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Short Answer Questions

Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. The answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

Tea is another popular drink. Whether it is black tea, or some kind of social tea, tea is drunk by millions of people each day. Tea drinking first began in China. The plants were discovered in central China in the province of Sichuan, and as tea drinking became fashionable, large areas of Sichuan were used for growing tea. Later, tea drinking spread to India and Japan as Chinese culture began to interact with Indian and Japanese culture. There appears to be direst connection between the spread of Buddhism and the spread of tea drinking. Buddhist monks were tea drinkers. As Buddhism spread, the people in India and Japan took up tea drinking, along with other Buddhist practices.

Questions:

1. According to the speaker, how many people drink tea every day?

2. In which country did tea drinking begin?

3. Where were the tea plants first discovered in China?

4. When did tea drinking spread to India and Japan?

5. What made tea drinking popular in India and Japan?

Answers(答案)

1. It is drunk by millions of people.

2. Tea drinking began in China.

3. They were first discovered in central Sichuan.

4. When Chinese culture began to interact with theirs.

5. The Buddhism spread.

Money is a big problem. Bill does not earn a very good salary, and their income is hardly enough for three people to live on, so they have to be very careful about what they spend. They can not really afford to keep the car, and will have to get rid of it soon, but they have decided to put off selling it until Sally id old enough to go to school by bus. They are just not able to save money, and they are extremely worried about their old age. Sally wants to be a teacher when she grows up, but Ann and Bill hope she will do something where she can earn enough money to live a better life than her parents.

Questions:

1. How many people does the author mention in the passage?

2. What is the relationship between Ann and Bill?

3. How does Sally go to school?

4. What will Sally want to be in the future?

5. Does Bill earn a lot of money?

答案：

1. The author mentions three people.

2. They are wife and husband.

3. Sally goes to school by car.

4. She wants to be a teacher.

5. No.

I did not use to be a very tidy person, but my mother was. So she was always telling me to pick thing up and put them away, and do this and do that. My father was not like that at all. He let me do what I wanted. When he was free, he would take us out for walks, picnics and going for rides ion Sunday afternoons. Every Friday, when he came home from work, he bought pleasure to each of us. My mother used to say he was spoiling us, but why not? It did not do us any harm.

1. What kind of person was my mother?

2. Who let me do what I wanted?

3. What did my father use to do when I was free?

4. What did my father bring home on Fridays?

5. Which way was thought better, the mother‘s or the father‘s?

答案：

1. My mother was a very tidy person.

2. My father let me do what I wanted.

3. He used to take us out for walks, picnics or rides.

4. He bought home pleasure to each of us.

5. The father‘s way was thought better.

I studied economics at university, and then I was lucky because I got a job very quickly as an accountant in a local department store. It was not exactly what I wanted, but you know it was a first job. I stayed there for four years altogether. After three years I was promoted to accounts manager, and I stayed in that job for a year, but then I really got bored, so I decided to leave and I applied for other jobs in the area. But I had no luck getting a second job at all, and I was very short of money, so in the end I had to get a job working as a waitress in a restaurant.

1. Where did the girl get the first job?

2. How long had the girl kept the first job?

3. Why did the girl leave the position?

4. Where did the girl want to get a second job?

5. What was the second job the girl had to get?

答案：

1. She got the first job in a local department store.

2. She had kept the job for 4 years.

3. Because she thought that the job was very boring.

4. She wanted to gat the second job in the area.

5. The second job the girl had to get was a waitress in a restaurant.

Professor Carson lived alone and was very absent-minded. He often arrived at the college to give a lecture and find he had forgotten to bring his teaching notes and did not know what to say. Or he would lose his glasses and be unable to see the blackboard or his students. If he did not forget his notes and could give lectures, he would often forget the time and keep on talking for hours because he had left his watch at home. But the most interesting thing about him was his appearance. His coat was rarely buttoned, as most of the buttons were missing. He must have lost his comb as well because his hair was always standing on end when he took off his old hat. His trousers were held up by an old tie instead of a belt.

1. What happened when Professor Carson had forgotten to bring his teaching notes?

2. Why was he unable to see the blackboard or his students sometimes?

3. What would Professor Carson do when he had no watch?

4. Why did Professor Carson rarely button his coat?

5. What was used to hold up his trousers?

答案：

1. He would be unable to give a lecture.

2. Because he had lost his glasses.

3. He would keep on talking for hours.

4. Because most of the buttons were missing.

5. His trousers were held up by an old tie (instead of a belt).

Sam Taylor lives in London. He is married and has two small children. He teaches in a secondary school. He gets up at half past six in the morning and has breakfast at seven o‘clock. He starts work at eight o‘clock and leaves work at four o‘clock. He likes his job because he likes teaching children. But he does not teach every day. On Tuesdays and Thursdays he stays at home with his children. He likes reading and watching television. At weekends he goes shopping and visits his friends.

1. Where does Sam live?

2. What is he?

3. When does he get up?

4. Why does he like his job?

5. What does he do at weekends?

答案：

1. He lives in London.

2. He is a teacher.

3. He gets up at half past six.

4. Because he likes teaching children.

5. At weekends he goes shopping and visits his friends.

The best—almost the only—place to hear the original jazz is in a small building in the center of one of the city. There, seven different bands, made up mostly of very old men, play the old music for four-and-a-half hours each evening. Some of the people in the audience are tourists, bus most are serious music lovers who are willing to spend time sitting on wooden chairs and benches, and even on the floor. The musicians play the music they want to play, but people in the audience can make special requests if they are willing to pay for them. Traditional songs cost one dollar and all others cost two—except the most traditional song of all, ―The Saints‖. The musicians are so tired of playing it that it costs five dollars.

1. Why do people go to the small building?

2. How many hours do the musicians play each evening?

3. What costs one dollar?

4. What costs five dollars?

5. Why do the musicians want five dollars for playing ―The Saints‖?

答案：

1. People go to the small building to listen to the best, original jazz.

2. Each evening, the musicians play four and a half hours.

3. A traditional song costs one dollar.

4. The most traditional song (The Saints) costs five dollars.

5. Because they are tired of playing it.

The US bought Alaska from Russia about 100 years ago. Alaska is more than twice as big as Texas. It has many different kinds of weather. In some areas the temperature can go as low as 57℃below zero. It can also go as high as 38℃above zero. Alaska has a longer coastline than all the other states together. The there is still owned by the US government, not by people or businesses.

Alaska is the biggest state, but it has the fewest people. Towns are far apart. Long roads cost a lot to build in such wild country. So there are not very many roads. Many people use planes to travel in the state. Others travel in boats along the coast. Rivers freeze in winter, but boats travel on them when summer comes.

1. In which century did the US buy Alaska from Russia?

The US bought it from____________________________________________________________.

2. Which state is Alaska compared with in size?

______________________________________________________________________________.

3. What can we learn about the location of Alaska from the first paragraph?

It must be located_______________________________________________________________.

4. What is the problem to build long roads in Alaska?

To build long roads there__________________________________________________________.

5. What are the major means of transportation in Alaska?

The means of transportation there are__________________________________________

答案：

1. in the nineteenth century

2. Texas

3. at the seaside, the longest coastline in the US

4. would coast a lot

5. planes and boats

Do you ever wonder whether we can foresee(预见) the future? I once read a story which almost made me think that at least some people can foresee the future.

A man who lived on his own in a small flat was sitting reading one evening when he suddenly smelled smoke coming off somewhere in the flat. He immediately got up and went to the kitchen when he thought he must have left something on the gas. There was certainly a smell of smoke, but there was nothing burning. Then he got in the hall and bathroom, but he still could not find anything burning. When he went outside the flat, there was no smell of burning, so, thinking it must be his imagination, he went back to his reading.

A month later, he returned from a business trip to find firemen putting out fire in his flat. They told him that some electric wires had short-circuited(短路) and caused the fire and that he should have had the flat rewired(重装电线) a long time ago. So was it simply that the wire had started burning slowly a month before when he smelled smoke, or had he in fact ‖seen into the future‖?

1. What happened to the man one evening?

He ____________________________ in the flat while reading.

2. Why did he go to the kitchen?

Because he thought he ________________________________.

3. What did he think when he failed to find anything burning?

He thought that it _____________________________________.

4. What is the cause of the fire?

The fire was caused by _________________________________.

5. What does the author intend to show in the passage?

The author intends to show that_________________________________.

答案：

1. smelled smoke coming off somewhere

2. must have left something on the gas

3. must be his imagination

4.short-circuiting

5. at least some people can foresee the future

With the help of a computer, Paul feeds his herd of seventy cows. Each of Paul‘s cows wears an electronic device called transponder(应答器) on chain around her neck. Paul programs into the computer how many pounds of grain each cow needs. In the feeding stall(厩), an identifier can tell from the transponder which cow is approaching the feeder. It then releases the exact amount of grain that cow is approaching the feeder. It then release the exact amount of grain that cow is

supposed to have.

Once a day, the computer gives Paul a printout that tells him how much feed each cow ate. This is important to know, because if a cow is getting sick, she doesn‘t eat much. Then Paul makes sure she gets the treatment she needs.

1. How does Paul feed his cows?

________________________________________________________________________

2. What‘s the function of the transponder?

________________________________________________________________________

3. What does a printout help Paul to know?

________________________________________________________________________

4. If a cow eats, what has happened to it?

________________________________________________________________________

5. What can we infer from this passage?

答案：

1. He feeds his cows with the help of a computer.

2. It can tell how much feed a cow needs.

3. How much a cow eats.

4. It gets sick.

5. Computers can help farmers work more efficiently.

One of the difficulties with recognizing an alcohol problem is that moderate drinking is acceptable social behavior. More than 60 percent of American women and nearly 80 percent of American men are drinkers. It‘s easy to hide the beginning of a drinking problem from your friends and from yourself.

American attitudes about alcohol are complicated and confusing. Full-color magazine ads show rich, beautiful, and happy people socializing over martins, champagne, or whatever the ad is promoting. It‘s supposed to be manly, as well.

Some people think of alcohol as a magic formula. It cheers you up and it calms you down. It helps you get to sleep; it‘s an ―eye opener‖; and it gives you the courage to face the boss. It makes problems disappear, and in social situations it makes you feel you‘re the world‘s most fascinating conversationalist.

1. Why is it difficult to cope with alcohol problems?

_________________________________________________________________________ 2. In what way is alcohol advertised according to the passage?

________________________________________________________________________

3. What do Americans think of male drinkers?

________________________________________________________________________

4. What could you infer from the last sentence?

________________________________________________________________________

5. What conclusion can we draw from the passage?

答案：

1. Because drinking is acceptable social; behavior.

2. In full-color magazines.

3. They look manly.

4. Alcohol can make some people very talkative.

5. It is not easy to solve alcohol problems in America.

Meteor-psychologists are also studying other factors. They are trying to determine how and how much temperature changes and air pressure changes can affect people. Temperature change is relatively easy to understand. When temperatures go up or down, people‘s attitude and behavior change. In general, people tend to feel more hopeful when winter is over and temperatures being to rise, and slightly sad as winter comes.

Air pressure also affects people. About one or two days before a storm, the air pressure falls. When this occurs, people are more likely to feel uncomfortable and a little depressed. During these times of discomfort, people are less likely to be able to concentrate. People are less careful and less alert. As a consequence, accidents are more likely to occur. In several factories that have been studied, it appears that more injuries and accidents have happened when the air pressure was low. Some factory managers are now trying to develop work systems which will allow employees to take a day off or change to less dangerous work actives on days when there is a greater chance to less dangerous work actives on days when there is a greater chance that accidents will occur because of the air pressure.

1. Why are meteor-psychologists interested in studying weather factors?

They want to know_____________________________________________________________.

2. How do people feel about the coming of spring?

They feel____________________________________________________________________.

3. What will happen to man if the air pressure falls?

He__________________________________________________________________________.

4. When are accidents more likely to take place?

They are_____________________________________________________________________.

5. Why do some factory managers develop some new work system?

They want to_________________________________________________________________. 答案：

1. how weather factors affect people

2. hopeful

3. feels uncomfortable and a little dressed

4. more likely to occur when the air pressure is low

5. avoid chance when accidents are likely to occur

Hobbies are things people like to do in their spare time. When they are free, people raise pets, build model ships, weave baskets, or carve soap figures. They watch birds, hunt animals, climb mountains, raise flowers, fish, ski, skate, and swim. They also paint pictures, attend concerts and plays, and perform on musical instruments. They collect everything from books to butterflies, and

from stones to stamps.

People take up hobbies because these actives offer enjoyment, friendship, knowledge and relaxation. Sometimes they yield financial profits. Hobbies help people relax after periods of hard work, and provide a balance between work and play. Hobbies also offer interesting activities for people who have retired. Anyone, rich or poor, old or young, sick or well, can follow a satisfying hobby, regardless of his age, position, or income.

Hobbies can help a person‘s mental and physical health. Doctors have found that hobbies are valuable in helping patients recover from physical or mental illness. Hobbies give patients something to do and provide interests that keep them from thinking about themselves. Many hospitals treat patients by having them take up interesting hobbies or pastimes.

1. What are hobbies?

2. Tom is a gardener in our school. Does he raise flowers as a hobby?

3. Why do people take up hobbies?

4. What kinds of people can have a hobby?

5. In what way can hobbies help patients?

答案：

1. Hobbies are things that people like to do in their spare time.

2. No, he doesn‘t.

3. Because these activities offer enjoyment, friendship, knowledge and relaxation.

4. Anyone can.

5. Hobbies give them something to do and provide interests to keep them from thinking themselves.

When you first arrive at a large party, the host or hostess may introduce you to tow or three people nearby, but if others are still arriving, he or she may then return to greet new comers, expecting you to go on by yourself, moving from group to group. If this feels too uncomfortable and frightening, it is quite all right to say to someone, ―I am a stranger here and know no one. Could you introduce me to some of the people?‖ Almost anyone will feel good that you turn to him for help and will gladly introduce you and make you feel easy.

1. What may the host or hostess do to you at a big party?

2. Why do they leave you to go by yourself?

3. What will you do when you feel uncomfortable?

4. How could other people feel when you turn to him?

5. What will they do?

答案：

1. The host and hostess may introduce you to two or three people.

2. Because they have to greet new comers.

3. To ask someone to introduce you to some of the people.

4. They would feel glad.

5. They will introduce you and make you feel easy.

What‘s the best way to carry money safely while you‘re traveling? There are three possibilities-personal checks from your country, travelers check and cards. Some American banks accept foreign checks but the problem is that those banks dealing with foreigners are not many.

It may be more convenient to carry travelers checks in dollars. If your checks aren‘t in dollars, it may take you a long time to find a bank that will change them. You can use travelers checks almost anywhere-in restaurants, stores or ticket offices-without having to go to a bank.

Americans would say the best way to carry money is to have a major credit card like Visa, Master Card or American Express. Because they are widely accepted in the US, it is easy to use them to pay for hotels, transportation, meals and things you want to buy from larger stores.

Of course you can‘t get along without cash, but you don‘t need to carry much with you.

1. What is the trouble to carry foreign personal checks while traveling in the US?

2. Why should the travelers checks be in dollars?

3. What would American do with their money if they go traveling?

4. What would be probably used to pay to buy a newspaper?

5. Whom does the author most probably write this passage for?

答案：

1. Many banks there will not accept foreign personal checks.

2. One can use them directly without exchanging them in a bank.

3. They would carry a major credit card.

4. One would pay cash to buy a newspaper.

5. He writes it for foreigners traveling in the US.

Short Answer Questions

As researchers learn more about how children‘s intelligence dev elops they are increasingly surprised by the power of parents. The power of the school has been replaced by the home. To begin with all the factors which are part of intelligence—the child‘s understanding of language learning patterns curiosity—are established well before the child enters school at the age of six. Study after study has shown that even after school begins children‘s achievements have been far more influenced by parents than by teachers. This is particularly true about learning that is language-related. The school rather than the home is given credit for variations in achievement in subjects such as science.

In view of their power it‘s sad to see so many parents not making the most of their child‘s intelligence. Until recently parents had been warned by educators who asked them not to educate their children. Many teachers now realize that children cannot be educated only at school and parents are being asked to contribute both before and after the children enter school.

Parents have be en particularly afraid to teach reading at home. Of course children shouldn‘t be pushed to read by their parents but educators have discovered that reading is best taught individually—and the easiest place to do this is at home. Many four and five-year-old who have been shown a few letters and taught their sounds will compose single words of their own with

them even before they have been taught to read.

1. What have researchers found out about the influence of parents and the school on children‘s intelligence﹖

2. What do researchers conclude about children‘s learning patterns﹖

3. In which area may school play a more important role﹖

4. Why did many parents fail to make the most of their children‘s intelligence﹖

5. The author suggests in the last paragraph that parents should be encouraged to____.

答案：

1. Parents have greater influence than the school.

或Parent‘s influence is greater than the school‘s.

2. They are established well before the age of six.

3. In science subjects.

4. They were told not to educate their children

5. Teach reading at home.

We commonly think of sportsmanship in connection with athletic contests, but it also applies to individual outdoor sports. Not everyone who picks up a fishing rod or goes out with a gun is a sportsman. The sportsman first of all obeys the fish and game laws, not because he is liable to be punished as a violator, but because he know that in the main these laws are made for his best interests.

The following are some of the things that those who would qualify for membership in the sportsmanship fraternity (圈内人) will do.

1. Take no more game than the bag limit provided for by the fish and game laws. The person who comes back from a trip boasting about the large number of fish or game taken is not a sportsman but a game hog (贪得无厌的捕猎者) .

2. Observe the unwritten rules of fair play. This means shooting game birds only when the birds are ―on the wing‖. For the same reason, do not use a shotgun to shoot a rabbit or similar animal while it is sitting or standing still.

3. Be careful in removing illegal or undersized fish from the hook. This should be done only after wetting the hand. This is necessary because the body of the fish is covered with a thin, protective film which will stick to your dry hands. If the hands are dry when the fish is handled, the film is torn from the body of the fish. Without the protective film, the fish is more easily attacked by diseases. If you wish to release a fish that is hooked in such a way that it will be impossible to closed to the hook as convenient. In a remarkably short time, the hook will break down and the fish will remain almost unharmed. Fish have been known to feed successfully while hooks were still in their lips.

4. Be sure of the identity of your target before you shoot. Many useful and harmless species of wildlife are thoughtlessly killed by the uninformed person who is out with a gun to kill whatever flies within range.

1. In what respect does the author think individual outdoor sports are similar to athletic contests?

2. What are people called when they break the bag limit and boast about their big catch?

3. A true sportsman will not shoot an animal which is not ______

4. What are people advised to do before they remove illegal or undersized fish from the hook?

5. What should sportsman do to avoid killing rare species of wildlife?

答案：

1. Both of them are in common with sportsmanship

2. A game hog.

3. moving

4. To wet their hands.

5. They should know the identity of the target.

Sports is one of the world‘s largest industries, and most athletes are professionals w ho are paid for their efforts. Because an athlete succeeds by achievement only—not by economic background or family connections—sports can be a fast route to wealth, and many athletes play only for money than for love.

This has not always been true. In the ancient Olympics the winner got only a wreath of olive leaves (橄榄叶花环). Even though the winners became national heroes, the games remained amateur for centuries. Athletes won fame, but no money. As time passed, however, the contests became increasingly less amateur and cities began to hire athletes to represent them. By the fourth century A.D., the Olympics were ruined, and they were soon ended.

In 1896, the Olympic games were revived (使再度兴起)with the same goal of pure amateur competition. The rules bar athletes who have ever received a $50 prize or an athletic scholars or who have spent four weeks in a training camp. At least one competitor in the 1896 games met these qualifications. He was Spiridon Loues, a water carrier who won the marathon race, After race, a rich Athenian offered him anything he wanted. A true amateur, Loues accepted only a cart and a horse. Then he gave up running forever. But Loues was an exception and now, as the Chairman of the German Olympic Committee said, ―Nobody pays any attention to these rules.‖ Many countries pay their athletes to train year-round, and Olympic athletes are eager to sell their names to companies that make everything from ski equipment to fast food.

Even the games themselves have become a huge business. Countries fight to hold the Olympics not only for honor, but for money. The 1972 games in Munich cost the Germans 545 million dollars, but by selling medal symbols, TV rights, food, drink ,hotel rooms, and souvenirs (纪念品), they managed to make a profit. Appropriately, the symbol of victory in the Olympic Games is no longer a simple olive wreath—it is a gold medal.

1. To many people, sports today is nothing but___________.

2. What do most athletes of today go after?________.

3. What reward could an ancient Greek athlete expect?

4. When the Olympic Games were revived in 1896, athletes who had received special

training in camps would be_____.

5. What did Spiridon Loues do after he accepted the Athenian‘s gift?

答案：

1. a fast route to wealth

2. money

3. a wreath of olive leaves / olive wreath

4. barred

5. He gave up running forever./ Giving up running forever.

For many women choosing whether to work or not to work outside their home is a luxury: they must work to survive. Others face a hard decision.

Perhaps the easiest choice has to do with economics. One husband said, "Marge and I decided after careful consideration that for her to go back to work at this moment was an extravagance(奢侈) we couldn't afford." With two preschool children, it soon became clear in their figuring that with babysitters(临时照看小孩的人),transportation, and increased taxes, rather than having more money, they might actually end up with less.

Economic factors are usually the first to be considered, but they are not the most important. The most important aspects of the decision have to do with t he emotional needs of each member of the family. It is in this area that husband s and wives find themselves having to face many confusing and conflicting feelings.

There are many women who find that homemaking is boring or who feel imprison ed(被囚人) if they have to stay home with a young child or several children. On the other hand, there are women who think that homemaking gives them the deepest satisfaction.

From my own experience, I would like to suggest that sometimes the decision to go back to is made in too much haste. There are few decisions that I now regret more. I wasn't mature enough to see how much I could have gained at home. I regret my impatience to get on with my career. I wish I had allowed myself the luxury of watching the world through my little girl's eves.

1. Which word in the first two paragraphs best explains why many women have to work?

2. Why did Marge and her husband think it an extravagance for Marge to go back to work?

3. What are the two major considerations in deciding whether women should go out to work?

4. Some women would rather do housework and take care of their children than pursue a career because they feel______.

5. If given a second chance, the writer would probably choose to ______.

答案：

1. Economics.

2. Because the increased cost will be more than Marge's income.

3. Economic factors and emotional needs.

4. That homemaking gives them the deepest satisfaction.

5. Stay home.

The way our society is structured affects all human relationships. Outside the home we have a system of power relationship: worker/employer, individual/state, etc, and most people feel particularly powerless if their specific situation is beyond their control. The resultant stresses need outlets.

There are many different outlets. Many of us are inclined at least sometimes to take out our

frustration（挫折）on people nearest to us. The kind of destructive outlet that a woman uses may be physical—either against her husband or children—but more often it is directed towards her children who cannot walk out. Commonly, women turn violent feelings inwards: twice as many women as men suffer from depression（抑郁症）. Women are the most vulnerable（脆弱的）to depression. As far as men are concerned, they have been brought up to use their fists—and even encouraged to do so. So a man‘s outlet can, in its extreme form, involve physical violence against his wife and family. Many women have no way to escape: they cannot easily leave home. Compared with men, women are relatively powerless.

Women are expected to look after their children. Many women are consequently totally dependent on their husbands-incomes, or earn a little money at part-time, low-paid jobs. Fathers, on the other hand, are not seen by society as responsible for the care of their children. A man can still drink all his earnings if he wishes. One of the reasons some women put up with beating for so long is because they are concerned about how they could bring up the children with little money on their own if they left. Often, women finally leave only when they fear that their children are themselves in physical or mental danger from their fathers.

1. Human relationships outside and inside the home are based on______________________.

2. Physical violence a woman imposes on her children serves as an example of___________.

3. Why does the author think women are easier to suffer from depression?

4. What is men‘s role in the eyes of the society, according to this passage?

5. Women would not put up with beating and chose to leave home if financially ________.

答案：

1. the structure of our society

2. destructive outlet

3. Because they turn violent feelings inwards.

4. Earning an income./Income earner.

5. they could be/were independent

Would be language teachers everywhere have one thing in common: they all want some recognition of their professional status and skills, and a job. The fernier requirement is obviously important on a personal level, but it is vital if you are to have any chance of finding work.

Ten years ago, the situation was very different. In virtually every developing country , and in many developed countries as well, being a native English speaker was enough to get you employed as an English teacher.

Now employers will only look at teachers who have the knowledge, the skills and attitudes to teach English effectively. The result of this has been to raise non native English teachers to the same status as their native counterparts ( 相对应的人)something they have always deserved but seldom enjoyed. Non natives are now happy linguistic discrimination (语言上的歧视) is a thing of the past .

An ongoing research project, funded by the University of Cambridge, asked a sample of teachers, teacher educators and employers in more than 40 countries whether they regard the native/non native speakers dist inction as being at all important. ―NO‖ was the answer. As long as

candidates could teach and had the required level of English, it didn‘t matter who they were and where they came from. Thus, a new form of discrimination this time justified because it singled out the unqualified liberated the linguistically oppressed(受压迫的). But the Cambridge project did more than just that: it confirmed that the needs of native and non native teachers are extremely similar.

1. The selection of English teachers used to be mainly based on _______.

2. What did non native English teachers deserve but seldom enjoy?

3. What kind of people can now find a job as an English teacher?

4. What is the result of the ―new form of discrimination‖ (Line 5, Para. 4)?

5. The phrase ―the linguistically oppressed‖ (Line 6, Para. 4) refers to those who were _______.

答案：

1. Whether or not one was a native speaker.

2. The same status as their native counterparts.

3. Ones who can teach and have the required English level.

4. Non-native English teachers have been liberated.

Or: It singled out the unqualified.

5. Qualified English teachers because they were non-native speakers

Do women talk more than men? Do men talk in the same way as women? According to the latest research from the United States of America, men and women talk such different languages that it is like people from two different cultures trying to communicate. Professor Deborah Tannen of Georgetown University , has noticed differences in the style of boys‘ and girls‘ conversations from an early age. She says that little girls‘ conversation is less definite than boys‘ and expresses more doubts. Little boys use conversation to establish status with their listeners.

These differences continue into adult life, she says. In public conversations men talk most and interrupt other speakers more. In private conversations, men and women speak in equal amounts—although they say things in a different style. Profess or Tannen believes that, for women, private talking is a way to establish and test intimacy(亲密).For men, private talking is a way to explore the power structure of a relationship.

Teaching is one job where the differences between men‘s and women‘s ways of talking show. When a man teaches a woman, says Professor Tannen, he wants to show that he has more knowledge, and hence more power in conversation. He used his language to show this. When a woman teaches another woman, however, she is more likely to take a sharing approach and to encourage her student to join in.

But Professor Tannen does not believe that women are naturally more helpful. She says women feel they achieve power by being able to help others. Although the research suggests men talk and interrupt people more than women, Professor Tannen says women actually encourage this to happen because they believe it will lead to more intimacy and help to establish a relationship. Some scientists who are studying speech think that the brain is preprogrammed for language. As we are usually taught to speak by women, it seems likely that the brain must have a sexual bias in its programming; otherwise, male speech patterns would not arise at all.

1. What are the differences between little boys‘ and little girls‘ conversation?

__________________________________

2. Differences between men and women in adult conversations are that in private conversations ____.

3. According to the passage, study shows that a male teacher ____.

4. Why do men talk and interrupt others more than women do?

__________________________________

5. Women allow men to talk more and interrupt more because ____.

答案：

1. Girls‘ conversation is less definite and express more doubts

2. they speak in equal amounts but in different styles

3. wants to show his female students his knowledge

4. Because they are encouraged by women.

5. they believe that will lead to close relationship.

Many parents who welcome the idea of turning off the TV and spending more time with the family are still worried that without TV they would constantly be on call as entertainers for their children. They remember thinking up all sorts of things to do when they were kids. But their own kids seem different, less resourceful, somehow. When there‘s nothing to do, these parents observe regret fully, their kids seem unable to come up with anything to do beside turning on the TV.

One father, for example, says, ―When I was a kid, we were always thinking up things to do, projects and games. We certainly never complained in an annoying way to our parents. ?I have nothing to do!‘‖ He compares this with his own children today: ―They‘re simply lazy. If someone doesn‘t entertain them,they‘ll happily sit there watching TV all day.‖

There is one word for this father‘s disappointment: unfair. It is as if he were disappointed in them for not reading Greek though they have never studied the language. He deplores (哀叹) his children‘s lack of inventiveness, as if the ability to play were something innate（天生的）that his children are missing. In fact, while the tendency to play is built into the human species, the actual ability to play—to imagine, to invent, to elaborate on reality in a playful way—and the ability to gain fulfillment from it, these are skills that have to be learned and developed.

Such disappointment, however, is not only unjust, it is also destructive. Sensing their parents‘ disappointment, children come to believe that they are, indeed, lacking something, and that this makes them less worthy of admiration and respect. Giving children the opportunity to develop new resources, to enlarge their horizons and discover the pleasures of doing things on their own is, on the other hand, a way to help children develop a confident feeling about themselves as capable and interesting people.

1. According to many parents, without TV, their children would like them to ____.

2. Many parents think that, instead of watching a lot of TV, their children should ____.

3. The father often blames his children for not being able to entertain themselves. This is unfair because they____.

4. When parents show constant disappointment in their children, the destructive effect if that the children will ____.

5. Developing children‘s s elf-confidence helps bring them up to be ____.

答案：

1. play with themselves.

2. think up things to do.

3. have to learn and develop their playing abilities gradually.

4. lose their confidence and respectability.

5. capable and interesting people.

Loneliness is a curious thing. Most of us can remember feeling most lonely when we were not in fact alone at all, but when we were surrounded by people. Everyone has experienced, at some time, that utter sense of isolation that comes over you when you‘re at a party or in an audience at a lecture. It suddenly seems to you as if everybody knows everybody else; everybody is sure of himself; everybody, that is, except you.

This feeling of loneliness which can overcome you when you are in a crowd is very difficult to get rid of. People living alone are advised to tackle their loneliness by joining a club or a society, by going out and meeting people. Does this really help?

There are no easy solutions. Your first day at work, or at a new school or university, is a typical situation in which you are likely to feel lonely. You feel that everybody else is full of confidence and knows what to do, but you are adrift and helpless. The fact of the matter is that, in order to survive, we all put on a show of self-confidence to hide our uncertainties and doubts.

In a big city it is particularly easy to get the feeling that everybody except you is leading a full, rich, busy life. Everybody is going somewhere, and you tend to assume that they are going somewhere nice and interesting, whereas your destination is less exciting and fulfilling.

1. What is the passage mainly about?

2. We feel mostly lonely when we____.

3. What do people usually do to tackle their loneliness?

4. Why do we try to hide our sense of loneliness when we start a new job?

5. What do you tend to assume other‘s life to be when you are in a big city?

答案：

1. loneliness文中第一段讲Loneliness is a curious thing.第二段的中心句是This feeling of loneliness is very difficult to get rid of .第三段讲有时孤独是很难排遣的，最后一段讲身处大城市的人更易感到孤独。故而，孤独就是该文讲述的主题。

2. stay with people/are surrounded by people 从第一段第二句可知答案。

3. Joining a club or a society, going out and meeting people 从第二段第

二句可知答案。

4. In order to survive 从第三段最后一句可知答案。uncertainties and

doubts就是一种孤独的感觉(sense of loneliness)

5. Full, rich and busy从最后一段第一句可知答案。

Icebergs are among nature‘s most spectacular creations, and yet most people have never see one. A vague air of mystery envelops them. They come into being-somewhere-in faraway, frigid

(寒冷的)waters, amid thunderous noise and splashing turbulence, which in most cases no one hears or sees. They exist only a short time and then slowly waste away just as unnoticed.

Objects of sheerest beauty, they have been called. Appearing in an endless variety of shapes, they may be dazzlingly white, or they may be glassy blue, green or purple, tinted faintly or in darker hues. They are graceful, stately, inspiring in calm, sunlit seas.

But they are also called frightening and dangerous, and that they are—in the night, in the fog and in storms. Even in clear weather one is wise on stay a safe distance away from them. Most of their bulk is hidden below the water, so their underwater parts may extend out far beyond the visible top. Also, they may roll over unexpectedly, churning the waters around them.

Icebergs are parts of glaciers that break off drift into the water, float about awhile, and finally melt. Icebergs afloat today are made of snowflakes that have fallen over long ages of time. They embody snows that drifted down hundreds, or many thousands or some cases maybe a million years ago. The snows fell in polar regions and on cold mountains, where they melted only a little or not at all, and so collected to great depths over the years and centuries.

As each year‘s snow accumulation lay on the s urface, evaporation and melting caused the snowflakes slowly to lose their feathery points and become tiny grains of ice. When new snow fell on the top of the old, it too turned to icy grains. So blankets of snow and ice grains mounted layer upon layer and were of such great thickness that the weight of the upper layers compressed the lower ones .With time and pressure from above, the many small ice grains joined and changed to larger crystals, and eventually the deeper crystals merged into a solid mass of ice.

1. Why does the author state that icebergs are rarely seen?

2. Why are icebergs dangerous according to the passage?

3. What do icebergs originate from?

4. In line 16, the expression ―from above‖ refers to ____.

5. What‘s the author‘s attitude towa rd icebergs?

答案：

1. They exist only a short time 由第一段最后一句即可知答案。

2. most of their bulk is hidden below the water 由第三段第三句即可知答案。

3. parts of glaciers 由第一段第一句话即可知答案。

4. the upper layers of snow and ice grains由第五段第四句话即可知答案。

5. spectacular, mysterious, frightening and dangerous 综合第一段第三段可知答案。

A man's skin is thicker than a woman's and not nearly as soft. The thickness prevents the sun's radiation from getting through, which is why men wrinkle less than women do.

Women have a thin layer of fat just under the skin and there is a plus(有利因素)to this greater fat reserve. It acts as an invisible fur coat to keep a woman warmer in the winter.

Women also stay cooler in summer. The fat layer helps insulate them against heat.

Men's fat is distributed differently. And they do not have that layer of it underneath their skin. In fact, they have considerably less fat than women and more lean mass. Forty-one percent of a man's body is muscle compared to thirty-five percent for women, which means men have more muscle power. When it comes to strength, almost 90 percent of a man's weight is strength compared to about 50 percent of a woman' weight.

The higher proportion of muscle to fat makes it easier for men to lose weight. Muscle burns up five more calories a pound than fat does just to maintain itself. So when a man goes on a diet, the pounds roll off much faster.

For all men's muscularity they do not have the energy reserves women do. They have more start-up energy, but the fat tucked away in women's nook sand crannies(隐匿处)provides a rich energy reserve that men lack.

Cardiologists(心脏病专家)at the University of Alabama who tested healthy women on treadmills(单调而又劳累的活)discovered that over years the female capacity for exercise far exceeds the male capacity. A woman of sixty who is in good health can exercise up to 90 percent of what she could do when she was twenty. A man of sixty has only 60 percent left of his capacity as a twenty-year-old.

Question:

1. The title of the passage can be _____.

2. What makes men wrinkle less than women_____.

3. The thin layer of fat under women's skin keep_____ in summer.

4. The proportion of muscle to fat explains why it is _____ for women to lose weight compared

with men.

5. It is implied that the process of aging is _____ in a healthy woman.

答案：

1. Some Differences Between Men And Women.

2. The thickness of men's skin.

3. women cooler

4. more difficult OR not so easy

5. slower

Chronic disability is affecting people more frequently at younger and younger age. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, the percentage of children under 17 years of age who are limited in activity due to chronic conditions was increased by 86% from 1967 to 1979.

Mental disease is affecting more and more people. The National Institute of Mental Health estimated in 1984 that one in every five Americans had a mental disorder. This same study revealed that, during a six month period, 8.3% of Americans suffered from an anxiety disorder, 6.4% had an alcohol or drug problem, and 6% had a mood disorder.

In addition to these various trends, one of the more significant facts that will affect the future of health care is that a large percentage of the population will be over 65 years old. According to projections by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the size of the American population over 65 in 1985 will have doubled by 2030.

Futurists generally assume that twenty-first century medicine will include new and more powerful drugs and various innovative technological interventions. However, futurists tend to ignore the serious problem presently arising from conventional medications. According to 1986 statistics, the average American receives 7.5 prescriptions a year. This is a particularly frightening number because we all know people who have not been prescribed any medications in the past year, which means that someone else is getting their 7.5 drugs.

Question:

1. Chronic disability has ___________________ among teenagers.

2. Anxiety disorder, alcohol or drug problem are considered to be________________ disease.

3. According to the passage, futurists should _____________attention to the problems arising from conventional medications.

4. It can inferred from the statistics that a number of people have taken ________than the average.

5. This passage ______________________health problem.

答案：

1. increased greatly

2. mental

3. pay more

4. more drugs/medicine

5. is mainly about (or) discusses

The pleasure of Reading

ALL the wisdom of the ages , all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily and cheaply available to all of us within the covers of books, but we must know how to avail ourselves of this treasure and how to get the most from it. The most unfortunate people in the world are those who have never discovered how satisfying it to read good books.

I am most interested in people, in finding out about them. Some of the most remarkable people I've met existed only in a writer's imagination, then on the pages of his books, and then, again, in my imagination, I've found in books new society, and new words.

Reading is pleasure of the mind, which means that it is a little like a sport: your eagerness and knowledge and quickness make you a good reader. Reading is fun, not because the writer is telling you something, but because it makes your mind work. Your own imagination works along with the author's or even goes beyond his. Your experience, compared with his, brings you to the same or different conclusions, and your ideas develop as you understand his.

Every book stands by itself, like a one-family house, but books in a library are like houses in a city. Although they are separate, together they all add up to something. They are connected with each other and with other cities. The same ideas, or related ones, turn up in different place; the human problems that repeat themselves in life repeat themselves in literature, but whit different solutions according to different writing at different times. Books influence each other; they link the past and the future and have their own generations, like families. Wherever you start reading, you connect yourself with one of the families of ideas, and in the long run, you not only find out the world and people in it; you find out about yourself too.

Reading can only be fun if you expect it to be. If you concentrate on books somebody tells you you ―ought‖to read, you probably won't have fun. But if you put down a book you don't like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good time--and if you become, as a result of reading, better, wiser, kinder, or more gentle, you won't have suffered during the process.

1. What kind of people are the most unfortunate in the writer's eyes?

2. What has the author benefited from books?

3. Why does the writer think reading is fun?

4. What does the phrase ―turn up‖ mean in paragraph 4?

5. How will people feel if they are forced to read a book?

答案：

1. Those who don‘t know the pleasure of reading.

2. He has found new friends, new society and new words.

3. Because reading makes our minds work.

4. It means ―appear‖

5. They won‘t have fun.

So You Think You Want to Smoke

In one of my fondest childhood memories, my grandmother is serving me tea in a delicate, hand-painted china cup, one of eight in a shelf in her dining room. Then she says to me, "Trudy, someday these will be yours."

About this same time, when I was in the first grade, I'd see a certain woman walking past my school. She was tall and beautiful, stylish, with long, red fingernails. And between two of those fingers she held a cigarette. I never knew her name, but for years she remained my idol.

One night when my parents were out, I opened drawer where Dad kept his cigarettes. I lit one. It didn't taste good, but it made me feel like that elegant lady.

At 16 I moved out of the house, I loved the feeling of taking care of myself. I had my own apartment and worked as a waitress and I always had a pack of Marlboros in my pocket.

On day when I was about 35, I was running back and forth between tables and suddenly could not catch my breath, it was like somebody was holding me underwater, then, seven years later, at 42, I was diagnosed with emphysema--a lung disease. I knew it was caused by cigarettes, but I kept right on smoking.

In 1992 I went for my checkup. The doctor said ,"You tests are discouraging, your only option is a lung transplant（移植）."

I had the operation on Easter 1993. Now a year and a half after the transplant, I take 23 pills a day. To pay the bills, I was forced to sell my home and possessions. And one day, I made the saddest journey of my life: back to my mother's house. "Mom," I said, "I'm broke, will you take me in ?‖

"Sure, honey," she said. I had been my own person from the time I was 16, and now I was begging my 73-year-old mother to tack care of me again, I couldn't help crying.

I still hadn't finished my hospital bills. My last things of any commercial value were those eight teacups my grandmother had left me. I had no choice.

When the buyer came, I set the cups on Mom's dining-room table. I told the man he could only have six. He wrote me a check. And as he walked out the door, I felt I had betrayed the trust my grandmother placed in me as a little girl.

I still have the two remaining cups. They are all that is left of a life that went up in smoke. Comprehension

(完整)高中英语词性转换常见词汇

词性转换总结与归纳动词变名词 announce—announcement通知 equip 装备---equipment 装备，器材(不可名) settle—settlement定居，安定 achieve---achievement 成就 amuse--amusement 娱乐 manage---management 经营管理 advertise--- advertisement广告 agree— agreement同意disgree—disagreement不同意 argue---argument争吵commit—commitment奉献 develop---development发展 govern 统治—government 政府 describe—description描写，描绘erupt—eruption爆发 affect—affection影响 satisfy—satisfaction满意，满足select—selection挑选，选择

permit—permission允许admit—admission承认，允许invite—invitation 邀请，请帖devote—devotion献身，专注apply—application申请，申请书produce—production生产，产品protect—protection保护 educate-----education教育consider—consideration考虑attract—attraction 吸引力，吸引instruct—instruction 指导，介绍discuss—discussion 讨论appreciate—appreciation感激，欣赏recognize—recognition认出conclude—conclusion 结论 decide----decision 决定compete—competition比赛 express 表达----expression 词语；表达方式graduate 毕业—graduation operate—operation操作，动手术organize----organization 组织imagine—imagination 想象力

现代汉语语法特点

现代汉语语法特点本节课的内容（参考P232，P7） ?分析现代汉语语法的主要特点 ?重点：用具体的语言事实理解现代汉语语法的特点。 ?思考题（1-3） ? 1.对比下面的材料，理解汉英两种语言在语法方面的差异。 ?（1）a child；two children ?一个小孩；两个小孩 ?（2）She is always ready to help us. 他随时都在准备帮助我们。 ?We are always ready to help her. 我们随时都在准备帮助他。 ?理解：语法方面的差异是什么？ ? 2.对比下面的材料，理解汉英两种语言在语法方面的差异。 ?（1）He criticized my taking risks. 他批评了我的冒险活动。 ?（2）His criticism doesn't worry me. ?他的批评不会使我不安。（3）I don't like to read his literary criticism. 我不喜欢读他的文学批评。 ?理解：语法方面的差异是什么？ ?小结：“汉英语语法方面的差异” ?（1）汉语有个体量词，而英语没有。 ?（2）英语这一类的印欧语言有丰富的形态变化，而汉语没有。英语用不同的形态来表示相应的语法意义，比如英语的名词有数的变化（a book：two books），代词有主格宾格的变化（I：me；he：him；she：her），动词有时、体、态的变化（study，studies，studying，studied），等等。 ?思考题 ? 3.观察下面这段文字，体会句子的差异是由什么造成的。 ?辣妹子从小辣不怕辣妹子长大不怕辣辣妹子嫁人怕不辣辣妹子从来辣不怕辣妹子生性不怕辣辣妹子出门怕不辣体会意义：不怕辣辣不怕怕不辣 ?类似的例子不怕难难不怕怕不难做人难难做人人难做想吃饭想饭吃饭想吃 ?小结：“汉语语法方面的特点” ?语序可以表达不同的意义，可以造成不同的结构。语序在汉语中的地位十分重要。 ?分析方法现代汉语汉语语法特点只有在对比中发现，比如和印欧语对比。主要有5个方面的特点。 ?现代汉语语法的特点 ?（一）汉语没有严格意义的形态变化 ?（二）语序和虚词是汉语主要的语法手段 ?（三）汉语中词类与句法成分之间不是简单的对应关系 ?（四）汉语中词、短语和句子的结构方式基本一致 ?（五）汉语里有丰富的量词和语气词

语言语法范畴

什么是语法范畴？语法范畴是什么意思？语法范畴就是对各种语法意义的归类。而广义的语法范畴也包括名词、动词等词类，甚至包括句子（句法范畴）。语法范畴有广义和狭义之分。广义语法范畴是各种语法形式表示的语法意义的概括。广义语法范畴，从语法形式上看，包括所有显性语法形式和隐性语法形式，从语法意义上看，包括所有结构意义、功能意义和表述意义。如结构范畴：主谓结构、动宾结构等等；功能范畴：名词、动词等词类范畴；表述范畴：如陈述、疑问等语气范畴。狭义语法范畴是词的形态变化表示的语法意义的概括，又称形态语法范畴。词的形态变化是用附加词缀、内部屈折、重叠、重音等方式构成同一个词的不同语法变体，简称词形变化。一般来说，确定一种语言中是否有某种狭义语法范畴，就是看这种语言是否用词形变化表示这种语法意义。而一旦通过词形变化确定了某种狭义语法范畴，有时不用词形变化，而用别的形式如前置词、后置词、冠词等虚词或助动词表示，这些非词形变化形式也被看作狭义语法范畴的语法形式。但如果某种语言完全不用词形变化表示某种语法意义，只用辅助词等其他形式表示，就不是狭义语法范畴。一般所说的语法范畴，多是狭义语法范畴。以下介绍几种常见的语法范畴。 1.性性是主要与名词相关的语法范畴，一般是把名词分成阴性、阳性、中性或阴性、阳性，并用不同的形式标志表示。有些语言形容词和冠词也有性的分别。俄语名词分阴性、阳性、中性三类，分别用不同的词缀表示，但每个名词只有其中一种形式，没有词形变化。俄语形容词则用词形变化表示阴性、阳性和中性，每个形容词有三种不同的词形，并与名词的性保持一致。德语则用冠词的词形变化来区别名词的阴性、阳性和中性，名词本身没有性的形式变化。法语只有阴性和阳性之分，也是用冠词的词形变化表示，名词本身也没有性的形态变化。所以名词的性只是一种功能范畴，不属形态语法范畴；形容词和冠词都有性的词形变化，属形态语法范畴。不管是用什么方式区别名词的性，名词的性都只是一种语法类别。作为语法类别的性，与事物的自然性别有一定的联系，表示动物的名词的性与动物的自然性别大体上相应，但也有不相应的。如德语Weib（妇女）、Madchen（少女）、Fraulein（年轻女士）在语法上是中性。至于表示非动物的名词的性别，客观依据就不太明显了。 2.数数也是主要与名词相关的语法范畴，一般用名词（或代词）的词形变化区别单数和复数，或是单数、双数和复数（大于二的数）。有些语言中动词、形容词或冠词也有数的形态变化，与名词的数在形式上保持一致。俄语的名词、代词、动词、形容词都有单数与复数的词形变化，并相互保持一致。阿拉伯语、斯洛文尼亚语等，名词分单数、双数和复数三种形式。汉语的人称代词和指人的名词后面可以加“们”表示复数，但表示复数时也可不加“们”。

上汉语言语法课的感受

上汉语言语法课的感受集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-

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法语动词变位最强归纳总结

秋风清，秋月明,落叶聚还散,寒鸦栖复惊。法语动词变位最强归纳总结【转自缘缘法语】一：第一组动词 1．普通的第一组动词：如aimer: je aime tu aimes il aime nous aimons vous a imez 2，特殊的第一组动词： A：以-eler或-eter 结尾的第一组动词：在所有的单数人称以及复数第三人称变位形式中，词尾字母："l"变成"ll"，词尾字母"t"变成"tt" ，appeler ，jeter。直陈式现在时：appeler ：j 'appelle tu appelles il appelle nous appelons vous appelez ils appellent 未完成过去时：不变复合过去时：不变简单将来时：全部双写：nous appellerons 过去将来时（条件式）：全部双写：nous appellerions 虚拟式同类词：jeter , projeter 例外：acheter，corseter，crocheter，fureter，haleter和geler ，celer，peler，c iseler，démanteler，écarteler，marteler，modeler的变位与下面B组中的词相同，即不双写，而是变为开口。 B：以-éder，-érer，-ever，-éter结尾的第一组动词：在所有的单数人称以及复数第三人称变位形式中，词尾字母："é"或"e"因发音的要求变成开口的"è"，例如动词posséder , espérer, lever, répéter 。

直陈式现在时：posséder：je possède tu possèdes il possède nous possédons vous possédez ils possèdent lever：je lève tu lèves il lève nous levons vous levez ils lèvent 未完成过去时：不变复合过去时：不变简单将来时：全开口nous possèderons 过去将来时（条件式）：全开口nous possèderions 虚拟式：同类词：espérer , soulever, répéter, peser , révéler ,enlever ,préférer ,préle ver ,mener 。 C：以-ayer, -oyer , -uyer结尾的第一组的动词：在所有的单数人称以及复数第三人称的变位形式中，词尾字母y变成i，例如动词essayer，envoyer，ennuyer。直陈式现在时：payer：je paie tu paies il paie nous payons vous payez ils pai ent envoyer：j'envoie tu envoies il envoie nous envoyons vous envoyez ils envo ient essuyer：j'essuie tu essuies il essuie nous essuyons vous essuyez ils essuie nt 未完成过去时：不变复合过去时：不变简单将来时：特殊过去将来时（条件式）：特殊虚拟式：同类词：employer, appuyer, balayer, nettoyer,déployer,ennuyer,essayer 。 D：以-cer或-ger结尾的第一组动词：复数第一人称nous 的词尾应为-?ons或-geons，如动词commencer , manger 。直陈式现在时：commencer：je commence tu commences il commence nous c ommen?ons

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04语法形式和语法意义

第四讲关于语法形式和语法意义的理论前面我们已经指出：语法研究的最终目的就是为了探求语法形式和语法意义之间的对应关系，那么，我们就有必要对语法形式和语法意义有一个清晰的认识和了解，弄清楚什么是语法形式，什么是语法意义。 4．1语法形式什么是语法形式呢?我们先看下面的一个例子：我们用层次分析把上面这句话分析成大大小小的片段。如果把一个大片段里包含的小片段叫做“成分”，把小片段组合而成的大片段叫做“组合”，那么上面例子中的片段可以分为三类： a．——是组合，不是成分——句子。 b．└─┘是组合，也是成分——词组。 c．不是组合，是成分——词。 a、b、c三类片段合称为语法形式，即它们都是语法形式。语法形式是具体语言里分析出来的成分或组合，或者说语法形式是词、词组和句子的形式的总和。语法形式包括有形的语法形式和无形的语法形式。狭义的语法形式只指有形的语法形式，广义的语法形式包括有形的语法形式和无形的语法形式。对有形的语法形式和无形的语法形式进行分解，就得到了有形的语法形式和无形的语法形式的各种构成因素。 4.1.1有形的语法形式的构成因素有形的语法形式的构成因素如下： (1)语序。语序不同，表达的语法意义也不同。例如：红花(定中) 花红(主谓) 跑快点(述补) 快点跑(状中) (2)停顿。停顿往往是结构成分的分界点，也是层次的切分点。例如：咬死了／猎人的狗咬死了猎人的／狗广东和福建的／部分地区广东／和福建的部分地区 (3)轻重音。不同的轻重音也能表达不同的语法意义。轻重音区别语法意义的作用在虚词中尤为明显。例如：你想好了再说。(“再”轻读，表示接续义) 你唱完了再唱一个。(“再”重读，表示重复义) 我已经吃过了。(“过”重读，表示完成态) 北京我以前去过。(“过”轻读，表示经历态) (4)重叠。重叠是汉语语法的一种语法手段。重叠可以表示程度的减弱，也可以表示程度的加强，可以表示短时态、尝试态等。重叠表示什么语法意义，涉

词形转换(1)

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词性转换常见规律归纳

动词变名词1.v+ ment 结尾 achieve---achievement 成就advertise---advertisement advertising agree— agreement argue---argument争吵announce --- announcement 通知amuse--- amusement 娱乐commit奉献—commitment develop---development disgree—disagreement equip装备---equipment装备，器材govern 统治—government 政府manage---management 经营管理settle--- settlement 定居 2．V+ tion 结尾以t, te, de, 结尾的动词常去E 或直接加ion admit 承认—admission attract吸引—attraction 有吸引力的事或人；令人向往的地方 conclude—conclusion 结论compete—competition竞争，比赛discuss—discussion 讨论educate-----education decide----decision describe—description描写，描绘organize----organization imagine—imagination 想象力introduce—introduction 介绍instruct—instruction 指导，介绍invent—inventor / invention illustrate 阐明，举例说明--illustration invite—invitation inspire---inspiration 灵感，鼓舞人心的pollute----pollution 污染 predict---prediction 预言pronounce ---pronunciation resolve 决心-----resolution 决心impress 给人印象—impression 印象 permit 允许-----permission suggest-建议，暗示--suggestion solve解决-----solution 解决方法 3．V+ ance 结尾 allow—allowance 允许appear—appearance 外貌，出现perform----performance 演出exist—existance 存在 4．V+ ing 结尾 bathe 洗澡---bathing end 结束----ending 结尾，结局train 训练---training mean ---- meaning 意义say-----saying 谚语 5．V+ 其他 beg(乞讨)—beggar 乞丐 sit--seat 座位

语法讲义.docx

《语法讲义》读后感本学期在老师的推荐下，我读了朱德熙先生的《语法讲义》。在读这本书的时候，总是会忍不住想做笔记梳理知识点，作为一个中文系的学生来讲，这可能是由于在大一时期长期处于被《现代汉语》支配的恐惧所造成的。朱德熙先生的《语法讲义》是语法学界最有权威的一部语法学著作，读这本书时，大部分是熟悉的内容，尽管熟悉，但是以前这些语法知识，我头脑中是混乱不成体系的，因为我一直对语法方面不太敏感。读这本著作时，每读一部分，就会梳理清楚一些。读完之后，虽然忘记的也很多，但是我还是觉得收获不小。本篇读后感我想从这些内容的归纳，收获以及启示、还有存疑的地方这三点来完成。一、语法讲义的主要内容《语法讲义》这本著作分为了十八章来讲，分别就语法单位、词的构造、词类、句型等内容做了多方面，具体的阐释。下面主要是对一些主要章节具体内容的归纳阐释。第一章为语法单位，从语素、词、词组、句子等最基本的语法内容讲起。在这一章里我了解到了语素作为语法系统里的基本符号，有单音节语素、多音节语素；自由语素、粘着语素；定位语素、不定位语素、成词语素、不成词语素等不同方向上的分类。词是比语素高一级的单位，它可以分为单纯词和合成词。在区分是不是词的时候，朱德熙先生归纳了目前存在的三种方法，我们可以根据能不能单独成句、语言成分活动能力的强弱、扩展法等三种方法来判定是不是词，朱德熙先生指出，这三种方法其实是有着各自不同的缺陷的，比如在划分“铁路”、“白菜”、“理发”等词语时，都不能根据其中单一的标准来划分，否则就会出现歧义。所以我们在划分一个词的时候，需要综合运用多种分类方法，具体问题具体分析。在本章中，朱德熙先生还讲到了词组，并具体阐释了词组的几大类型：偏正结构、述宾结构、述补结构、主谓结构、连谓结构。并通过举例“我们班有许多外国留学生”来介绍了层次分析的具体应用以及二分法。在本章中，朱德熙先生还指出任何句法结构都可以从两个不同的方面来观察，一个看句子的内部结构，一个看语法功能。本章的第四节是句子。本节中介绍了句子的分类，从结构上分为单句和复句两大类，单句又可分为主谓句和非主谓句。从句子的功能上看，又可以把它分成陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、称呼句、感叹句五类，朱德熙先生指出，形式与功能之间的关系是错综的，因此这五类句子有交叉的情形。第二章的主要内容为词的构造，主要讲了几种词的构造的主要类型。如重叠式、附加式、前缀、后缀、复合式等类型的词的构成方式，并细化了其中的一些分类，比如重叠式副词中的基式，附加式中区分一些附加式词语与复合词的辨析，后缀中的副词后缀、状态形容词后缀、“的”与“得”的区别等。并对一些复杂的合成词，以及特殊的复合词中的紧缩式与减缩式进行了区分。并对并立式复合词进行了具体阐释。第三章从大的层面上讲述了词类的知识。本章首先介绍了划分词类的几大依据：词的意义、语法功能、形态变化三大方面划分，但朱德熙先生指出，实际上根据词的意义来划分词类的方法是行不通的，虽然词的语法功能和意义之间有着密切联系，但是我们在划分词类的时候，只能根据词的语法功能来划分。在印欧语系中，比较适合运用词的形态变化来划分词类，而汉语由于缺乏形态变化，只能通过词的语法功能来进行分类。除此之外，本章还讲到了词的共性与个性，词的兼类等内容。朱德熙先生还指出，汉语的词分为实词与虚词两大类，并具体阐

认知语法理论对英语语法教学的启示

龙源期刊网 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0c11777707.html, 认知语法理论对英语语法教学的启示作者：邓斌石文君来源：《读写算》2014年第08期【摘要】 Langacker的认知语法理论为建构语法提供了认知模型，将语法看作是象征性的层面，其表达的具体形式和句法行为是由语义结构推动的，与意象和图式不可分割，这为英语名词复数形式等方面提供了很强的解释力及教学价值。【关键词】语法教学认知语法教学启示一、引言语法教学是外语教学中的重要环节之一，但二语教学中一直是争论的要点。传统的语法翻译法认为语言学习实质上就是学习一套外语语法规则，但它忽视了学习者的自主性和创造性，过于追求语法的准确性。直接法、听说法等教学法对于语法概念过于狭窄，语法教学过于抽象，脱离实际，语言交际能力不足。在交际教学法中，语法教学服从于交际教学，语法项目的安排也随交际教学的要求安排，有些语法项目甚至被完全忽略，缺少系统性和阶段性。但不可否认的是语法教学能够使语言材料输入更易接受，能促进学习者的语言习得。而认知语法的奠基人Ronald Langacker提出的认知语法理论为当前英语语法教学开辟了新道路，为解释许多语法问题及教学实践，例如英语名词复数形式等提供了新的视点。二、认知语法 Langacker的认知语法是从识解和构式的角度研究语言结构，重视人的认知模式来构建语言规则，研究人类语言系统的心智表征。语法涉及形式和意义两个方面。与形式语法相反，认知语言学不认为语法是纯粹的形式问题，也不认为意义是基于真值和参照的。 1. 象征单位和构造语言在本质上具有象征性。Langacker将语言单位分为三类：音位单位，语义单位，象征单位。而语言则是由象征单位建构而成，这些象征单位小至词素，大至语篇。由于受索绪尔语言观的影响，Langacker 将象征单位称为音位单位与语义单位的结合体，用公式表示为：象征单位=音位单位+语义单位。但Langacker 则认为语言符号是具有理据性的，并非任意的。而构造则是形和义的结合体。这里的构造与传统语言学所说的构造不同。认知语法中所说的构造范围更为宽泛，是形式结构与概念结构的结合体，以特定的方式组织存储于说话者的语言系统中[1]。 2. Langacker的认知语法理论

语法

1,Leave/fly/come/go /move这些表示位置移动的动词常用现在进行时表将来时。注意与be going to+v-原区分 2，mind doing sth介意做某事 3，spend (time)doing sth花时间做某事。 4,Have great fun doing sth高兴做某事 5，enjoy doing sth喜欢做某事 6，地点副词前面不用介词（there/here/home） 7,say sorry to sb for sth为某事向某人道歉 8,keep sb doing sth让某人一直不停地做某事 9，be sure of sth/sb相信某事、人、be sure to do sth一定会做某事Be sure to do sth务必要做某事。 10小心，当心be careful /watch out /look care/look out 11, had better ( not ) to do sth 12 , help sb (to) do sth/help sb with sth 13, one…..the other一个·····另一个 14其它的other+名词=疑问代词、副词+else 15It takes sb (time) to do sth 16,take sth to sb把某物带给某人 1, look up the word in the dicationary 2, pass sb sth=pass sth to sb 3,thank you sb for doing sth感谢某人做某事 4，good at doing sth擅长与做某事 5，would like to do sth 6, what about doing sth 7,much不能直接修饰形容词或副词的原级，可以修饰比较级；more+多音节adj/adv原级8，must否答needn’t/don’t have to 9,take off脱下take out把······拿出来put on穿上put off推迟 10，may情-v+v-原May be也许是Maybe也许adv修饰v或adj 11, I’d better=I had better I’d like=I would like 12,否定句中some改成any 13, call sb=phone sb=give sb a call=give sb a phone 14,不接触的over the desk在·····上方（垂直） Above the desk在·····上方（斜）接触的on在······上面 15，through(从中间)穿过 Across（从表面）穿过介词(与动词搭配成为动词) 1，动词cross/pass穿过=go across 2，动名词v-ing 3，到达arrive in/at=get to=reach 4，During在····期间among在·····中间between``````and```在·····之间 5，By+交通工具=on one’s+交通工具 6，Cry哭，哭声sound声音（泛指任何声音）noise吵闹的voice(指人的)说话声