12年语言学复习题
Revision Exercises for Linguistics
Directions: Fill in the following blanks with appropriate words.
1. C_________ analysis, is the way to analyze lexical meaning.
2. V owels can be nasalized. The vowel nasalization rule is an a_______ rule, which, for
the most part, is caused by articulation or physiological process in which successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another.
3. According to Austin’s new model of speech act theory, a speaker might be performing
three acts simultaneously when speaking : locutionary act, illocutionary act and p_________ act.
4. In Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts, d________ are attempts by the speaker
to get the hearer to do something.
5. ------ Do you know where Mr. Brown is?
------ Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city.
This conversation flouted the maxim of q________.
6. Dorm is formed through c______.
7. Sometimes, two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community,
with each having a definite role t play. This phenomenon is d________..
8. S_______ dialect is designated as the official or national language of a country.
9. The children know the taboo words, the polite forms of address during p______
development.
10. Generally four types of motivations have been identified in the second language
learning. “Learners learn the second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.” Is called i_______ motivation.
11. Language is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of
linguistic data, conducted with reference to some g______ theory of language structure.
12. Language is a system of a________ vocal symbols used for human
communication.
13. When pitch, stress and length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in
isolation, they are collectively known as i________.
14. M________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
15. Saussure took a s________ view of language and his notion of language is a
matter of social conventions..
16. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the
d_______.
17. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is
commonly termed d_______ structure.
18. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.
19. The information about a word’s complement is included in the head and termed
s________.
20. In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs make up the largest part of the
vocabulary. They are the content words of a language, which are sometimes called “o_____ class words”.
21. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a s_________
study.
22. Chomsky looks at language from a p_______ point of view and to him competence is
a property of the mind of each individual.
23. According to its position in a new word, a _______ are divided into two kinds:
prefixes and suffixes.
24. C_______ refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar
functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.
25. The final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate
transformations is called s________ structure.
26. When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are c_____ homonyms.
27. Some bound morphemes which are for most part purely grammatical markers,
signifying concepts as tense, number, case and so on, they are referred to as i_______ morphemes.
28. T________, a special type of rule that can move an element of a sentence from one
position to another.
29. S_______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form; it is
abstract and de-contextualized.
30. According to the number of a________ contained in a predication, we classify the
predications into two-place predication, one-place predication and no-place predication.
31. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to
observe is called the C_________ Principle proposed by J.Grice.
32. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal
grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a_________ the grammatical rules of the adult language.
33. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the
diacritics.
34. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal
grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a_________ the grammatical rules of the adult language.
Directions: The following statements may be true or false. Put “T” in the bracket before the statement which is true, and “F” in the bracket before that which is false.
( F) 1. Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.
( T ) 2. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.
( F ) 3. We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meaning of its parts.
( T ) 4. The relationship between the embodied clause and its matrix clause is one of the part to the whole.
( T ) 5. The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.
( F ) 6. According to Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of direction. ( T ) 7. New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus
“peddle” was derived from “peddler” on mistaken assumption that “-er” was
the agentive suffix.
( F ) 8. When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.
( F ) 9. In first language acquisition children’s grammar models are exactly after the grammar of adult language.
( T )10. A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general
intelligence.
( T ) 1. The written system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be
spoken, but not written..
( T ) 2. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of
a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.
( T ) 3. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular
order.
( F ) 4. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with same reference always have the
same sense.
( T) 5. An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a
sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.
( T ) 6. Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.
( F ) 7. One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal
borrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the
rule generally.
( T ) 8. Culture is the total set of beliefs, attitudes, customs, behavior, social habits, etc, of the number of a particular society.
( F ) 9. In first language acquisition children’s grammar models are exactly after the grammar of adult language.
( F )10. When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in
their native language once their parents teach them.
I. Choose the most appropriate answer from A,B,C and D for each blank.
1. The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”“a rose by any
name would smell as sweet ” well illustrates________.
A. the arbitrary nature of language
B. the creative nature of language
C. the universality of language
D.the big difference between human language and animal communication
2.Linguistic is the scientific study of _______.
A. a particular language
B. the English language
C.human languages in general
D. the system of a particular language
3. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ___study.
A. comparative
B. diachronic
C. up-to-date
D. descriptive
4. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “-ed”in the word
“learned ” is known as a(n) ______.
A. derivational morpheme
B. free morpheme
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free form
5.What the element “-es”indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element
“-ed” past tense, and “-ing” progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also_____.
A. phonemes
B. morphemes
C. allophones d. phones
6. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is
commonly termed the _______.
A. phrase structure
B. surface structure
C. syntactic structure
D. deep structure
7. In the phrase structure rule “S→ NP ＋ VP”, the arrow can be read _____.
A. is equal to
B. consist of
C. has
D. generates
8. Predication analysis is the way to analyze _____ meaning.
A. phoneme
B. word
C. phrase
D. sentence
9. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is
called_______.
A. polysemy
B. hyponymy
C. antonymy
D. homonymy
10.Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl” and “lass” belong
is called ______ synonyms.
A. stylistic
B. dialectal
C. emotive
D. collocational
11.According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to
some future course of action are called_______.
A. commisives
B. directives
C. expressives
D. declaratives
12.The utterance “We’re already working 25 hours a day, eightdays a week” obviously
violates the maxim of_____.
A. quality
B. quantity
C. relation
D. manner
13.Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of _____.
X: Who was that you were with last night?
Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?
A. quality
B. quantity
C. relation
D. manner
15. The illocutionary point of _____ is to express the psychological state specified in the
utterance.
A. representatives
B. commissives
C. expressives
D. declaratives
16.Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the _____ because this kind of
speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.
A. locutionary act
B. illocutionary act
C. perlocutionary act
D. constative act
17.Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, ______, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.
A. phrases
B. sentences
C. morphemes
D. utterances
18. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?
A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.
B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.
C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.
D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.
19. In the first language acquisition children usually ______ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear.
A. use
B. accept
C. generalize
D. reconstruct
20. In general, the _____ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child’s second year.
A. babbling B, one-word C. two-word D. multiword
21. Natural languages are viewed to vary according to _____ set on UG principles to particular values.
A. Adjacent Condition
B. parameters
C. Case Condition
D. Case requirement
22. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ______ theory.
A. speech act
B. TG
C. principles-and-parameters
D. minimalist program
23. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around _____.
A. 7800
B. 6800
C. 5800
D. 4800
24. Motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.______.
A. Instrumental
B. Functional
C. Integrative
D. Social
25. A bilingual speaker often use two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker , a speech situation known as ______.
A. discourse role-switching
B. activity role-switching
C. social role-switching
D. code-switching
26. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’_______.
A. second language
B. first language
C. foreign language
D. interlanguage
27.The study of _____ does NOT form the core of linguistics.
A. syntax
B. pragmatics
C. morphology
D. sociolinguistics
28. If the study of meaning is conducted in the context of language use, a branch of linguistic study called _____ comes into being.
A. syntax
B. semantics
C. pragmatics
D. morphology
29. Which of the following words is the entire arbitrary one?
A. crash
B. book
C. newspaper
D. beautiful
30. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?
A. competence
B. arbitrariness
C. displacement
D. productivity
31._____ is regarded as the “father of modernlinguistics”?
A. Chomsky
B. Saussure
C.Halliday
D. Whorf
32.Children can speak before they can read or write shows that_____.
A. language is basically vocal
B. language is arbitrary
C. language is used for communication
D language is productive
33. Language has the feature of ______ in the sense that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.
A. duality
B. productivity
C. displacement D, interchangeability
34. N. Chomsky is a great _____ linguist.
A. Swiss
B. French
C. Canadian
D. American
35. Phonetics is the study of _______.
A. all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages
B. speech sounds used by human languages to represent
C. the differences between sounds used in human languages and sounds in nature
D. how phonological differences can lead to misunderstanding
36.In the field of phonology, which of the following is NOT belong to the supersegmental
features?
A. stress
B. tone c. intonation D. syllable
37.A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from
another in a given language is a _____.
A. phoneme
B. allophone
C. phone
D. allmorph
38.In English there is only one glottal. It is______.
A.〔f〕
B.〔r〕
C.〔h〕
D.〔v〕
39.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic
environments are called the _____ of that phoneme.
A. minimal
B. allomorph
C. phones
D. allophones
40.Morphology is the study of ________.
A.the internal structure of words and the rules that govern their formation
B. the uses of different types of utterances in different contexts
C, the differences between sounds used in human languages and sounds in nature
D. the rules that pertain to all languages throughout the world
41. Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words”?
A. nouns
B. adjectives
C. conjunctions
D. adverbs
42. There are____ morphemes in the word “undesirability”.
A. three
B. four
C. five
D. six
43. What elements does a phrase contain?
A. head, determiner and complement
B. head, specifier and complement
C. head, specifier and complementizer
D. head, determiner and complementizer
44. According to the componential analysis, the words “girl” and “woman” differ in the
feature of ______.
A. HUMAN
B. ANIMAL
C.MALE
D.ADULT
45.According to predication analysis, the predication of the sentence “It is hot.”is a
_______.
A. no-place predication
B. one-place predication
c. two-place predication D. three-place predication
46. What is the relationship between the words “color” and “red”?
A. Synonymy
B. Antonymy
C.Polysemy
D. Hyponym
47.Searle divided the illocutionary acts into _____ categories.
A. three
B. four
C. five
D. six
48. What is the most important concept to distinguish pragmatics and semantics?
A. Context
B. Entailment
C. Presupposition
D. Discourse
49. The word “promising” belongs to_____.
A. representatives
B. directives D. commissives D.expressives
50. According to Austin’s speech act theory, a speaker might be performing the following
acts simultaneously when speaking EXCEPT_____.
A. locutionary act
B. illocutionary act
C. perlocutonary act
D. relocutionary act
51. The following words are the examples for “Blending” except _____.
A. memo
B. smog
C. motel
D. brunch
52.Which of the following doesn’t belong to dialectal varieties? ______.
A. Regional dialects
B. Sociolect
C. Idiolect
D. Diglossia
53.The famous line “My love is a red, red rose”, stirs up vividly imagination of a
beautiful lady. This is the _____ meaning of “rose”.
A. denotative
B. connotative
C. iconic
D. dictionary
54.Which of the following statements istrue?
A. All normal children have equal ability in learning their first language.
B. Linguistic environment plays an important role in first language learning.
C. A child can begin his first language acquisition at any time.
D. It is easy for parents to teach their children grammar.
55.The theory of Universal Grammar was proposed by _____.
A. Noam Chomsky
B. Firth
C. F.
D.Saussure D. Sapir
56. Some Chinese learners of English tend to pronounce “three” as “tree” and “this” as “dis”. This is caused by_____.
A. interlingual interference
B. intralingual interference
C. cognitive factors
D. semantic change
57. The common errors such as “he/she has/have to touch the society” in Chinese English learners belong to _______.
A. systematocity
B. permeability
C. fossilization
D. substitution
58.Generally four types of motivation have been identified in a second language learning. “Learners learn a second language for external purpose.” Is called ______ motivation.
A. instrumental
B.integrative
C. resultative
D. intrinsic
59.In the following statements about motivation, which is NOT true?
A. It is defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive.
B. It has a strong impact on a learner’s efforts in learning a second language.
C. It plays an important role in learners’ use of learning strategies.
D. It occurs only when learners learn a second language for external purpose.
60.________’s Input Hypothesis is one of the most famous theories among different
models of language acquisition.
A. Krashen
B. Chomsky
C. Austin
D. Halliday
《语言学概论》模拟试题含答案
试卷代号：1093 语言学概论(本) 模拟试题 一、举例解释下列名词(每词5分，共10分) 1. 音位变体 2．借词 二、单项选择(每小题2分。共10分) 3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B．不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点，说明语言具有阶级性 C．人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D．语言是一种纯自然的现象 4. 下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A．语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 D.语法的聚合规则存在于口头语言中 5．单纯词就是由一个( )构成的词。 A．词根 B．词干 C．词缀 D．词尾6．下列各种说法只有( )是正确的。 A．词义的模糊性说明词义是不可捉摸的 B．多义词使用不当会产生歧义，如“门没有锁” C．“glass”的本义是玻璃，派生义指玻璃杯，这是隐喻 D．同义词在修辞上具有对比作用，可以利用来突出对立面 7．下列说法只有( )是错误的。 A．语法的规则可以类推，但也有例外，如“wife”的复数不是“wifes” B．}昆合语又叫克里奥尔语，它可以被孩子们作为母语来学习 C．混合语只限于某社会集团使用，缺乏广泛性 D．“墨水”原指黑墨水，现指各种颜色的墨水，这种变化是词义的扩大
三、综合分析题(共40分) 8．描写下列音素的发音特点。（8分） ① [u]： ② Ea]： ③ [m]： ④ [x]： 9．分析下面词语中各个构词语素的类别，是词根、词缀还是词尾。（12分） ① going ②老乡 ⑧绿化 10．指出下列词组的结构类型。(10分) ①学生和老师 ②空气新鲜 ③热烈欢呼 ④摆放整齐 ⑤阅读报纸 11．指出下列句子中画线词语的词尾所表示的语法意义和语法范畴。(10分) He buys many books． 四、问答题(每小题10分，共40分) 12．为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象? 13．语言符号是一种分层装置，这种分层的核。g,是ffA?其上层由哪些要素构成? 各要素在数量上有何特点? 14．举例说明基本词汇的特点，并简要说明这些特点之间的相互影响。 15．什么是双语现象?双语现象随着社会的发展会出现怎样的结果?
《新编简明英语语言学教程》章期末复习
Chapter one Introduction 1.1什么是语言学 1.1.1定义 语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 1.1.2The scope of linguistics语言学分支必考P2 普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学） The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音位学） The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学） The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学） The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学） The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学） 1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 成对的概念辨析差异必考P3 （1）Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language
语言学复习试题
语言学复习试题及参考答案 I. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 x1) 1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness 2. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. A. parole B. performance C. langue D. Language 3. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequenti al phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar 4. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features 5. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______. A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme 6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______. A. lexical B. morphemic C. grammatical D. semantic 7. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties. A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional 8. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite 9. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______. A. the conceptualist view B. contexutalism C. the naming theory D. behaviourism 10. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________. A. gradable antonyms B. relational opposites C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above 11. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered. A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage D. context 12. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance. A. A locutionary act B. An illocutionary act C. A perlocutionary act D. A performative act 13. Language change is ______________. A. universal, continuous and, to a large extent, regular and systematic B. continuous, regular, systematic, but not universal C. universal, continuous, but not regular and systematic D. always regular and systematic, but not universal and continuous 14. In Old and Middle English, both /k/ and /n/ in the word “knight” were pronounced, but in modern English, /k/ in the sound /kn-/ clusters was not pronounced. This phenomenon is known as ________. A. sound addition B. sound loss
语言学概论试题及答案
一、填空题:（每空1 分，本大题共10 分） 1. （）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学 走上独立发展道路的标志。 2. 人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制（ 掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 3. 进入20世纪以后，语言研究的主流由历史比较语言学转为 （）。 4. 俄语属于印欧语系的（ 5. 一个音位包含的不同音素或者具体表现出来的音素叫做 （）。 6. 语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（ 7. 现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于（）字 母。 8. 言外之意之所以能够被理解是因为（）起了补充说明的 作用。 9. 方言在社会完全分化的情况下，有可能发展成（? ）?； 在社会高度统一的情况下，会逐渐被共同语消磨直到同化。 10. 南京方言的“兰”、“南”不分，从音位变体的角度来说，[n ]和[l]是 属于（）变体。 二、单项选择题: 码填在题干上的括号内。（每小题1 分，本大题共15 分）
1. 在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响 的语言学流派是（） A.历史比较语言学 B.心理语言学 C.结构主义语言学 D.社会语言学 2. “人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于（） A.语言 B.言语 C.言语行为 D.言语作品 3. “我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”（） A.是聚合关系。 B.是组合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 4. 一种语言中数量最少的是 A.音素 B.音位 C.语素 D.音节 5. 英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是 A. 屈折变化 B.变换重音的位置 C. 变化中缀 D.异根 6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是（） A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质 7. [ε]的发音特征是 A.舌面前高不圆唇 B.舌面后高不圆唇 C.舌面前半高不圆唇 D.舌面前半低不圆唇 8. 构成“语言、身体”这两个词的语素的类型（） A.都是成词语素 B.都是不成词语素 C.“语”和“言”是成词语素，“身”和“体”是不成词语素 D.“语”和“言”是不成词语素，“身”和“体” 9. 广义地说，汉语动词词尾“着”、“了”、“过”属于语法范畴中的 （）
语言学教程[第九章语言与文学]山东大学期末考试知识点复习
第九章语言与文学 复习笔记 I.文体学 1．定义 文体学作为语言学的分支，主要研究特殊语境中语言的特征 (即语言的多样性)，并试图建立一些规则，以解释个体和社团在语言使用过程中的特殊选择。2．文学文体学 文学文体学是研究语言与文学关系的学科，其研究焦点是与文学文体相关联的语言特征。 (1)前景化 前景化的概念来源于视觉艺术，与“背景”一词相对应，已经成为文体学的常用术语。俄国形式主义语言学家、布拉格学派学者和现代文体学家都曾在文体研究中使用这一术语。它被定义为“以艺术手法为动机的偏离”。这种偏离，或非常规用法，覆盖了语言的所有层面；词汇、语音、句法、语义，笔迹等。(2)字面语言和比喻语言 词典定义中所提供的一个词的第一个意义通常是它的字面意义。比喻语言是为了达到对比、强调、明确或标新的目的而使用的不同于日常常规语言的词句。 语言中表示比喻用法的另一个词是Trope (修辞、比喻)。它是指为了修辞目的而通过比喻途径来使用的语言。比喻在语言运用中频繁出现，并且采用许多不同形式。 明喻：明喻是把一种事物和另一种事物作比较，并通过展现一种事物如何与另一事物相似来解释这种事物是什么样子的方法。它用as或like等词在文本中作为明确标志。
暗喻：像明喻一样，暗喻也是对两个并不相像的要素作出对比，这种对比是隐含的而不是直接表达的。 转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。 提喻：提喻是用事物的一部分名称来指代整个事物，反之亦然。 II．诗歌语言 1．语音模式 押韵 尾韵：每行结尾的押韵。 2．不同形式的语音模式 头韵：在头韵里，句首的辅音是一致的。 准押韵：准押韵通过一个共同的元音来描述音节。 辅音韵：以相同辅音结尾的音节 反韵：指音节拥有共同的元音和首辅音，而不是元音和末辅音押韵。 押副韵：当两个音节具有相同的首辅音和尾辅音。 反复：音节的重复。 3．韵律模式 当重读被组织成有规律的节奏时，就形成了韵律。抑扬格是韵律单位的一种。韵律单位叫做音步。pentameter (五音步诗行)是指诗句里有五个音步。 4．传统的韵律模式与语音模式 (1)对句：对句为两行诗句，一般由押韵联系在一起。 (2)四行诗：即四行为一节的诗，是英语诗歌中很常见的形式。
(完整版)语言学练习题及答案
练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only 11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ] 15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ] 16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p] 18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides 19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788 20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
语言学概论模拟试题
模拟试题１ 一、名词解释 1．1．个别语言学 2．2．言语 3．3．音位 4．4．义素 5．5．语法手段 二、判断题 1．语言和种族无关。（） 2．语言自始至终都没有阶级性。（） 3．任何词义都具有抽象性。（） 4．凡能区别意义的音节叫闭音节。（） 5．以元音收尾的音节叫闭音节。（） 6．分析语是以词形变化为主要语法手段的语言。（） 7．由一个词根加词缀构成的词是派生词。（） 8．洋泾浜是语言转用的表现。（） 9．语言的分析和统一来自于社会的分化和统一。（） 10．语法与词汇相比，具有很强的稳定性。（） 三、单项选择题（把正确的答案呈码填在括号内） 1．现代汉语属于（） A.普通语言学 B.应用语言学 C.共时语言学 D.历时语言学 2．[i]是一个（） A.舌面元音 B.舌尖元音 C.卷舌元音 D.舌根元音 3．[p]是一个（） A.音位 B.音质音位 C.音素 D.音节 4．[b]是一个（） A.双唇浊音 B.双唇清音 C.双唇鼻音 D.双唇擦音 5．下列词中属于复合词的是（） A.天子 B.傻子 C.席子 D.椅子 6．以声音的高低来区别意义的语言单位叫（）
A.重位 B.时位 C.两位 D.音质音位 7．下列词语中属于音译词的是（） A.电话 B.马力 C.葡萄 D.面包 8．下列单位中属于成词语素的是（） A.菠 B.猩 C.的 D.槟 9．下列文字中，属于表音文字的是（） A.纳西族东巴文 B.汉字 C.俄语 D.古埃及圣书字 四、多项选择题（在下列5个备选答案中选择2—5个你认为正确的答案，把正确的答案号填在括号内） 1．舌根清时有（） A.[g] B.[k] C.[k‘] D.[x] E.[h] 2．下列词中，处于同一个语义场的词是（） A.桌子 B.椅子 C.沙发 D.柜子 E.鞋子 3．下列词形变化中，运用附加手段的是（） A.pen-pens B.Long-Longer C.foot – feet D.man – men E.go – went 4．“数”是有些语言的名词所具有的（） A.语法范畴 B.语法形式 C.语法意义 D.词法范畴 E.语法手段 5．分析手段指（） A.内部屈折 B.附加 C.语序 D.异根 E.虚词 6．下列语言中属汉藏语系的是（） A.日语 B.苗语 C.侗傣语 D.维吾尔语 E.越南语 7．下列句式中属于多义句式的是（） A.我说不好 B.王师傅已经了解了 C.一辆老吉普车 D.接近电影的尾声 E.小王也不知道 8．下列语言属于印欧语系的是（） A.法语 B.英语 C.德语 D.阿拉伯语 E.维吾尔语 9．语法单位指的是（） A.音位 B.语 C.词 D.词组 E.句子 10．[P]是一个（） A.双唇音 B.塞音 C.舌面音 D.擦音 E.清音 五、分析题
语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版)1
语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第一章) Chapter I Introduction I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F.de Saussure. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. Chomsky defines “ competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0b12330246.html,ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the pheno广告网址n that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless
语言学概论复习题
注：我把重复的题目删掉了，选择题的答案，名词解释，问答题参考的书本页码也随这个文档一起上传了。 1. Different functional speech varieties known as ( ) are expected in, say, a church sermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast. A. registers B. styles C. dialects D. accents 2. ( ) is the study of language in relation to the mind. A. Psycholinguistics B. Sociolinguistics C. Linguistics D. Semantics 3. Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication. A. langue B. competence C. parole D. performance 4.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957. A. L. Bloomfield B. F. Saussure C. N. Chomsky D.M. A. K. Halliday 5.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to particular values.
语言学概论期末考试题
语言学概论 一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分} 1．下列说法只有是正确的。 A．语言是人类最重要的辅助性交际工具。 B．语言就是说话，说话就是语言。 C．语言是一种特殊的社会现象。 D．语言具有地方色彩，说明语言不具有社会性。 2．下列说法只有是错误的。 A．汉语的声调是由音高变化形成的。 B．语言中的轻重音是由音重变化形成的。 C．音位具有区别词形的作用。 I)．音素具有区别词形的作用。 3．下列说法只有是正确的。 A．“老”可以同“新、旧、少、嫩”等构成反义词。 B．“大”和“小”是绝对对立的反义词。 C．“红”与“黑”这对反义词具有非此即彼的关系。 D．反义词“冷”和“热”具有相对性。 4．下列说法只有____正确。 A．意译词如“激光”、“电话”都是借词。 B．仿译词如“机关枪”、“铁路”都是借词。 C．“尼姑”、“和尚”、“玻璃”是借词。 D．“爱神”、“北极熊”、“超人”都是借词。 5．下列词义的变化，属于词义的缩小。 A．“meat”原指菜肴，现在指荤菜。 B．“走”本义是跑，现在指步行。 C．“江”原指长江，今泛指江河。 D．“book”原指一种树木，今指成本的著作。 1．C 2．D 3．D 4．C 5．A 3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B．不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点，说明语言具有阶级性 C．人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D．语言是一种纯自然的现象 4.下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A.语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 I)．语法的聚合规则存在”ji【j头沿吉中 5．单纯阋就是由一个( )构成的词。 A．词根 B．词干 【！．词缀