The Monte-Carlo Approach in Amazons

The Monte-Carlo Approach in Amazons

Julien Kloetzer1,Hiroyuki Iida1,and Bruno Bouzy2

1Research Unit for Computers and Games

Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

2Centre de Recherche en Informatique de Paris5

Universit′e Ren′e Descartes

Abstract.The game of the Amazons is a quite new game whose rules

stand between the game of Go and Chess.Its main di?culty in terms

of game programming is the huge branching factor.Monte-Carlo is a

method used in game programming which allows us to overcome easily

this problem.This paper presents how the Monte-Carlo method can be

best adapted to Amazon programming to obtain a good level program,

and improvements that can be added to it.

1Introduction

The game of Amazons(in Spanish,El Juego de las Amazonas)has been invented in1988by Walter Zamkauskas of Argentina.Although it is very young,it is already considered as being a di?cult game:its complexity is between Chess and the game of Go.

The main di?culty of the game of Amazons is its complexity:the average number of moves is80,with a branching factor of approximately500,and no more than2176available moves for the?rst player.With this in head,we can clearly see that an exhaustive full tree-search is a di?cult task:there are no more than4millions di?erent positions after two moves.Moreover,even if many of theses moves are clearly bad,there are often positions where more than20 moves can be considered as“good”moves,and selecting these moves is a hard task[2].

Monte-Carlo(short:MC)is a simple game-independent algorithm which has recently proven to be competitive for the game of Go,especially including a part of Tree Search(di?erent from the classical minimax approach),and knowledge of the game.Now,considering that the game of Go has the same main draw-back as the Amazons,a huge branching factor,and that both these games are territory-based games,thus increasing the similarity,we can expect the Monte-Carlo approach to give good results for the game of Amazons.

After a brief description of the rules of the game,section2of this paper focuses on the main core of a Monte-Carlo Amazons program.Section3presents some improvements that can be added to it,with the results discussed in section 4.Section5focuses on our latest improvement to the program,before concluding and discussing future works in section6.

2Using Monte-Carlo for the game of Amazons

The rules of this game(usually called simply“Amazons”)are very simple:it is played on a square board of10x10,sometimes less but this size is the classical one.Each player begins with4Amazons,placed all over the board(left of?gure 1).A player move consists?rst on moving one of his Amazons:it can be moved in every direction in a straight line,on any square accessible from the Amazon, exactly as Queen in Chess.Then,after having moved an Amazon,the player chooses a square accessible from the one on which his Amazon just landed,and shoots an arrow on this square:this square becomes blocked until the end of the game.No further Amazon move or arrow shot can go through it or land on it (right of?gure1).

Fig.1.Beginning position in Amazons(left)and after one move(right).

Each player alternatively makes one of these moves,so a square is blocked on each move.The?rst player that cannot move any more loses the game,and the score of the game is usually determined as being the number of moves that the other player could have played after it.

All Monte-Carlo Amazons programs should include recent developments made to combine MC and Tree-Search(short:TS).A pseudo code is given in?gure2.

One run(or playout)of the evaluation consists on three steps:

–First,after the search tree used in the evaluation has been initialized to the root itself only(line2),a new node of the game tree is selected to be added later to the current search tree(line6),combined with its evaluation.

–Then,a completely random game is performed,starting from the given node, until the end of the game(line5).The evaluation given is usually either the score of the game(if available),or the information win/loss/draw.

1.Function find_move(position)

2.treeSearch_tree=tree(position)

3.while(time is remaining)

4.Node new_node=search_new_node(treeSearch_tree)

5.v=evaluate(new_node)

6.treeSearch.add(v,new_node)

7.return best_move()

8.

9.Function search_new_node(tree)

10.node=root(tree)

11.while(number_unvisited_children(node)!=0)

12.node=find_best_children(node)

13.node=random_unvisited_children(node)

14.return node

Fig.2.Pseudo-code for Monte-Carlo using tree-search.

–Finally,the given node is added to the current search tree:the evalua-tion given is stored in all the nodes that have been visited in the function

search new node and in the new node.

The search function is the main core of the tree-search Monte-Carlo model.

In previous versions of MC,it always returned one of the children node of the root,either chosen randomly,or so that each node is visited the same number

of time[1],or chosen by some knowledge[4].Following the algorithm UCT[7],

our program visits the current search tree by exploring nodes that maximizes

the score given by the formula:

Score(node(i))=Evaluation(node(i))+C*

ln(nbV isits(parent(node(i)))

nbV isits(node(i))

(1)

The?rst term of formula(1),the evaluation,is usually given either by the expected win/loss ratio of the node,or the expected average score.The number of visits of one node is the number of timeit was selected in the process of searching for a new node(line9of?gure2).Both these values(number of visits and average evaluation)are updated after each playout(line6).The second term allows nodes not to be forgotten during the process,raising if the node is not visited while his parent is.Finally,the factor C has to be tuned experimentally.

In the?eld of Amazons playing,some features need to be discussed:

–Each move consists of two actions(Amazon movement+arrow shot),and usually,one node results from a combination of these actions.However,we can also choose to split every action decision in two:in every random game, an Amazon movement is selected at random,and then an arrow shot from this Amazon,not a combination.Also,we can do the same with the search

tree used by UCT,by not using a usual two levels tree,but a four levels one.

On the?rst level are the positions obtained after an Amazon movement,on the second the positions obtained after an arrow shot from the Amazon just moved,and similarly for the third and fourth level,with movements and shot from the other player.

This changes should allows us basically to run more playouts,and thus to increase in a very simple way the level of the program,because it does not have to compute every move at each position in the random games.

–The evaluation has also to be chosen accordingly to the game which is played.

A Win-Loss ratio is usually used for MC+TS in game programming[6],

but we could also use an average score,or a combination of both.

Tests and discussion of these three features(splitting in the random games, splitting in the tree used by UCT and the evaluation)are given in section4.

3Improving the rand games

Our program(Campya)includes the algorithm presented in section2to choose a move.However,at this state,it lacks seriously of some knowledge of the game, and can easily be defeated by a fair human player.

Improvements to a Monte-Carlo with Tree-search program can basically be made at three levels:

–In the random games,by adding knowledge to it[3]

–In the tree-search part,changing the behaviour of UCT or using other tech-niques[5]

–At the?nal decision of the move,for example by pruning moves[4]

Improving the random games has already proven to be a good way to im-prove the level of a Monte-Carlo program,by adding knowledge to create pseudo-random games.Moves can be chosen more or less frequently according to pat-terns or to simple rules,as we did here for the game of Amazons.We decided to focus on this method to improve the level of Campya.

3.1The liberty rule

Mobility is an important factor in Amazons.Having an Amazon which is com-pletely or almost completely enclosed at the beginning of the game is like?ghting at3against4for the remaining game.We de?ned the number of liberties of an Amazon as the number of empty squares adjacent to this Amazon,using a con-cept similar to the game of Go.Then,we added the following rules to the random games:

–Any Amazon with1or2liberties has to be moved immediately

–Any opponent’s Amazon with1or2liberties should be enclosed if possible Two liberties is a critical number:if they are adjacent,one can move an Amazon on one of these,and shoot an arrow on the other one.This way,we punish bad moves,and try to avoid being punished.

3.2Pruning moves from enclosed Amazons

We say that an Amazon is isolated if any of the squares accessible from this Amazon in any number of moves cannot be accessed by opponent’s Amazons. An isolated Amazon is inside a territory and should not be moved,except in situations of Zugzwang.Since this concept is way beyond the simplicity we search in the random games,we added the following rule to the random games:

–Any isolated Amazon should not be moved if possible

Obviously,if all Amazons are isolated,one has to be moved.But in this case,the game should be considered to be over:no player can now access to its opponent territory.

Tests and discussion of these two features will be discussed in section4.

4Experiments and results

Due to the absence of popular Amazons servers and game protocol,testing of these improvements has been realised through self-play games against a standard version of our program.Each test consisted of runs of250games with3minutes per player,each player playing half of the time as?rst player.Some games were also played by hand against an other Amazons program:Invader[9],with an equivalent30sec/move time setting for both programs.

The standard version used for testing,later called Vanilla Campya,uses a light version of the algorithm presented in section2:Monte-Carlo without Tree-Search.Moves in the random games are split,and the evaluation of the games is given by their score.The results of the game-independent features are shown in table1,and those of game-dependent features(liberty rule and pruning isolated Amazons moves)in table2.Each feature or set of features was added to Vanilla Campya to produce a new version of the program,and then tested against the Vanilla version.

Table1.Results of Campya integrating some features against a standard MC version.

Feature tested Win ratio

Not splitting moves in the random games20,4%

Evaluation by Win-Loss ratio43,6%

Evaluation by combining score and Win-Loss ratio63,5%

Using tree-search81,6%

Using tree-search and combined evaluation89,2%

(1)Using tree-search,combined evaluation,

and splitting moves in the tree-search96% The results obtained by the version not splitting moves in the random games are conform to our intuition,with only20%of win against the Vanilla version.

Further tests(not included here)showed us also that,even with an equivalent number of playouts,the non-splitting version was behind.The results obtained using di?erent evaluations are a bit more surprising:it seems that,for the game of Amazons,evaluation with a Win-Loss ratio is not the key,and that the score alone is not su?cient either.Finally,the results obtained by integrating Tree-Search are not surprising:a Tree-Search based version of Campya is way above the others.Also,splitting the moves in the tree used by this version seems really e?ective,and not only because of the higher number of random games that Campya could launch:as for splitting moves in the random games,even with an equivalent number of playouts,the non-splitting version was behind.

Table2.Results of Campya integrating some features against a standard MC+TS version.

Version(1)+pruning92,8%

Version(1)+pruning+liberty rule96,4%

Version(1)in table1was used as a basis to test the knowledge-based im-provements(liberty and pruning).Results obtained using them do not show a signi?cant di?erence with the results given in table1.However,considering that:–Adding this form of external knowledge slowed the playouts,and thus did not permit us to launch as many as without,and

–The knowledge of liberties is especially useful against players who know how to exploit it,so not against Vanilla Campya,

we can still consider this integration of Amazons-knowledge in Campya as be-ing an improvement.Moreover,the?rst few games played against Invader were terri?c in the opening,because Campya had no knowledge of Amazon imprison-ment.Adding it permitted our program to perform better games against Invader. 5Integrating the accessibility in Campya

At this point,Campya still lacked an important knowledge,used a lot in other programs.The accessibility to a square by a player can be de?ned as the min-imum number of Amazon move a player has to perform to place an Amazon on this square.This number is set to in?nite if the player has no access to the square.It is used by many programs,such as Amazong[8]

Accessibility is territory-related:if a player has a better accessibility to a square than his opponent,this square has a higher chance to be part of this player’s territory at the end of the game than to be part of his opponent’s. This goes even more true as the game reaches its https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0912454064.html,cking this knowledge,

our program could not understand the idea of potential territory,and thus was mostly crushed in the opening and middle game by other programs or good human players.

Integrating this knowledge in a Monte-Carlo architecture cannot be done easily:it requires lots of computations,and thus slows down the speed of the random games too much to be useful.However,it can be integrated as a new evaluation,which led us to this:

–random games are not any more evaluated by their a combination score+ win/loss at the end of the game,but by the estimated score of the game after a?xed number of plies

Tests of this new feature have been done the same way as presented in section 4,with the di?erence that the reference version was not VanIlla-Campya any more,but the version(1)of table1.Results are shown in table3.

Table3.Results of Campya integrating accessibility-based evaluation,in number of games(average score).

Using the accessibility heuristic as a score evaluator allowed Campya to per-form much better results,having more than80%of win against its previous best version and losses by only a few points,any feature similar except for the evalu-ation.The games played against Invader also showed us that its level increased and that it was now able to understand the concept of potential territory,still not being able,in its actual version,to perform better than Invader,but showing lots of potential.

6Conclusion and future works

We presented in this paper how to best integrate the Monte-Carlo method for the purpose of obtaining a good Amazons playing program.We discussed the main features,and proposed forcing moves by the liberty rule and pruning useless moves as ways to improve the level of the play.Finally,we proposed combining MC and an evaluation function as being the best way to obtain a good level program,thus using MC to explore a game tree and not any more to create an evaluation function.

Further works mostly include?nding other light forms of knowledge to im-prove the random plays,speci?cally related to the endgame and the opening. Also,we would like to?nd the best way to combine Monte-Carlo tree-search and en evaluation function for the game of Amazons.

Acknowledgements

The picture of the Amazons boards in section2comes from the website https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0912454064.html,

References

1.Bruce Abramson(1993),Expected-outcome:a general model of static evaluation,

IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence12:22,182-193. 2.Henry Avetisyan,Richard J.Lorentz(2002),Selective search in an Amazons pro-

gram,Computers and Games2002:123-141.

3.Bruno Bouzy(2005),Associating knowledge and Monte Carlo approaches within

a go program,Information Sciences,175(4):247257,November2005.

4.Bruno Bouzy(2005),Move Pruning Techniques for Monte-Carlo Go,11th Advances

in Computer Game conference,Taipei2005.

5.Remi Coulom(2006),E?cient Selectivity and Backup operators in Monte-Carlo

Tree-Search,Proceedings of the5th International Conference on Computers and Games,Turin,Italy,2006.

6.Sylvain Gelly,Yizao Wang,Remi Munos,Olivier Teytaud,Modi?cations of UCT

with Patterns in Monte-Carlo Go,Technical Report6062,INRIA

7.Levente Kocsis,Csaba Szepesvari(2006),Bandit based Monte-Carlo planning,5th

European Conference on Machine Learning(ECML),Pisa,Italy,Pages282-293, September2006.

8.Jens Lieberum(2005),An evaluation function for the game of Amazons Theoretical

computer science349,230-244,Elsevier,2005.

9.Richard J.Lorentz,Invader,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0912454064.html,/lorentz/amazon.htm

10.Martin Muller,Theodore Tegos(2001),Experiments in Computer Amazons,in

R.J.Nowakowski editor,More games of No Chance,Cambridge University Press, 2001,243-260

The way常见用法

The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because

The way的用法及其含义(二)

The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中

(完整版)the的用法

定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法

“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法

不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.

way 用法

表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法

The way的用法及其含义(一)

The way的用法及其含义（一） 有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析： 一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句 以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.

way 的用法

way 的用法 【语境展示】 1. Now I’ll show you how to do the experiment in a different way. 下面我来演示如何用一种不同的方法做这个实验。 2. The teacher had a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting. 这位老师有种奇怪的办法让他的课生动有趣。 3. Can you tell me the best way of working out this problem? 你能告诉我算出这道题的最好方法吗？ 4. I don’t know the way (that / in which) he helped her out. 我不知道他用什么方法帮助她摆脱困境的。 5. The way (that / which) he talked about to solve the problem was difficult to understand. 他所谈到的解决这个问题的方法难以理解。 6. I don’t like the way that / which is being widely used for saving water. 我不喜欢这种正在被广泛使用的节水方法。 7. They did not do it the way we do now. 他们以前的做法和我们现在不一样。 【归纳总结】 ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，如表示“以……方式”，前面常加介词in。如例1； ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，其后可接不定式to do sth.，也可接of doing sth. 作定语，表示做某事的方法。如例2，例3；

the-way-的用法讲解学习

t h e-w a y-的用法

The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.

way的用法总结大全

way的用法总结大全 way的用法你知道多少，今天给大家带来way的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 way的用法总结大全 way的意思 n. 道路,方法,方向,某方面 adv. 远远地，大大地 way用法 way可以用作名词 way的基本意思是“路,道,街,径”,一般用来指具体的“路,道路”,也可指通向某地的“方向”“路线”或做某事所采用的手段,即“方式,方法”。way还可指“习俗,作风”“距离”“附近,周围”“某方面”等。 way作“方法,方式,手段”解时,前面常加介词in。如果way前有this, that等限定词,介词可省略,但如果放在句首,介词则不可省略。

way作“方式,方法”解时,其后可接of v -ing或to- v 作定语,也可接定语从句,引导从句的关系代词或关系副词常可省略。 way用作名词的用法例句 I am on my way to the grocery store.我正在去杂货店的路上。 We lost the way in the dark.我们在黑夜中迷路了。 He asked me the way to London.他问我去伦敦的路。 way可以用作副词 way用作副词时意思是“远远地,大大地”,通常指在程度或距离上有一定的差距。 way back表示“很久以前”。 way用作副词的用法例句 It seems like Im always way too busy with work.我工作总是太忙了。 His ideas were way ahead of his time.他的思想远远超越了他那个时代。 She finished the race way ahead of the other runners.她第一个跑到终点,远远领先于其他选手。 way用法例句

the_way的用法大全教案资料

t h e_w a y的用法大全

The way 在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的

the way 的用法

The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.

the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms. 从那天起,其他同学是夹着书本来上课,而他们却带着"失败"的思想负担来上课.

The way的用法及其含义(三)

The way的用法及其含义（三） 三、the way的语义 1. the way=as（像） Please do it the way I’ve told you.请按照我告诉你的那样做。 I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own.我和你说话就像和自己孩子说话一样。 Plant need water the way they need sun light. 植物需要水就像它们需要阳光一样。 2. the way=how（怎样，多么） No one can imagine the way he misses her.没人能够想象出他是多么想念她！ I want to find out the way a volcano has formed.我想弄清楚火山是怎样形成的。 He was filled with anger at the way he had been treated.他因遭受如此待遇而怒火满腔。That’s the way she speaks.她就是那样讲话的。 3. the way=according as （根据） The way you answer the questions, you must be an excellent student.从你回答问题来看，你一定是名优秀的学生。 The way most people look at you, you'd think a trash man was a monster.从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物。 The way I look at it, it’s not what you do that matters so much.依我看，重要的并不是你做什么。 I might have been his son the way he talked.根据他说话的样子，好像我是他的儿子一样。One would think these men owned the earth the way they behave.他们这样行动，人家竟会以为他们是地球的主人。

way的用法

一．Way：“方式”、“方法” 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式 Do it (in) your own way. Please do not talk (in) that way. 2.表示做某事的方式或方法 It’s the best way of studying [to study] English.。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. I don’t like the way that he spoke. I don’t like the way in which he spoke.误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4. the way 的从句 That’s the way (=how) he spoke. I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. He did not do it the way his friend did. 二．固定搭配 1. In a/one way：In a way he was right. 2. In the way /get in one’s way I'm afraid your car is in the way， If you are not going to help，at least don't get in the way. You'll have to move－you're in my way. 3. in no way Theory can in no way be separated from practice. 4. On the way (to……) Let’s wait a few moments. He is on the way Spring is on the way. Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way. She has two children with another one on the way. 5. By the way By the way，do you know where Mary lives? 6. By way of Learn English by way of watching US TV series. 8. under way 1. Elbow one’s way He elbowed his way to the front of the queue. 2. shoulder one’s way 3. feel one‘s way 摸索着向前走；We couldn’t see anything in the cave, so we had to feel our way out 4. fight/force one’s way 突破。。。而前进The surrounded soldiers fought their way out. 5.. push/thrust one‘s way（在人群中）挤出一条路He pushed his way through the crowd. 6. wind one’s way 蜿蜒前进 7. lead the way 带路，领路；示范 8. lose one‘s way 迷失方向 9. clear the way 排除障碍，开路迷路 10. make one’s way 前进，行进The team slowly made their way through the jungle.

the way的用法大全

在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了 另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms.

“the-way+从句”结构的意义及用法知识讲解

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子： Read the following passage and talk about it with your classmates. Try to tell what you think of Tom and of the way the children treated him. 在这个句子中，the way是先行词，后面是省略了关系副词that 或in which的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the way+从句”结构的用法。 1．the way之后，引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典>>中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：This is the way how it happened. This is the way how he always treats me. 2. 在正式语体中，that可被in which所代替；在非正式语体中，that则往往省略。由此我们得到the way后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) the way +that-从句2) the way +in which-从句3) the way +从句 例如：The way(in which ,that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法不对。

The way(that ,in which)you’re doing it is completely crazy.你这么个干法，简直发疯。 We admired him for the way in which he faces difficulties. Wallace and Darwin greed on the way in which different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way (that) he did it. I liked the way (that) she organized the meeting. 3.the way(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如： That’s the way (that) she spoke. = That’s how she spoke. I should like to know the way/how you learned to master the fundamental technique within so short a time. 4．the way的其它用法：以上我们讲的都是用作先行词的the way，下面我们将叙述它的一些用法。

定冠词the的12种用法

定冠词the的12种用法 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道?快来一起学习吧。下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道? 定冠词the用在各种名词前面，目的是对这个名词做个记号，表示它的特指属性。所以在词汇表中，定冠词the 的词义是“这个，那个，这些，那些”，可见，the 即可以放在可数名词前，也可以修饰不可数名词，the 后面的名词可以是单数，也可以是复数。 定冠词的基本用法： (1) 表示对某人、某物进行特指，所谓的特指就是“不是别的，就是那个!”如： The girl with a red cap is Susan. 戴了个红帽子的女孩是苏珊。 (2) 一旦用到the，表示谈话的俩人都知道说的谁、说的啥。如：

The dog is sick. 狗狗病了。(双方都知道是哪一只狗) (3) 前面提到过的，后文又提到。如： There is a cat in the tree.Thecat is black. 树上有一只猫，猫是黑色的。 (4) 表示世界上唯一的事物。如： The Great Wall is a wonder.万里长城是个奇迹。(5) 方位名词前。如： thenorth of the Yangtze River 长江以北地区 (6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如： Who is the first?谁第一个? Sam is the tallest.山姆最高。 但是不能认为，最高级前必须加the，如： My best friend. 我最好的朋友。 (7) 在乐器前。如： play the flute 吹笛子

Way的用法

Way用法 A:I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her. B:_______. It was her fault. A. No way B. Not possible C. No chance D. Not at all 说明：正确答案是A. No way，意思是“别想！没门！决不！” 我认为你应该打电话给珍妮并向她道歉。 没门！这是她的错。 再看两个关于no way的例句： （1）Give up our tea break? NO way! 让我们放弃喝茶的休息时间？没门儿！ （2）No way will I go on working for that boss. 我决不再给那个老板干了。 way一词含义丰富，由它构成的短语用法也很灵活。为了便于同学们掌握和用好它，现结合实例将其用法归纳如下： 一、way的含义 1. 路线

He asked me the way to London. 他问我去伦敦的路。 We had to pick our way along the muddy track. 我们不得不在泥泞的小道上择路而行。 2. （沿某）方向 Look this way, please. 请往这边看。 Kindly step this way, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们、先生们，请这边走。 Look both ways before crossing the road. 过马路前向两边看一看。 Make sure that the sign is right way up. 一定要把符号的上下弄对。 3. 道、路、街，常用以构成复合词 a highway（公路），a waterway（水路），a railway（铁路），wayside（路边）

way与time的特殊用法

way/time的特殊用法 1、当先行词是way意思为”方式.方法”的时候,引导定语从句的关系词有下列3种形式： Way在从句中做宾语 The way that / which he explained to us is quite simple. Way在从句中做状语 The way t hat /in which he explained the sentence to us is quite simple. 2、当先行词是time时,若time表示次数时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可以省略; 若time表示”一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during + which引导定语从句 1.Is this factory _______ we visited last year? 2.Is this the factory-------we visited last year? A. where B in which C the one D which 3. This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson. A. when B that C which D in which 4.I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her. A . that B on which C which D as 5.He didn’t understand the wa y ________ I worked out the problem. A which B in which C where D what 6.I could hardly remember how many times----I’ve failed. A that B which C in which D when 7.This is the second time--------the president has visited the country. A which B where C that D in which 8.This was at a time------there were no televisions, no computers or radios. A what B when C which D that