展有什么关系，其中中国的特色在哪里，均是中国法律体系今后向着更高的目标发展所应该弄清楚的问题。本文试图对上述问题作一探讨，以求教于法学界同仁。

本文的分析框架是双向度的，即规范性法律文件和法律规范的性质。规范性法律文件和法律规范的关系是表现形式和内在结构之间、现象和实质之间的关系。分析单元之一是规范性法律文件，研究它们在各个法律部门中的大致归属，借以分析中国立法的现状；另一个分析单元是法律规范，分析公法与私法，实体法与程序法，国际法与国内法规范在现行法律文件中的分布和构成。这里不涉及诸如公法和私法之类的划分是否恰当的争论，而只是把它们作为一种分析工具或理想类型，借以从不同角度分析法律体系、法律部门的性质和变化。

选择公法与私法、实体法与程序法、国际法与国内法作为衡量法律结构变化的指标不是任意的：一是由于它们在法学研究中有悠久的学术传统；二是由于它们在法律体系中的覆盖面，不只是涉及个别法律制度，而具有整体性，能够大致涵盖改革开放以来中国法律结构变革的范围；三是它们与中国社会变革相联系。其中公法与私法代表公共权力行使和私人自治的两个维度，可以分析公权力对社会的干预和公民对公共事务的参与程度；实体法与程序法代表实体权利和实现实体权利的程序的两个维度，它们是一个国家法治的两个相互依赖的方面，可以分析法治本身变革的程度；国际法与国内法代表法律变革中的国际因素和国内因素的互动，可以分析国际因素对国内法律变革的参与度。借助这些工具，可以分析中国法律体系过去、现在和将来在不同维度之间发生的变化，进而通过法律规范性质的变化解释中国法律体系的复杂结构和发展趋势。

一、法律体系结构的历史演变

一个国家法律体系的发展与社会关系的发展一样，有一个从简单到复杂的过程。

在人类刚刚进入文明社会初期，社会关系简单，调整它们的法律规范也简单，法律主要以习惯法的形式表现出来，而且调整社会关系的法律规范与其他社会规范也没有严格的界限，法律与道德、宗教往往是一而二、二而一的，法律部门更谈不到什么划分。中国古代社会的法律“民刑不分，诸法合体”，从现在的观点虽然也可以分辨出刑法、民法、行政法、诉讼法等成分，但是它们都混杂在一起，始终停滞在诸法合体的状态。

随着社会关系的复杂化，特别是随着社会分工的发展，开始出现简单的法律门类的划分，如罗马法中的公法与私法，中世纪的教会法与世俗法，英国法中的普通法与衡平法等。所有

的法律，要么可以归入这一类，要么可以归入那一类。以大陆法系公法与私法划分为例，在古罗马时代这种分类适应了当时社会关系简单划分的要求，那时的一切社会关系要么属于私人自治的领域，要么属于公权力行使的领域。普通法与衡平法的划分也具有这种非此即彼的性质，衡平法的出现是为了弥补普通法的不足，如果普通法的救济能够达到公正，不得使用衡平法的救济手段。万民法和市民法的划分也是这样，凡是调整罗马公民之间关系的属于市民法，凡是调整罗马公民和异邦人关系，异邦人之间关系的法律属于万民法。中国古代社会的法律也是这样，大致可分为“礼”和“刑”，所谓“治之经，礼与刑”。[1] 到18、19世纪，随着法典编纂运动，大陆法系逐渐形成了现代法律体系的雏形，包括宪法、行政法、刑法、民法、商法、民事诉讼法和刑事诉讼法等法律部门。法律部门的划分总是跟编纂法典相联，对部门法典的产生具有决定意义的是1804年《法国民法典》，它被公认为近代资本主义社会的第一部民法典，标志着大陆法系的形成，其后世界上的每部民法典都或多或少地受到了《法国民法典》的影响。法国在编纂民法典之后几年，又相继制定《民事诉讼法》、《商法》、《刑法》、《刑事诉讼法》等四部法典，加上《宪法》，构成了法国的法律体系。而行政法由于其自身的特点，形成法典的可能性与必要性不大，但它在整个法律体系中的特殊地位是任何其他法律所不能代替的。中国在民国时期也仿照大陆法系制订了包括宪法、民法、商法、刑法、民事诉讼法和刑事诉讼法在内的“六法全书”。应该看到，这些部门的划分，虽然与它们调整的社会关系有关，但这几大部门不像通常的那样划分为政治法、军事法、经济法、文化法、教育法等，这一方面决定于历史传统，另一方面是由调整方法的特点所决定的。由于调整方法的不同，在宪法与部门法、民法与行政法、确认权利法（包括宪法、行政法、民法）与保护权利法（刑法）、实体法与程序法之间的差别中，似乎可以看到这几个法律部门的基础性和纯粹性。宪法的一般（原则性）调整与部门法的具体调整，民法的平权型调整与行政法隶属型调整，宪法、行政法和民法确认权利的方法与刑法保护权利的方法，民法、刑法对实体权利的确认与民事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法对程序权利的确认形成了一一对应的关系。一些法学家甚至赞叹，这些基本的法律部门具有法律上的纯粹性、鲜明的对比性、法律上的不可兼容性的特点。尽管各部门的法律制度多种多样，但仍然存在法律工具的一些基本的、原始的因素（调整性和保护性，集中原则和任意原则，实体的和程序的原则），而所有这一切在这几个基本法律部门中都获得了最详尽的体现。[2]这是一幅多么理想的法律部门划分和组合的图画啊！一切都是那么和谐、自然、恰切，似乎它可以应对任何社会关系，社会关系的任何变化似乎都可以纳入整个体系之中。实际上，19世纪后半期的概念法学以及在此基础上形成的经典法学学科体系就是这样建立起来的。

Keywords: / legal/public law and private law legal system/substantive law and procedural law, international law and domestic law

Abstract: the formation of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics for the study of structure, characteristics and development trend of China's legal system laid a solid basis in reality. Can the belonging of normative legal documents and legal norm two dimensions as the nature of the research framework of the law system. The former aims to describe the status quo of China's legislation, which aims to analysis the different nature of the distribution of the legal norms in the legal department. Since the reform and opening, because of the market economy, democratic politics and harmonious society, ecological civilization, the legal system construction and the impact of globalization, make all kinds of legal norms in meaningful changes in the distribution of different legal department, this kind of change on the one hand, reflect the commonness of the development of the world legal system, on the other hand have distinctive

Chinese characteristics.

The communist party of China 15 big, formed in 2010 to the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics, 16 big reiterated to 2010 form the goal of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. As a political mission, this task has been completed now. A centered on the constitution, including the constitution related law, civil law and commercial law, the legal department of the legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has been formed, it is theoretically in-depth study of China's legal system laid a solid basis in reality. China's socialist legal system is how to divide up early legal science concerns, but because of the lack of real legislation according to, in addition to the reference materials abroad, unavoidably relate to. As a scientific study, how the inner structure of the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics, and its future development trend, the trend and what's the relationship between the development law of other countries in the world, where is the Chinese characteristics, is China's legal system toward a higher goal in the future development should clear up the problem. This article attempts to discuss the problems with the above, by resorting to legal science colleagues. The analytical framework of this paper is two-dimensional, namely the nature of the normative legal documents and legal norms. Normative legal documents and legal norm is the relationship between form and internal structure, the relationship between the phenomenon and essence. Unit of analysis is one of the normative legal documents, study them in various large belong in the legal department, so as to analysis the status quo of China's legislation; Another unit is the legal standard, analysis of public law and private law, substantive law and procedural law, international law and domestic law norms in the current, the distribution and composition of legal documents. Here does not involve such as the division of public law and private law, such as proper debate, but only use them as a tool of analysis or the ideal type, so as to analysis from different angles the nature of the legal system, legal department and change.

Choose the public law and private law, substantive law and procedural law, international law and domestic law as one measure of this structural change in the law is not arbitrary: one is because they are in the study of law has a long academic tradition. Second, due to their coverage in the legal system, not only involves the individual legal system, and with integrity, to cover roughly since China's reform and opening up the scope of China's legal structure change; Three is that they are associated with Chinese social transformation. Of public law and private law on behalf of the public power and private autonomy of two dimensions, can analyze the public power intervention to society and citizen participation of public affairs; Substantive law and procedural law on behalf of the entity rights and realize the procedures by which rights are the two dimensions, which is a country under the rule of law in the two interdependent aspects, can change the extent of the analysis of the rule of law itself; International law and domestic law on behalf of the legal changes in the interaction between international and domestic factors, can analyze the international factors on the participation of domestic legal changes. With the aid of these tools, you can analyze China's legal system in the past, present, and future changes between the different dimensions, and then through the legal normative qualitative change to explain complex structure and development trend of China's legal system.

A historical evolution, the structure of the legal system

Development of a country's legal system and the development of social relations, there is a process from simple to complex.

In the early human just coming into the civilized society, the social relations simple, adjust their

legal norms are simple, law is mainly reflected in the form of customary law, and adjust the legal norms of social relations and other social norms and no strict boundaries, law and morality, religion is often one and two, two and one, more talk less than what divides the legal department. Penalty regardless of the laws of the Chinese ancient society "people, fit the law", from the point of view of now although can also distinguish the composition such as criminal law, civil law, administrative law, procedural law, but they are mixed together, always stagnation in the state of the method to fit.

As the complicated social relationships, especially with the development of social division of labor, began to appear simple legal categories, such as the Roman law in the public law and private law, medieval church and secular laws, English law in common law and equity law, etc. All of the law, either in this category, either in that category. Mainland public law and private law division, for example, in ancient Rome this classification to meet the needs of the social relationships at that time simple division, then all social relations or in the realm of private autonomy, either in the realm of public power exercise. The division of common law and equity law also has the nature of the either/or, the emergence of equity is in order to make up for the shortage of the common law, if the common law relief to reach the fair, equitable remedies shall not be used. Over the division of the civil law and civil law, anyone who belongs to civil law adjust the relations between Roman citizens, who must adjust the relationship between Roman citizens and gentile, of the relation between gentile law belongs to civil law. The law of ancient Chinese society, too, can be roughly divided into "the ritual" and "punishment", the so-called "rule by rite" and "punishment". [1]

To 18, 19 century, with the codification movement, the continental law system gradually formed the prototype of the modern legal system, including the constitution, administrative law, criminal law, civil law, commercial law, civil procedure law, criminal procedure law and other legal departments. The https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0611261329.html, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0611261329.html, division of the legal department is always linked with compiled code, defining of department code is 1804, the French civil code, it is recognized as the first civil code in modern capitalist society, marks the formation of the continental law system, then every civil code in the world is more or less influenced by the French civil code. France in a few years after compiling the civil code, and successively formulated the civil procedure law, commercial law, criminal law, the criminal procedure law, such as four codes, and the constitution, constitute the legal system of France. And administrative law due to its own characteristics, the possibility and necessity to form code is not big, but it is the special position in the whole legal system cannot replace by any other law. China also modeled on the mainland legal system developed in the period of the republic of China including the constitution, civil law, commercial law, criminal law, civil procedure law and criminal procedure law, "six book". It should be noted that the division of the department, although associated with their adjustment of social relations, but this a few big department not as divided as usual place for treatment, military law, economic law, culture law, education, etc., this is determined by the historical tradition, on the one hand, on the other hand is determined by the characteristics of the adjustment method. Field, due to the different adjustment method in the constitution and law, civil law and administrative law, confirm the rights law (including the constitution, administrative law, civil law) and rights protection law (criminal law), the difference between substantive law and procedural law, seem to be able to see this a few fundamental and purity of our legal department. Constitution (principle) of adjustment and department of concrete, the equality of civil law adjustment type belongs to administrative law, confirm the rights of the

constitution, administrative law and civil law method with the criminal law protection of rights, the rights of civil law, criminal law on the real confirmation with the civil procedure law, criminal procedure law of procedural rights confirmation form the one-to-one relationship. Some jurists, even the basic legal department has the purity in the eyes of the law, comparative, legal compatibility features. Although various departments of law, but there are still some of the basic legal tools, original factors (regulatory and protective,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0611261329.html, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0611261329.html, focus principle and arbitrary principle, substantive and procedural principle), and all of this in the several basic legal departments have been the most detailed embodiment. [2] this is a picture of how the ideal legal department division and combination of pictures! Everything is so harmonious, natural, proper, seems it can cope with any social relations, social relations seem to be any change can be incorporated into the system as a whole. In fact, in the second half of the 19th century, the concept of law and on the basis of the formation of the classic law subject system are set up in this way.