1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总
华北电力大学科技学院
毕业设计（论文）附件
外文文献翻译
学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊
所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰
原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract
2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统
摘要
红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。
本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。
关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。
1 绪论
1．1 课题研究的背景及意义
红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。是一种通过数据电脉冲和红外光脉冲之间的相互转换实现无线的数据收发的技术。
红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。
红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用作用很大。目前，全世界有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。比如有95％的笔记本电脑就安装了红外收发器接口,现在绝大多数手机上也配置红外收发器接口。而且随着交换的数据量变大，红外数据通讯将使手机的数据传输越来越方便。随着红外数据传输技术越来越成熟、完善、成本更低廉，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。
本章首先阐述了红外收发集成电路设计课题的背景和意义，然后简要介绍了红外数据通讯技术的特点和应用领域，以及红外收发器产品的特点、国内外现状和发展趋势，最后根据红外遥控收发系统的实际应用性确立了课题的设计定位。1．2 红外遥控收发系统简介
红外遥控系统分为单通道遥控和多通道遥控。只有一个指令信号传送通道的称为单通道遥控系统;具有两个以上指令信号传送通道的称为多通道遥控系统。单通道遥控比较简单,一般来说,发射器仅有一个指令键,接收器也只有一个执行电路。虽然在接收电路中加入多稳态记忆电路,可以根据按动发射器指令键的次数,使接收电路中的多稳态记忆电路的状态多次改变,实现多项功能控制,但是这种状态的改变是顺序进行的。如果要实现一项任意控制,就要采用多通道遥控系统。多通道遥控可以实现对被控对象的任意多功能遥控。至于选用几个通道及何种控制方式,要根据实际情况(如被控对象、操作要求及成本核算等)来决定。一般的红外遥控收发系统是由红外遥控信号编码发送器、红外遥控信号接收器和解码器（解码芯片或单片机）及其外围电路等三部分构成的。信号发送器用来产生遥控编码脉冲，驱动红外
发射管输出红外遥控信号，接收器完成对遥控信号的放大、检波、整形并解调出编码脉冲。红外遥控编码脉冲是一组组连续的串行二进制码，对于一般的红外收发系统，此串行码作为微控制器的遥控输入信号，由其内部CPU完成对遥控指令的解码，对其他各种红外遥控收发电子产品的设计者来说，上述的微控制器内部解码出的遥控指令是不便于利用的。因此，人们利用红外编/解码芯片及单片机研制出多种通用红外遥控收发系统，在各种设备之间进行红外信号的收发。
遥控收发系统一般由发射器和接收器两部分组成。发射器一般由指令键、指令编码电路、调制电路、驱动电路、发射电路等几部分组成。当按下某键时,指令编码电路,产生相应的指令编码信号,编码指令信号对载波进行调制,再由驱动电路进行功率放大之后由发射电路向外发射经过调制的指令编码信号。接收器一般由接收电路、放大电路、解调电路、指令译码电路、驱动电路、执行电路等几部分组成。接收电路将发射器发射的已调制的编码指令信号接收下来,并进行放大后送解调电路。解调电路将已调制的编码信号解调下来,即还原为编码信号。指令译码器将编码指令信号进行译码,最后由驱动电路来驱动执行电路实现各种指令的操作控制。1．3 红外遥控收发器产品概况
1.3.1红外遥控收发器产品的结构和类型
目前红外收发器按照工作模式和传输速率可分为四类：串行模式，最高速率为115.2Kbps；中速模式：最高速率为0.567Mbps和1.152Mbps；高速模式：最高速率为16Mbps。
另外按芯片功耗大小又可以分为低功耗型和标准型两类，低功耗型通常使用3V 电源，传输距离较近，约0-30cm，标准型通常使用5V电源，传输距离较远最少1m以上。
1.3.2红外遥控收发器的国内外现状
在红外通信技术发展的早期，存在好几个红外通信标准，不同标准之间红外设备不能进行红外通信。为了使各种红外设备能够互联互通，1993年由20多个大厂商发起成立了红外数据协会（IRDA）统一了红外通信的标准，这就是目前被广泛使用的红外数据通信协议及规范，也称为IRDA标准。
自1993年IRDA成立至今，红外数据协会的会员已经发展到150多个，IRDA标准已经获得了业界广泛认同和支持。已经开发出来的具备红外通讯能力的设备已经有一百多种之多，红外模块的年装机量已经达到一亿五千万套。尽管现在有了同样是近距离无线通讯的蓝牙技术，但以红外通讯技术低廉的成本和广泛的兼容性的优势，红外数据通讯仍旧会在将来很长一段时间内在短距离的无线数据通讯领域扮演重要角色。
由IRDA协会的资料表明，国外公司的红外收发器产品起步较早，已经形成了红外收发器的配套生产产业链。由以下部分组成：Sharp等公司主要提供红外发光二极管和光敏二极管；Agilent等公司主要设计制作红外收发芯片；Infineon等公司主要从事红外收发器封装；IBM、Microsoft等公司则推出红外数据收发器驱动程序和红外通信软件。其中如Agilent等公司还具有生产红外收发器系列产品的能力，而HP、IBM等大公司则专门为自己公司产品配备红外收发器。
在中国台湾地区也形成了一批红外收发产品的生产厂家和公司，但在大陆地区只有一些器件销售公司在做这些国际公司和台湾公司的代理，缺乏具有自主产权的该类产品。
1.3.3红外收发器产品的发展趋势
在各种红外收发器产品中，虽然传输速率、传输距离等特性不同，但红外收发器产品一直朝着提高传输速率，增加传输距离，降低功耗，扩大发射接收角度等方面发展。特别是随着技术发展和成熟，传输方式正朝着点对多点方向发展。因此红外遥控收发器产品还有更加宽广的发展前景。
2 红外通信的基础知识
2．1红外线基础知识
2.1.1红外线概述
红外线实质上是一种电磁波。从分析自然界中各种电磁波组成的波可知，波谱是由：射线，ｘ射线、紫外线、可见光、红外线、微波和无线波组成的。从形式上
看，它们之间似乎没有关系，但如果按照他们的波长依次排列，就会发现和我们形影不离的可见光只占了整个波谱中0.38μm-0.76μm长的这么一点儿范围，而和可见光相邻的红外线（包括远红外线、中红外线和近红外线外）却占了波谱中0.76μm-1000μm的一大段。其中微米波长范围内又包括了紫外光、可见光、近红外、中红外、远红外、微波。
从上述分析可知，红外线是一种十分丰富的波谱资源，目前它己在生产、生活、军事、医疗等多方面得到了广泛的应用，例如红外线加热、红外线医疗期间、红外线通信、红外线摄像、红外线遥控等。红外线遥控只是红外线
众多应用中的一部分，目前在家用电器中广泛应用的彩电遥控器、录像机遥控器、VCD遥控器、高保真音响遥控器等，都采用了红外线遥控，它使这些家用电器的控制变得十分简单方便。
2.1.2红外线的特性
红外线是介于可见光和微波之间的一种电磁波，因此它具有相临波的某些特性。在近红外区，它和可见光相邻，因此具有可见光的某些特性，如直线传播、反射、折射、散射、衍射、可被某些物体吸收以及可以通过透镜将其聚焦等。在远红外区，由于它邻近微波区，因此它具有微波的某些特性，如较强的穿透能力和能贯穿某些不透明物质等。在自不论任何物体，然界中，也不论其本身是否发光（指可见光）只要其温度高于绝对零度（-273℃），都会一刻不停地向周围辐射红外线。只不过是温度较高的物体辐射的红外线较强，温度低的物体辐射的红外线较弱。因此红外线的最大特点是普遍存在于自然界中，又叫做热辐射线简称热辐射。红外线摄像、红外线夜市、热释电红外探测以及某些导弹的瞄准等就是利用红外线的这一特性工作的。
红外线和可见光相比的另一个特点是，色彩丰富多样。由于可见光的最长波长是最短波长的1倍（780nm-380nm），所以也叫作一个倍频程。而红外线的最长波长是最短波长的1倍，而红外线的最长波长是最短波长的10倍，即有10个倍频程。因此如果可见光能表现为7种颜色，则红外线便可能表现70种颜色，显示了丰富的色彩。红外线透过烟雾的性能好，这是它的又一个特点。
由于红外线为不可见光,因此对环境影响很小。再由红外光波的波长远小于无
线电波的波长,所以红外线遥控不会影响邻近的无线电设备。另外波长小于1.5μm 的近红外光,在透明大气中的传输特性要比可见光好得多,而且由于它靠近可见光的红光边缘,其直线传播、反射、折射和被物质吸收等物理特性与可见光非常相似。因此,它可以使用与可见光类似的聚焦透镜等光学装置。由于红外线遥控不具有像无线电遥控那样穿过障碍物去控制被控制对象的能力,所以,在设计家用电器的红外线遥控器时,不必要像无线电遥控那样,每一套(发射器和接收器)要有不同的遥控频率或编码(否则,就会隔墙控制或干扰邻居的家用电器) ,所有同类产品的红外线遥控器,可以有相同的遥控频率或编码,而不会出现遥控信号“串门”的情况。这对于普及红外线遥控提供了极大的方便。红外线为不可见光线,具有很强的隐蔽性和保密性,因此,在防盗、警戒等安全保卫装置中也得到了广泛地应用。红外线遥控具有结构简单、制作方便、成本低廉、抗干扰能力强、工作可靠性高等一系列优点,是近距离遥控、特别是室内遥控的优选遥控方式。
Infrared Remote Control System
Abstract
Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, not by the electromagnetic interference etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application.
The purpose that design this syste m is transmit customer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attain enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accompl ish customer’s operation demand.
Keywords:Infrared；Code；Decoding；LM386；Redout-side transceiver
1 Introduction
1.1 research the background and significance
Infrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many hardware and software platforms supported. Is a data through electrical pulses and infrared optical pulse switch between the wireless data transceiver technology.
Infrared transceiver products with low cost, small, fast transmission rate, the point-to-point transmission security, not subject to electromagnetic interference and other characteristics that can be achieved between the different products, rapid, convenient and safe exchange and transmission, In short distance wireless transmission have a very distinct advantage.
Infrared transceiver products in the portable product of a great role. At present, the world's 150 million piece of equipment used infrared technology in electronic products and industrial equipment. medical equipment and other fields widely used. For example, 95% of the notebook computers on the installation of infrared transceiver interface the majority of the cell phone is also the allocation of infrared transceiver interface. With the exchange of quantitative data, infrared data communications will enable cell phone data transmission more convenient. With infrared data transmission technology matures, perfect, low costs, Infrared Transceiver in short distance communications will be more widely applied.
This chapter first describes the infrared transceiver IC design issues to the background and significance. then briefed the infrared data communications technology features and applications, and infrared transceiver product characteristics, domestic and international situation and development trend of the last under infrared remote transceiver system in practical application to establish a task of design orientation.
1.2 Infrared Remote Control Transceiver System
Infrared remote control system is divided into single-channel and multi-channel remote control. Only a command signal transmission channel, called single-channel
remote control system; with more than two instructions signal transmission channel known as a multi-channel remote control system. Relatively simple single-channel remote control, in general, only a launcher directive Key receivers and only one circuit implementation. While in the receiving circuit to add more stable memory circuits that can be activated commands to launch a number of key, so that the receiver circuit multistate memory circuit repeatedly to change the state, to realize many of the functional control, But such a state of change is the order. If we are to achieve an arbitrary control, resort to the use of multi-channel remote control system. Multi-channel remote control can be realized by the object of arbitrary multi-function remote control. As for the choice of several routes and what control methods, according to the actual situation (such as object, operational requirements and cost accounting, etc.) to decide. General infrared remote transceiver system by infrared remote control transmitter signal coding, infrared remote control signal receivers and decoders (or decoder chip MCU) and the external circuit consisting of three parts. Signal transmitter remote control code used to generate pulses of infrared emission-driven output infrared remote control signal, receiver completion of the remote control signal amplification and detection, plastic and demodulation encoding pulse. Infrared remote control coded pulse is going to obtain a continuous serial binary code, and for most of the infrared transceiver system, This serial code as micro-controller of the remote control input signals from the internal CPU completion of the remote control instruction decoder, on the other infrared remote control transceivers, the designers of electronic products, The internal micro-controller of the remote control decoder directive is not accessible. Therefore, people are using infrared encoder / decoder chip and micro-controller developed various generic infrared remote transceiver system, In various equipment infrared signals between the transceiver.
Remote transceiver system generally transmitters and receivers is composed of two parts. Launchers from the general direction keys, coded instructions circuit modulation circuit, driving circuit, firing circuit of several parts. When pressed a key, the directive coding circuit, in the corresponding instructions encoded signal, the encoder signal to the
carrier modulation, Driven by the power amplifier circuit after circuit fired from the field after firing instructions coded modulation signals. General receiver by the receiving circuit, the amplifier circuit, demodulation circuits, instruction decoder circuit, driving circuit, circuit implementation of several parts. Receiving Circuit will launch vehicles have been coded modulation signal receiving instructions from, and to enlarge evacuation demodulation circuit. Demodulation circuit will have the coding modulation signal demodulation, namely, reduction of signal coding. The instruction decoder to the encoder signal decoding, Driven by the final circuit to drive the implementation of various instructions circuit to control the operation.
1.3 infrared remote control transceiver product profiles
1.3.1 infrared remote control transceiver product structure and type
Currently infrared transceiver in accordance with the mode of transmission rate and can be divided into four categories : Serial mode, the highest rate of 115.2 Kbps; medium-speed model : the highest rate of 0.567 Mbps and 1.152Mbps; High-speed mode : The maximum rate of 16 Mbps.
Also according to the size chip power consumption can be divided into low-power consumption and standard two categories, low-power type normally used 3 V power supply, transmission distance closer to about 0 - 30cm, which is commonly used standard 5V power supply, transmission distance away at least 1m above.
1.3.2 infrared remote control transmitters of the status quo at home and abroad
Infrared communication technology in the development stage and there are several infrared communication standards, between different standards for infrared equipment can not infrared communication. To have all the infrared equipment to interoperability in 1993 by more than 20 large manufacturers initiated the establishment of an Infrared Data Association (IRDA) unified the infrared communication standards , which is currently widely used in infrared data communication protocols and standards, also known as the IRDA standard.
Since 1993 IRDA since the establishment of the Infrared Data Association members have developed to more than 150. IRDA standards of the industry has been widely recognized and supported. Has been developed with the infrared communications equipment have been as many as 100 species. IR module, installed capacity has reached 150 million sets. Although there is also a short distance wireless Bluetooth technology, But in infrared communication technology low cost and broad compatibility advantages, Infrared data communication in the future will still be a very long time inherent short-range wireless data communications fields play an important role.
1.3.3 Infrared Transceiver product development trend
In various infrared transceiver products, although the transmission rate, transmission distance and other characteristics, But infrared transceiver products has been towards improving the transmission rate, increase the transmission distance and lower power consumption, expanding launch reception angle of development. In particular, as the technology development and maturity, the means of transmission is moving in the direction of point-to-multipoint. Therefore infrared remote control transceiver products have broader prospects for development.
2 Infrared communication of knowledge
2.1 infrared ray foundation knowledge
2.1.1 infrared outlined
Infrared is actually a kind of electromagnetic wave. From the analysis of various natural component of the electromagnetic wave reflected spectrum is :-ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave and radio wave. From the viewpoint of form, and they did not seem to, but if the wavelength in descending order, and we will find him all the only visible light spectrum of the entire 0.38 μm - 0.76μm so long little area, and
adjacent to the visible light and infrared (including the far infrared, mid-infrared and near infrared foreign) accounts for the spectrum of 0.76 μm - 1000μm of a major. Which micron wavelength range also includes UV, visible, near infrared, mid-infrared and far-infrared, microwave.
From the above analysis shows that infrared is a very rich spectrum resources, it currently has in production, life, military, medical, and other aspects have been widely used, such as infrared heating, medical infrared, infrared communication, infrared camera, infrared remote control, and so on. Infrared remote control is the many applications of infrared part of the current household appliances widely used in TV remote control, VCR remote control, VCD remote control, high-fidelity audio remote control, are used infra-red remote control, It allows the control of these appliances have become very easy.
2.1.2 infrared properties
Infrared lies between visible light and microwave a wave, it is with certain clinical characteristics of the wave. In the near-infrared, visible light and its adjacent, it is visible in certain characteristics, such as straight-line transmission, reflection, refraction, scattering, diffraction, can be certain objects and can be absorbed through the lens of their focusing. In the far-infrared region, owing to its neighboring microwave, it has some characteristics of microwave, If a strong penetrating power and can run through some opaque substances. Since in any object, natural profession, regardless of whether its own luminescence (referring to visible light), as long as the temperature is above absolute zero (-273 ° C), moment will be kept around to infrared radiation. Only higher temperature of objects strong infrared radiation, low-temperature objects infrared radiation weaker. Therefore infrared feature is the greatest common in nature, it is called thermal radiation called thermal radiation. Infrared cameras, infrared night market pyroelectric infrared detectors and some other missiles aiming at is the use of this characteristic of infrared work.
Infrared and visible light compared to another characteristic of a variety of colors. As the longest wavelength of visible light is a wavelength of the shortest times (780 nm-380
nm), So is called an octave. And infrared wavelength is the longest shortest wavelength of
a times, and the longest wavelength infrared is the shortest wavelength of 10 times, that is,
10 octave. Therefore, if visible light can be expressed as seven colors, infrared may performance 70 colors, showing the rich colors. Infrared smoke through the good performance, which is also one of its features.
Because not visible to the infrared, it has little effect on the environment. By the wave infrared rays than the long wavelength radio waves, infrared remote control will not affect the nearby radio equipment. Another wavelength of less than 1.5μm near infrared light, transparent atmosphere in the visible light transmission characteristics much better than, because it close to the visible edge of the red light, linear transmission, reflection, refraction and absorption material and the physical characteristics very similar to visible light. Therefore, it can be used with similar visible focusing lens and other optical devices. Because infrared remote control is not as remote as the radio through the barrier to control the object's ability to control, so in the design of household appliances infra-red remote control, wireless remote control as unnecessary, each set (transmitters and receivers) have different frequency or remote coding (Otherwise, wall will control or interference with neighbors household appliances), all similar products in the infrared remote control, The same can control the frequency or coding, and no remote control signal "drop." This universal infrared remote control provides a great convenience. Infrared to visible light, is very subtle and confidentiality, therefore, the security, Alert and other security devices have been widely used. Infrared remote control is simple in structure and easy, low-cost, anti-interference capability, high reliability are a number of advantages, is a close-up remote control, especially in indoor remote control optimized manner.
1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
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英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
第三方物流外文文献(原文与翻译)
我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 熊卫 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大，具体表现在以下几个方面： 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发，其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的，尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业，本身的规模就很小，国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候，国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时，国外的物流组织能力非常强大，例如德国一家第三方物流公司，公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家，那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力，而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船，多少辆车。 3、我国加入WTO后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面：我国承诺所有的服务行业，在经过合理过渡期后，取消大部分外国股权限制，不限制外国服务供应商进入
外文文献及翻译
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
外文文献翻译助手
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0a1474365.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0a1474365.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0a1474365.html, 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0a1474365.html,/6946901637944806 翻译时的速度： 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本《英汉科学技术词典》，基本上挺好用。再加上网站如：google CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。 具体翻译时的一些技巧（主要是写论文和看论文方面） 大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我强烈建议大家仔
文献翻译英文原文
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0a1474365.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
英文文献1 翻译
目录 1.理论............................................... - 2 - 2.实施............................................... - 3 - 3. 范例.............................................. - 4 - 4.变化和扩展......................................... - 6 - 4.1 利用梯度方向，以减少参数...................... - 6 - 4.2 Hough变换的内核............................... - 6 - 4.3Hough曲线变换与广义Hough变换.................. - 6 - 4.4 三维物体检测（平面和圆柱）.................... - 6 - 4.5 基于加权特征.................................. - 7 - 4.6 选取的参数空间................................ - 7 - 4.6.1 算法实现一种高效椭圆检测................ - 8 - 5.局限性............................................. - 8 - 6. 参见.............................................. - 8 - 参考文献............................................. - 9 - 附件: ............................................... - 10 -
智能照明系统的外文文献原稿和译文
智能照明系统的外文文献原稿和译文
Introduction Introduction With the continuous development of our economy, rapidly rising living standards, people working and living environment have become increasingly demanding, while the lighting system requirements have become more sophisticated, the traditional lighting technology has been a strong blow. On the one hand because of information technology and computer technology changes in lighting technology, providing technical support; the other hand, due to energy shortage, the state more and more attention on energysaving lighting, new lighting control technology to develop rapidly to meet with By energy conservation, comfort, convenience requirements. Lighting control lighting control from the traditional manual method, automated lighting control to today's intelligent lighting control. Intelligent lighting control system is based on computercontrolled alldigital platform, modular, distributed bus control system, the central processor modules communicate directly through the network bus, the bus makes use of lighting, dimming, blinds, scene control to achieve intelligent, and become a complete bus system. Can be based on changes in the external environment in the device automatically adjust the status of the bus to reach safety, energy conservation, human effects, and can use in the future, in accordance with the requirements of users through the computer Way to increase or modify the system's functionality, without having to relaying of cables, intelligent lighting control system, high reliability, flexible control, lighting control is the traditional way can not be done. The basic components and monitoring the contents of the system System The basic components and monitoring the contents of the system System components Intelligent lighting control system is usually dimmer module, switch module, input module, the control panel, liquid crystal display touch screen, smart sensors, PC interface, time management module, handheld programmer, monitoring computer (need to bridge a large network connection) and other components composition.
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