Determination of effective university–industry joint research for photovoltaic technology transfer

Determination of effective university e industry joint research for photovoltaic technology transfer (UIJRPTT)in Thailand

Pornpimol Sugandhavanija a ,*,Sukruedee Sukchai a ,Nipon Ketjoy a ,Sakol Klongboonjit b

a School of Renewable Energy Technology (SERT),Naresuan University,Phitsanulok,Thailand

b

Faculty of Engineering,King Mongkut ’s University of Technology Ladkrabang,Bangkok,Thailand

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received 28January 2010Accepted 10August 2010

Keywords:

University e industry model Joint research

Photovoltaic technology transfer Photovoltaic industry

a b s t r a c t

Most of the literatures related to university e industry (U e I)and technology transfer assume that the collaboration particularly the U e I joint research is bene ?cial to both university and industry which as a result underpins the sustainable development of economics and living standards of developed and developing countries.The U e I joint research for photovoltaic technology transfer in a developing country like Thailand should have been increased considering the fact that (i)the government imple-mented various strategies to support the renewable energy research and market development,(ii)the university aimed to be “research-based university and (iii)the Thai photovoltaic industry struggle for competitiveness and survival in the global market.However,evidence revealed that the university and industry conducted little number of U e I joint projects.In this paper,we investigate the factors in ?u-encing the effective U e I joint research for photovoltaic technology transfer (UIJRPTT).In an attempt to better understand the in ?uence of the factors,the path model with factors related to characteristics and perspectives of the university and the industry as well as joint research mechanism and their linkages to higher growth and improved economic and quality performance of the U e I joint research is developed and validated.The developed model empirically explains interaction between the factors and the outcome factors and can assist the government,the university and the industry to devise target strat-egies to improve the growth and performance of UIJRPTT.

ó2010Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.

1.Introduction

Universities are increasingly playing an important role in developing technology and knowledge base which underpins economic development process in many developed and devel-oping countries.For decades,the involvement with the industry has been increasing,and policy support from the government has been implemented to promote the university e industry (U e I)collaboration particularly in the form of joint research.Most literatures related to U e I collaboration and technology transfer assume that joint research is bene ?cial to both university and industry.

Over the last 20years,the fast growing Asian region has experi-enced rapid industrialization and economic growth [1].Much of this change is the result of the international technology transfer.The photovoltaic industry in Thailand is no exception.It experienced technology transfer through imports of technology and know-how for manufacturing and exporting photovoltaic https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0511551510.html,st couple

of years,favorable situations to the U e I joint research for photovoltaic technology transfer (UIJRPTT)domestically occur such as (i)the government has a vested interest in supporting the renewable energy in terms of research and market development due to the commitment to the Millennium Development Goals and Kyoto protocol to low-carbon technologies and concern on energy security;(ii)the univer-sity changing role by aiming to be “research-based university ”;and (iii)the struggle for competitiveness and survival of Thai photovoltaic industry in the global market.But during 2003e 2009,the UIJRPTT in Thailand is in question as little since it is reported only four projects.Our interest is therefore to explore the factors that in ?uence the formation of the effective UIJRPTT.The effective UIJRPTT is de ?ned as increasing number of UIJRPTT and improved economic and quality performance gained from joint research.Past and existing literatures in U e I collaboration and technology transfer indicated that the factors related to the characteristics and perspectives of university,industry and joint research mechanism may contribute to the degree of the effective UIJRPTT.In this paper,we use the data set from the university and the industry professionals to develop structural equation model and the utilization of developed path equation for the effective UIJRPTT model validation.

*Corresponding author.Tel.:t6655963188;fax:t6655963188.E-mail address:ponpijug@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0511551510.html, (P.

Sugandhavanija).Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable Energy

journal ho me page:www.elsevier.co m/lo

cate/renene

0960-1481/$e see front matter ó2010Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.renene.2010.08.018

Renewable Energy 36(2011)600e 607

2.Conceptual framework

A literature review undertaken in this study examined the U e I collaboration and technology transfer across all industry sectors with a view to develop a conceptual framework for the effective UIJRPTT model.Such conceptual framework should include variables address-ing the factors in?uencing the effective UIJRPTT as outcome factor.

2.1.Factor driving the effective UIJRPTT

Several factors and variables had been reported affecting the effective UIJRPTT.In this study,we organized those factors and variables into3groups:characteristics and perspectives of university and characteristics and perspectives of industry and joint research mechanism.

The?rst group related to characteristics and perspectives of university(D1).Past and existing studies of Casey[2],Fontana

et al.[3],Miesing et al.[4],Siegel et al.[5],Szulanski[6,7],TDRI[8], Thursby and Kemp[9]con?rm the impact of this factor to the effective and successful U e I collaboration and technology transfer. The important variables in the factor consisted of capabilities in receiving and transferring technology in terms of technical and capable resources,adequate specialist,researchers and students, adequate research tools and equipments,and willingness and motivation to work with the industry with shared value.

The second group related to characteristics and perspectives of industry(D2).The factor included four variables:capabilities in receiving and transfer technology in terms of technical and resources,willingness and motivation to work with university with shared value,perspectives on worthiness and value of joint research in terms of economic and intellectual value,and long-term strategy for technology development and understanding of the differences of university and industry.The supporting literatures are the studies of BHEF[10],Casey[2],Fontana et al.[3],Miesing et al.[4],Thursby and Kemp[9],Severson[11],Siegel et al.[5]and Szulanski[6,7].

The third group related to joint research mechanism(D3).Joint research mechanism was focused on the micro managerial and organizational perspective.Several studies con?rm the effect of the factor to the effective U e I collaboration including BHEF[10],Fon-tana et al.[3],Friedman and Silberman[12],Lach and Schankerman [13],Lockett and Wright[14],Miesing et al.[4],Santoro and Gopa-lakrishnan[15],Siegel et al.[5],and Thursby and Thursby[16]. Those research references employed several variables which included communication effectiveness,ef?cient coordination of?ce,IP management and incentive system.

2.2.Effective UIJRPTT

The interrelationship between the enabling factors could contribute to the degree of the effective UIJRPTT in Thailand.From literatures,we identify two main hypothesized variables as facili-tated by the effective UIJRPTT(D4)namely:(1)growth of UIJR and (2)joint research performance namely quality and economic performance.According Panich[17],practical guidance as to how university and industry avoid and overcome technology transfer barriers by facilitating both technology transferor and transferees need and by understanding contexts of both side,can help increase the growth of U e I joint research and facilitate technology transfer.

It is also accepted that the objective of U e I joint research are quality performance and economic performance derived from technology transfer.Williamson[18,19]states that man with limited capacity need to acquire and process information in economically ef?cient way.To attain this goal,they economize as much as possible on knowledge transfer costs.Through collabora-tions,a company and university can also improve its exploration and exploitation capabilities through learning process and conse-quently improve its innovative capacity and product development [20].The better research result can come from networks and face-to-face contacts and communication in solving potential problems which make socialization and learning easy,and provide psycho-logical motivation[21].The successful implementation of joint research programs should lead to reduction in cost and time of research and improvement of product or process development.

From the review,the conceptual model of the effective UIJRPTT comprising4factors(3enabling factors and1outcome factor)and 15observed variables(Fig.1).The model was tested by the following research methodology.

3.Research methodology

The research consisted of two phases:(1)path model develop-ment and(2)model validation.The?rst phase was concerned with a construct and path model development by utilizing structural equation modeling(SEM)technique to indicate the factors and their linkages to the outcome factor in the model and the associated prediction equation.The in-depth interview was conducted in parallel to con?rm the factor variables.The second phase was to evaluate the expectation of the in?uence of the factor to outcome factors on the three case UIJRPTT projects and compare the actual performance scores to those predicted by the standardized path equations developed in the?rst phase to validate the model.

3.1.Path model development

The population of this study included research group and faculty members,and administrative of?cers in the governmental univer-sities as well as business units who engaged in the photovoltaic technology and U e I technology transfer during June2003e June 2009.The sample frame was limited to the respondents from eight universities including Chulalongkorn University(CU),Kasetsart University(KU),King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT),King Mongkut’s University of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL),Khon Kane Univeristy(KKU),Mahidol University(MU), Naresuan University(NU),and Silpakorn University(SU)and to industry respondents from?ve?rms in the photovoltaic industry namely:Solartron,Bangkok Solar,Thai Agency Engineering,Ekarat Solar and Sharp Thebnakorn.

The questionnaire survey was carried out during June e October 2009.Returning questionnaire respondents were96university respondents(64%)and54industry respondents(36%).The univer-sity respondents included TTO administrative staffs,accounted for highest frequency(38.54%)followed by tenured researchers and

Fig.1.Conceptual model for the effective U e I Joint Research for Photovoltaic Tech-nology Transfer.

P.Sugandhavanija et al./Renewable Energy36(2011)600e607601

Ph.D students (37.50%)and faculty members and head of the of ?ce (23.94%).Fifty-four industry respondents included head of produc-tion and R&D departments,engineers,scientists and technical staffs.Groups of engineers accounted for the highest frequency (57%),fol-lowed by head of department (25.92%)and scientists and staffs (16.66%).The respondents were requested to indicate ?ve Likert scale on the item statement which related to the hypothesized factor variables they treated the differences between ‘strongly disagree ?1’and ‘strongly agree ?5’in column A and their impacts ‘negatively low ?1’to ‘positively high ?5’to the effective UIJRPTT in column B.The con ?rmatory factor analysis (CFA),validity test,and path model analysis were conducted by employing SPSS 8.0and LISREL 8.80student version programs.

The number of the interviewees was 63.Among those,45and 18interviewees were from the university and the industry,accounting for 71%and 29%respectively.Two key criteria were used to select the interviewees.First,the interviewee should have an extensive knowledge and experience regarding the UIJRPTT and the university technology transfer promotion mechanism and the industry respondents should be decision makers and senior staffs working and involving in the production and R&D of the industry.Second,some interviewees were selected from snowball sampling.The inter-viewees were asked about the in ?uential factors they viewed could affect the effective UIJRPTT in Thailand,the possibility and to what extent that such variables could affect the effective UIJRPTT,and the needs of university and industry for effective UIJRPTT.The result of the interview was used to con ?rm the variables as it could make better understanding on the factors and variables as well as to be utilized in identifying more indicators for each variable in the model.

3.2.Model validation

Three UIJRPTT projects related to sponsored research,and con-sortia were selected as case studies.The projects involved School of Renewable Energy Technology (SERT)of NU and three industrial companies.The case study respondents comprised of 30university and industry professionals and TTO administrative of ?cers.Due to the fact that the intended purpose of this phase was to validate the path model and associated equations,therefore,only a small sample was required.Each project had n ?10.The university respondents included lecturers (16.7%),researchers (13.3%),and TTO administrators (16.7%)whereas the industry respondents included CEOs and manager (13.3%),engineer heads (23.3%),and engineers (16.7%).The majority of the respondents had the length of experience during 1e 5years or 66.6%.33.33%of the respondents involving the projects at the range of 1e 3projects and 36.66%conducted more than 3photovoltaic technology related projects.The study was carried out in January 2010.

The questionnaire was designed to be based on the factor vari-ables derived from the model that had the signi ?cant path coef ?-cient to the outcome factor.A series of indicators drawn from interview results and further literature review were further developed and added in the questionnaire.The respondents were requested to indicate ?ve Likert scale on each indicator they perceived the impact ‘very low ?1’to ‘very high ?5’to the effective UIJRPTT.The result was used to predict the effective UIJRPTT on the case projects by utilizing the developed structural equations from the path model.Actual performance score on the case study was then compared against predicted values to reinforce the validity of the path model.

4.Results

4.1.Path model development

4.1.1.Con ?rmatory factor analysis and effective UIJRPTT model

The mean and standard deviation value of the factor and vari-ables for both column A and B of the questionnaire are displayed in Table 1.The mean value for the factor that was greater than three (3.0)indicating that the respondents perceived that the entire set

of

Table 1

P.Sugandhavanija et al./Renewable Energy 36(2011)600e 607

602

variables contained in the questionnaire were important.Drawn from the results in column A,all respondents agreed that all enabling factors were essential to the effective UIJRPTT.Joint research mechanism (D3)was rated highest with the average mean value of 4.17,followed by characteristics and perspectives of univer-sity (D1)with the average mean value of 4.12and characteristics and perspectives of industry (D2)with the average mean value of 4.05.The standard deviation of the three enabling factors averaged 0.81,0.76and 0.73,suggesting that the respondents had similar perception.

As for the impact of the factor affecting to the effective UIJRPTT (column B),the respondents rated all factors had high impact to the effective UIJRPTT with the average score higher than 3.80.Joint research mechanism (D3)was rated highest with the mean value of 4.08,followed by characteristics and perspectives of university (D1)with the mean value of 4.05and characteristics and perspectives of industry (D2)with the mean value of 3.97.The descriptive results of the outcome factor with the average mean of 4.14and low standard deviation of 0.66also indicated that majority of respondents agreed these variables as the outcome factors of the effective UIJRPTT.

Based on the perceptions of the respondents on the hypothe-sized factors and variables,the quantitative data was drawn to conduct the CFA and path analysis.From the CFA,the individual constructs of characteristics and perspectives of university (D1),characteristics and perspectives of industry (D2),joint research mechanism (D3)and effective U e I joint research (D4)and their variables were de ?ned in the measurement model.The factor loadings that were the product of matrix of regression coef ?cient were calculated and used to assess the validity of the measurement model because they re ?ect the variables contribution to their latent construct.The results indicated that the observed variables in each factor were representative of its factor.Most of them had the factor estimated loadings from 0.40to 0.62but not higher than 0.7,which was considered weak to moderate indicator,with signi ?cant t-value at the 0.01level.Majority of the variable had the squared multiple correlations (R 2),which provided information on how much variance the factors account for in the observed variables,higher than 0.50.The constructs could well explained the variance of observed variables.However,variables D1.1,D1.2,D2.4,and D3.2had low R 2of only 0.38,0.39,0.31and 0.48respectively.Therefore,

the analysis and summary should be more careful in applying the data results.The CFA analysis result is shown in Table 2.

From the path analysis,the linkages proposed between the three enabling factors and outcome factor were con ?rmed as shown in Table 3.After many modi ?cations,the revised structural model showed an acceptable ?t based on the given goodness-of-?t criteria:RMSEA ?0.020Standardized RMR ?0.055GFI ?0.92AGFI ?0.90CFI ?1.00.The Chi-square test yielded a value of 100.84with a df ?95and a corresponding -value of 0.32.The detailed elaboration of the ?ndings was as following:

Characteristics and perspectives of university (D1):The results showed that the university ’s adequate specialists,researchers and students,and adequate tools and equipments were essential to the effective UIJRPTT.Moreover,university must have adequate capa-bilities in receiving and transferring the knowledge and technology to the industry as well as funds to conduct U e I joint research and enhance their knowledge base.The results also showed charac-teristics and perspectives of university (D1)signi ?cantly in ?uenced the effective UIJRPTT (<0.05)with the standardized coef ?cient of 0.47,providing support to the conceptual model.

Characteristics and perspectives of industry (D2):The results con ?rmed that the effective UIJRPTT depended highly on the factor.The industry with willingness and motivation to work with the university and perspectives on worthiness and value of joint research could initiate the U e I joint research project.In addition,the industry ’s capabilities should be suf ?cient enough to learn knowledge and technology and the industry ’s funds as well as understanding cultural difference also essential in conducting the joint research.The results showed that the factor signi ?cantly affected the outcome factor (<0.05),con ?rmed by the model path ’s standardized coef ?cient of à0.60.The negative in ?uence

of

Table 2

?factor loading (standardized factor loading),SE ?standard error (<0.03preferable),t -value >1.96,<0.05(*),t -value >2.58,<0.01(**),t -value >3.29,<0.001(***)R 2?(>0.50

preferable).

Table 3

Note:t -value >1.96,<0.05(*),t -value >2.58,<0.01(**)t -value >3.29,<0.001(***).

P.Sugandhavanija et al./Renewable Energy 36(2011)600e 607603

the D2could be explained by the behavior of the industry.Negative and low level of the perspectives of the industry on the worthiness of the joint research could re?ect to the low level of commitment and the low degree of cooperation and willingness of the industry which may affect the effective UIJPRTT.

Joint research mechanism(D3):The results con?rmed that joint research mechanisms including,communication effectiveness, management of coordination of?ce and joint research program,IP management and incentive system from the government and university,were essential for the effective UIJRPTT.The mechanism involved all stakeholders e university,industry and government,to create robust bonds in improving and enhancement of the perfor-mance of mechanisms.The positive high signi?cant in?uence of joint research mechanism(D3)on the outcome factor(<0.001) was with the standardized coef?cient of0.52.

Effective UIJRPTT(D4):The results showed that the effective UIJRPTT could be achieved through the three factors.The effective UIJRPTT could create the growth of the UJRPTT,and enhance the quality performance(i.e.less rework,innovation production and process,better quality of research results)and economic perfor-mance(i.e.less investment in resources,less time in conducing research and IP rights).

As shown in Table3,all path coef?cients in the model were at the signi?cant level of0.05for D1to D4and D2to D4and of0.01for D3to D4and the three factors could explain the variances of the effective UIJRPTT with the prediction power of23%.The effective UIJPRTT model could be speci?ed by the following path equations: Y?0:26eD1Ttà:33eD2Tt:34eD3Tt0:23(1)

Z Y?:47eZ D1Ttà:60eZ D2Tt:62eZ D3T(2) 4.1.2.Interview results

The interview result conducted in parallel with the question-naire survey also con?rmed the three factors as enabling factors and provided suggestions to develop indicators for further model validation.The result was:

Characteristics and perspectives of university(D1):

(1)The‘university knowledge and expertise’could immensely

bene?t the industry from the discovery of new material and technology to increase the ef?ciency of the photovoltaic cells and system,solving the industry problems and testing BOS system.The ability of the university to integrate knowledge from various sciences was necessary.Such capabilities could be improved by implementing human resource development plan,upgrading faculty and academic capabilities in science and engineering,and increasing courses in photovoltaic tech-nology.Moreover,while university funds related to risks in research and development investment,therefore,to reduce such risks,the university could pool resources and research efforts with the industry and government research institutes, research in special parts and encouraging more funding scheme support from the government.

(2)The‘university equipped with adequate knowledgeable and

experienced specialists and adequate teamwork’from various faculties could in?uence the effective UJRITT in the way that it could make the UIJRPTT attractive and potentially lead the research results to success.The de?ciency of human resources in the Thai context could be reduced by producing and recruiting more scientists and engineers,promote public awareness and interest in photovoltaic technology,increasing number of professional researchers and improving their career path.(3)The university’s‘appropriate equipment and tools’needed for

the research would attract the industry to conduct the UIJRPTT as it could save cost and reduce time in researching.Pool resources and equipment,and long-term planning for research and equipment purchase of the university could reduce the ?nancial risk.

(4)‘University willingness and motivation to implement and

cooperate with industry in teamwork with shared value’re?ected the effort to formulate,maintain and stimulate the effective UIJRPTT in terms of relationship and performance development.The academic therefore needed to have passion and commitment in project working while they should be free in promoting idea and projects.They should also understand the photovoltaic technology development,new technology and economic value of technology needed for future research. Characteristics and perspectives of industry(D2):

(5)‘Capabilities in receiving and transferring technology in terms

of technique and funds’of the industry could indicate the ability level of?rms to conduct the joint research.The results indicated the important roles of the skilled and capable engi-neers and R&D staffs in searching knowledge,research ques-tion setting,and evaluation of research possibility.To support the staffs for further study,training and participate in voca-tional courses could help the industry staffs to increase their knowledge.Funds were important for conducting research and appropriate fund should be allocated due to necessity of the research.

(6)‘Willingness and motivation to learn and work with the

university’was based on the CEO initiatives,leadership and vision and R&D team.However,the data revealed that?rms preferred to work in in-house much more than working with the university considering lower cost and keeping the trade secrets and IPs management.

(7)The photovoltaic?rms would invest in R&D if it considered that

without R&D it could lead to loss in pro?t,and when they need to share the risk and sunk cost in researching.The results revealed that‘perspectives of the management team on the UIJRPTT’should depend on the long-term strategy of the industry and on visionary leader.It was observed that large ?rm would likely to conduct more researches and to search for university to work with whereas small and medium?rm appeared to be happier with immediate outputs and clearer evidence of?nancial returns.

(8)Both sides should learn to‘understand each other and adjust

the organization compatibility’regarding goals and objectives and similarity in operating philosophy.The industry should work with long-term plan and digit time frame whereas the university should understand the limitation of the industry such as the effect from the extension and unpunctuality of the projects.

Joint research mechanism(D3):

(9)‘Communication’was the prerequisite for further activities and

UIJRPTT.There should be venues for the university and industry to discuss,interact,make connections and familiarize each other which would lead to trust and collaboration.Once both side agreed to work together,the project mission,partnership approach,collaboration and ownership,recognition of contri-butions of each partners,and projection of self-interest and grants should be discussed.After the project was started, regular meetings should be conducted to help facilitate infor-mation sharing,solving problems and?nding con?icts reso-lution.Moreover,interaction between university,industry and government organizations should also be encouraged for

P.Sugandhavanija et al./Renewable Energy36(2011)600e607 604

discussion on photovoltaic policy and research development program.

(10)‘Coordination of ?ce ’faced lack of staffs who could handle

with the industry in terms of marketing and promotion,inconsistency of policy due to changes of university TTO senior management,and bureaucratic system and in ?ex-ibility.The bureaucratic and in ?exibility in administrative procedures could rise the tension and reduce motivation of the university and industry in participating the UIJRPTT and could lead to delay in executing contracts,issuing reimbursement,and straining the cash ?ow of the project.(11)The ‘appropriate IP management ’to be fair for all and IP

agreement needed technical,commercial and legal expertise was considered necessary for the effective UIJRPTT and could reduce the uncertainty and risks from disagreement.

(12)In university jurisdiction,‘incentives ’such as grants and

rewards were viewed motivating the faculty members,researchers,and students in conducting the effective UIJRPTT.For the industry,due to the fact that the photo-voltaic industry was not a big and platform industry,it still needed the support from the government.The government role in market and technology facilitators was recom-mended by the

respondents.

Table 4

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605

4.2.Model validation

The data from the three case studies survey was used to validate the path from the three factors determined from SEM namely:(1)characteristics and perspectives of university (D1),(2)characteristics and perspectives of industry (D2),and (3)joint research mechanism (D3)to outcome factor,the effective UIJRPTT (D4).To achieve this,the developed structural equations from the path model to predict the effective UIJRPTT on the case projects were utilized.Actual performance score was then compared against predicted values to reinforce the validity of the path model.The result could ?nally help to predict the future achievement of the UJIRPTT effectiveness.The result of the model validation process was as followed.4.2.1.Mean value and standard deviation

Characteristics and perspectives of university (D1)mean value calculated from the three projects comprised of 4.07,4.14and 3.92.Characteristics and perspectives of industry (D2)mean values calculated from the three projects were 3.93, 3.85and 3.77respectively.Joint research mechanism (D3)mean values calculated from the three projects were 3.97, 3.70and 3.98respectively.Effective UIJRPTT (D4)mean values calculated from the three projects were 4.1,4.06and 4.13respectively.The results indicated that all three factors were agreed by the respondents that it could in ?uence the effective UIJRPTT which could be de ?ned as enhance growing number,the quality performance,and economic perfor-mance.The detail of the results is as shown in Table 4.

4.2.2.Determining actual mean equivalent and predicted scores

A comparative analysis between the collected actual mean scores for each factor and the predicted scores derived from the path standardized prediction equations of the effective UIJRPTT model was conducted to reinforce the validity of path model and to

predict the expected outcome factor on the projects.The actual scores obtained from the case studies were converted to an equivalent Z-score on the original Thai UIJRPTT distribution.To clarify this,for example,the actual mean equivalent Z-scores for characteristics and perspectives of university (D1)of project 1(PJ.1)were Z PJ .1,D1?(4.07e 4.05)/0.74)?0.027.The calculation of Z-score for projects 2and 3were similar to that of project 1.In order to obtain the predicted Z-scores for each factor of each project,the Z-scores were utilized in the appropriate standardized equation from the primary study.For example,the actual Z PJ .1,D1score of 0.027was substituted into the D1prediction equation to establish a predicted D1factor score for project 1(predicted Z PJ .1,D1?0.47Z PJ .1,D1?0.47?0.027?0.01).Table 5shows the actual mean equivalent for each factor from the case study projects and the predicted Z-scores for each factor in each project.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0511551510.html,paring actual and predicted mean value

The actual mean values of each factor in each project were then computed and compared against the predicted mean values to reinforce the validity of the path model.For example,the predicted D1mean value of project 1was calculated based on the D1mean value from the primary study and the predicted Z score of D1from project 1and multiplied by standard deviation from this mean (i.e.4.05t0.01*0.74?4.05).The comparison of actual and predicted mean value difference was conducted to provide the evidence that the factor was essential for enhancing effective UIJRPTT.

From the result as shown in Table 6,the predicted mean values for characteristics and perspectives of university (D1)from the three case studies were slightly different from the actual values with the ranges of à0.49e 1.78%.This indicated that the path equation from D1to effective UIJRPTT (D4)appeared to be reliable for the predic-tion of the effective UIJRPTT.The analysis con ?rmed that the characteristics and perspectives of university based on the capa-bility of university in terms of techniques and funds,adequate human resources,adequate tools and equipment and willingness and motivation for teamwork and shared value of university professionals were necessary for enhancing the effective UIJRPTT.The predicted mean values for characteristics and perspectives of industry (D2)from the three case studies were different from the actual values with the ranges of 1.52e 8.22%.This indicated that the path equation from D2to effective UIJRPTT (D4)appeared to be reliable for the prediction of the effective UIJRPTT.The results determined that the characteristics and perspectives of industry which comprised of the capability of industry in terms of capabil-ities of techniques and funds,willingness and motivation in working with the university with shared value,perspectives on worthiness and value of joint research in terms of economic and intelligence value as well as understanding cultural differences were necessary for enhancing the effective UIJRPTT.

The percentage difference of predicted and actual mean values for joint research mechanism (D3)was very close,ranging from 1.00to 3.78%.The result indicated that the path equation from D3to effective UIJRPTT (D4)was highly reliable for the prediction of effective https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0511551510.html,munication effectiveness,management of coordination of ?ce and joint research program,IP management,and incentive system from the university and the government were essential for developing the effective UIJRPTT.5.Conclusion

The research aimed to explore the factor in ?uencing the effective UIJRPTT in Thailand that had limited number of UIJRPTT but high potential for the university and photovoltaic industry to work together in developing technology and knowledge related to photovoltaic commercialization.The model developed

and

Table 5

Table 6

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606

validated in this research re?ected that the effective UIJRPTT perceived as highly satis?ed by the university and industry in Thailand depended on the ability of the university and industry in building up their capabilities in terms of human resources,tech-nology,equipments and positive attitudes on the UIJRPTT and the ability of both university and industry to understand the similarity and differences in dealing with the relationship.More importantly, the effective UIJRPTT also required the commitment from the university and the industry staffs and CEOs,the willingness and motivation of academicians and industry staffs,the legitimacy to the photovoltaic technology and market development derived from government policy and supports,as well as the improvement of joint research mechanism that created favorable relationship between environment,communication,linkages and trust in completing the initiated cooperative working.On the basis of the research results, our recommendation is that the promotion of the effective UIJRPTT should be supported in the individual,university-?rm level and national level.The factor variables that were considered‘weak’in Thailand such as human resources,tools and equipments,IP management and university and government incentive policy, funding should be supported to improve.The factors variables that were considered‘good’such as willingness and motivation to work together of the university and industry should be strengthened. References

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7、点击发送到word按钮，就可以转换成word文件了。可以编辑了。第6、7步骤图片如下：

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