文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 修辞学总复习

修辞学总复习

修辞学总复习
修辞学总复习

英语修辞学总复习

Review of the English Rhetoric

Course description

This course will be oriented by the following aspects:

General idea about English rhetoric

a brief and interesting survey of the history of rhetoric with emphasis on several major classical rhetoricians and their theories and application

Communicative rhetoric (the choice of words and sentences)

Aesthetic rhetoric: figures of speech (phonetic, syntactic, semantic, logic)

Lead-in…

1.I see students taking premedical courses with joyless determination.

2.They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. Simile 明喻

2. No X in Nixon. Palindrome 回文

Rhetoric is power.

Whoever does not study rhetoric will become a victim of it.--Ancient Greek wall inscription Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep, moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend争辩. --Francis Bacon

Rhetoric in Advertisements

Simile : Breakfast without orange juice is like a day without sunshine.

眉笔像花瓣一样柔和。(眉笔)像母亲的手一样柔软。(童鞋)

Phonetic rhetoric : Once tasted, always loved.(饮料)Big thrills. Small bills.(出租车)Pepsi-Cola hits the spot, Twelve full ounces, that’s a lot,

Twice as much for a nickel, too, Pepsi-Cola is the drink for you.

一册在手,纵览全球。(《全球杂志》)来也匆匆,去请冲冲。

非常可乐,非常选择。(非常可乐饮料)买电视就要买金星,买金星就是买放心!

Let TUGU INSURANCE keep you afloat in the face of the worst of elements….(保险公司)…The whole area becomes ablaze with the whites, yellows, reds, and oranges of tulips, daffodils and other species popular in English gardens….(苏格兰旅游广告)

Antithesis对偶

输入千言万语,奏出一片深情(文字处理机)

皮张之厚无以复加;利润之薄无以复减。(上海鹤鸣皮鞋厂广告)

她工作,你休息。(洗衣机)

Pun双关语

甜甜蜜蜜,无限爱恋尽在其中。(饮料)

With boundless love in it, the drink is more than sweet.

第一流产品,为足下增光。(红鸟鞋油广告标语)

Metaphor隐喻

Blessed by year round good weather, Spain is a magnet for sun-worshippers and holidaymakers…. Y ou can spread your wings with Open Studies.(开放型大学招生广告标语)

Flowers by Interflora speak from the heart. 随身的绿荫。(爱萝莉护肤膏)

Green shadow which kisses your skin.

What is rhetoric ?

1rhetoric n.

1. (technical term) the skill or the art of using language effectively and persuasively in speech or writing修辞;修辞学; 修辞技巧

2. (general word)

a. A style of speaking or writing, 语言艺术

e.g. the rhetoric of fiction, body rhetoric

b. The language of a particular subject: 辞令,语言

e.g. fiery political rhetoric, soothing rhetoric, employ stirring rhetoric

3.derogatory)Language that is elaborate, pretentious, insincere, or empty: 【贬】华丽的词藻,花言巧语, 浮夸之词

e.g. His offers of compromise were mere rhetoric.

Discuss:

Identify the differ ent meanings of “rhetoric” in the following phrases/sentences:

1. Cold war diplomacy and rhetoric

2. As the clamor for basic skills continue to grow, it may be time for the fourth R—Rhetoric—to reenter the classroom.

3. Campaign promises have proved to be empty rhetoric.

4. Despite their tough anti-American rhetoric, the government is privately trying to maintain good relations with the U.S.

5. the rhetoric of film

2. rhetoric, rhetorical device and figure of speech

rhetorical device - a use of language that creates a literary effect (but often without regard for literal significance)

figure of speech - Form of expression used in a figurative or nonliteral sense, including simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, irony, alliteration, antithesis, and puns etc. for the purpose of clarity, emphasis, or freshness of expression

Examples of figures of speech

Please identify the figures of speech used in the following examples:

Speech is silver, but silence is golden. (Alliteration)

Have a nice trip, buy-buy! (A sign in front of a shop at the airport) (Pun)

To err is human; to forgive divine.(Antithesis)

Rhetorician

1. An expert or theorist/theoretician of rhetoric.

2. An orator or eloquent public speaker.

3. A Brief Introduction to English Rhetoric Origin of modern rhetoric: a brief history

Contents of modern rhetoric

The difference between grammar and rhetoric

What we learn in English rhetoric:

1definition and development 2Rhetoric originated in speaking.

Plato maintained that rhetoric was the expression of truth and the art of rational discourse rather

than the art of eloquent expression. (Aristotle, in the 4th c. B.C.)

first defined rhetoric as the art of persuasion, equivalent to argumentation as people understand today.

Arguments should include four sections:

1.the introduction;

2.the outline or narration of the subject;

3.the proofs for and against the case;

4. the summary.

In Athens, the center of western civilization, great orators, by exercising their rhetoric, gained following and support, and eventually, political power.

Cicero and Quintilian’s Five Arts

Cicero (106-43B.C.) : Roman statesman and philosopher

Rhetoric is a branch of political science.

To defend the political state eloquently, the orator should know a great deal about human experience and command a broad understanding of culture.

Quintilian (A.D.35-95.) : Roman rhetorician

Further expanded Cicero’s rhetoric and emphasized the idea that a good speaker must be a good man.

Five arts:

1. invento (invention);

2. dispositio (arrangement);

3. elocutio (style);

4. memoria (memory);

5. pronuntiatio (delivery).

Invention is about the discovery of valid or seemingly valid arguments, mainly concerns who, what, when, where, how and why. This is the art of discovering a means for finding arguments on any topic.

Arrangement is about how to organize the proofs effectively. This is the method of organizing an argument.

Style is about diction and the organization of phrase, i.e., about effective sentences, clarity, force and beauty and using figures of speech.

Memory is the art of committing the speech to memory by mnemonic devices. A mnemonic relies not only on repetition to remember facts, but also on creating associations among easy-to-remember constructs and lists of data.

Delivery is the art of speaking concerning the speakers’ pose, tone, gesture, facial expression, and so forth.

John Locke, English philosopher of the late 17th c., described rhetoric as “the science of oratory (演讲)”, or “the art of speaking with propriety, elegance, and force”.

In the 19th c., rhetoric came to be understood as the ability to write or speak well in ornate (词藻华丽的), showy language.

Overuse of these figures in speech or writing gave them a bad reputation. They once became associated with “artifice” and “ornamentation” and even with verbal hypocrisy(虚伪造作). Present tendency:

There are still people who equate rhetoric with the adoption of stylistic devices or the use of figures of speech in speech or writing.

More and more people have come to regard rhetoric as the art of effective communication. Furthermore, rhetoric tends to be connected more with writing than with speech, and more with prose than with verse.

Rhetoric: the art of speaking or writing to persuade or influence people.

------ (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 1995)

Rhetoric: art of using words impressively in speech and writing.

------ (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, 1984)

two main rhetoric trends in contemporary western culture:

a) Stylistics (文体论),

b) Rhetoric ,

a. Stylistics, which is associated with two aspects of writing:

First, the various registers (语域), e.g., scientific and technical writing, business writing and journalism.

Second, the stylistic variants---literary language and style, including personal style, and styles of different times and schools

Example:科技文章要求简明,准确,精炼,不宜使用修辞格.而小说经常使用各种修辞格,语言生动难忘.试比较:

1.Mercury vapor produces a brilliant light that looks white but is really a mixture of green and violet.

2.She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue. Her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into lump of dough as they moved from one face to another while the visitors stated their errand.

政论文章与政治演讲应具备争论的特点,主要靠事实、逻辑来征服听众,但好的政论并不排斥文学色彩。

We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime.From this nothing will turn us----nothing.We will never parley,we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang.We shall fight him by land ,we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air until ,with God’s……

b. Rhetoric, which is chiefly concerned with techniques of how to influence the audience:

1the functions and effects of different language symbols in communication activities;

2measures to promote mutual understanding and to affect the emotions of the audience;

3skill to handle persuasion and arguments as described in the “three aesthetic criteria” and the “three levels of rhetorical operations.”

Rhetoric consists of two basic aspects:

a) Communicative rhetoric,

emphasizes the choice of words and phrases, and selection of sentence patterns, organizing paragraphs and whole pieces of writing in such a way that ideas are expressed more clearly, more accurately and more appropriately and the best results are achieved in communication.

b) Aesthetic rhetoric,

stresses the vividness and gracefulness in expressing one’s ideas by artistic approaches like the use of figures of speech so as to increas e the emotional appeal of one’s speech or writing.

The difference between grammar and rhetoric

1. Grammar will tell you such things as where words can go and where they cannot; It will distinguish an acceptable sentence from an unacceptable one. It deals with matters of right or wrong, whereas rhetoric speaks in terms of better or worse.

2. In the vast majority of cases, it is easy to judge whether a sentence is grammatical or not. It is far harder to say whether one version of a text is rhetorically superior to another.

3. Writing grammatically is of course a prerequisite, but it is only the first step. As an expert user

of a language you must progress from mere grammatical competence to rhetorical competence. Ex.: Read and comment upon the following 2 paragraphs

1. Before I went to school, I spent my time playing with my friends. When the weather was bad, I had to stay at home and my mother used to try to teach me to read and write. When I was five years old, I started my primary education. My family lived in a small town in Scotland. I used to go home when the bell rang for lunch. After I finished lunch, I quickly ran back to school. We used to play in the school playground before the afternoon classes began. When I was at primary school, I studied very simple subjects. The second world war started after I had been at primary school for three years. In 1942, I sat the entrance examination to junior secondary school. Comments:

If looked at purely grammatically, this would score well.

If rhetorically it is flat and empty. It is merely to illustrate sentence patterns. Without the details, the paragraph is repetitive, shallow and monotonous.

2. However, by being so long in the lowest form I gained an immense advantage over the cleverer boys. They all went to learn Latin and Greek and splendid things like that. But I was taught English. We were considered such dunces that we could learn only English. Mr. Somervell ---a most delightful man, to whom my debt was great ---was charged with the duty of teaching the stupidest boys the most disregarded thing ---namely, to write mere English. He knew how to do it. He taught it as no one else has ever taught it. Not only did we learn English parsing thoroughly, but we also practiced continually English analysis. Mr. Somervell had a system of his own.He took a fairly long sentence and broke it up into its components by means of black, red, blue and green inks. Subject, V erb, Object, Relative clauses, Conditional Clauses, Conjunctive and Disjunctive Clauses! Each had its colour and its bracket. It was a kind of drill. We did it almost daily. As I remained in the Third Fourth (Beta) three times as long as anyone else, I had three times as much of it. I learned it thoroughly. Thus I got into my bones the essential structure of the ordinary British sentence --- which is a noble thing.--- Winston Churchill: My Early Life Comments:

It is also about school life. Note the level of detail, the liveliness of the writing, and the clear enthusiasm for what was a “despised subject”.

Cicer o, the great Roman orator and statesman, put it well when he wrote: “People do not praise an orator for correct grammar. They only laugh at him if his grammar is bad.”

So try to maintain good grammar while striving for rhetorical excellence.

What we learn in English rhetoric:

Rhetoric provides us with guidelines

for the best choice of words,

for the best choice of sentence construction,

for appropriate use of various figures of speech.

The importance of learning English Rhetoric

Rhetoric is a humanistic discipline which enables us to understand those choices and the processes of communication by which we make them.

Learning English is for the main purpose of effective communication, which results from a good command of language in listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation.

We should note the following essential points:

In our choice of words, we must pay attention to their meaning, sound, and context of use.

When writing sentences, we must consider their structure, length, and cohesion.

Figures of speech are an important part of our writing armory(宝库).

Look at the following pairs of sentences:

We live in a small country cottage. We have two small children.

In this pair, the adjective “small” merely states objectively the size of the cotta ge or the age of the children. There is no “color of feeling” present.

Oh, what a charming little cottage! Oh, what lovely little children they are!

In this pai r, on the other hand, we have “color of emotion”. There is a clear indication that the speake r likes the cottage and the children. “Little” could have been used in the first pair, but “small” could not have been used in the second. The context demands the choice of the “colored” word “little”

E.g. a. China has an area of 9.6 million square kilometers, in striking contrast to the United Kingdom, which is one fortieth as big.

b. China has an area of 9.6 million square kilometers. The United Kingdom has an area of about 250,000 square kilometers.

b) is perhaps more straightforward and economical, but if our purpose were to contrast the areas of the two countries, we might prefer a), with its explicit contrast and its treatment of the contrasted elements within the same sentence. However, there is no inherent problem with short sentences such as those in b). Indeed, they can be used effectively in both literature and in factual writing. Classification of figures of speech

Phonetic figures of speech:

alliteration, assonance(准押韵), consonance(辅音韵),onomatopoeia, pun, etc.

Syntactical figures of speech: parallelism, rhetorical question, repetition, zeugma(扼式搭配), syllepsis(一笔双叙), climax, anti-climax, etc.

Semantic figures of speech:simile, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc.

Logical figures of speech: allegory(寓言,讽喻), allusion(影射), hyperbole, irony, etc. Modern rhetoric does not concentrate on this feature of writing to the extent that Classical rhetoric did, but it is useful to know the common figures, and when it is appropriate to use them.

For example, scientific English will be virtually devoid of such figures, whereas literary English will be full of them.

Appreciation:

I have a dream-- by Martin Luther King, Jr.

1.choice of words非常正式的语体,选用大词,长词,以显演讲的庄重、严谨、典雅

E.g. capacity, discrimination, languish, dramatize, appalling, magnificent, guarantee, threshold, degenerate, marvelous, frustration, pilgrim etc.

2.Sentence structure: 78 sentences 9 sentences containing more than 30 words

The longest sentence contain 77 words The shortest sentence contain 4 words.

长短结合,错落有致,多姿多彩,有张有弛

4.Other figures of speech

A.Repetition

B. Parallelism

C. Antithesis

D. Simile

E. Metaphor

PART 2: Diction

What are the two aspects of rhetoric?

Introduction :Two aspects of rhetoricCommunicative/Active rhetoric and Aesthetic/ Passive

rhetoric

In the case of content,communicative rhetoric stresses the choice of words and sentence structures, clarity and fluency;

in the case of form, it stresses balance and rigorousness(严谨性).

Aesthetic rhetoric stresses appealing to emotion, imagination, association and the use of figures of speech so as to achieve artistic effect by making language more active, beautiful, powerful and convincing.

Definition of DICTION

the choice of words,

and an indispensable first step in communication

Words used must match the thought.

It is the first characteristic of a well-dressed man that his clothes fit him; they are not too small and shrunken here, too large and loose there. Now it is precisely such a prime characteristic of a good style that the words fit close to the thoughts: they will not be too big here, hanging like a giant’s robe on the limbs of a dwarf; nor too small there, as a boy’s garments into which the man has with difficulty and ridiculously thrust himself. Y ou do not feel in one place that the writer means more than he has succeeded in saying; in another that he has said more than he means; or in a third something beside what his intention was; and all this from a lack of dexterity in employing the instrument of language, of precision in knowing what words would be the exactest correspondents and fittest exponents of his thought. (On the Study of Words)

Three principles of diction

(1) CORRECTNESS

e.g. homonyms同音异义词

1) air, heir

Man cannot live without ______. He is an ______ to property.

2) sight, site, cite

He ______ quotations from Shakespeare. The sunrise is a beautiful ______.

This is a suitable ______ for a cotton mill.

.e.g. words similar in pronunciation / spelling

1) affected, effected

The hot weather ______ his health. The medicine ______ nothing.

2) conscious, conscience

He has a good ______. They were ______ of being watched.

(2) APPROPRIATENESS --- proper words in proper places (Swift)

Whether or not the words used are appropriate depends to a large extent on the subject, audience and the purpose of the writer /speaker

1) standard and non-standard English

Standard English: the English recognized and used by well-educated speakers of English Non-standard English:the English not usually found in the speech of educated speakers of English

E.g.

nowheres --- nowhere irregardless --- regardless ain’t --- are/am/is not

hain’t --- have/has not I don’t want nothing. --- I don’t want anything.

2) three layers of English vocabulary

The core of English vocabulary is made up of three layers of words, with the learned/formal at the top, the colloquial at the bottom, and the common in the middle.

E.g.

formal common informal

inform tell tell

obtain obtain get

however but but

formal words: in formal writing, such as scholarly or theoretical writing, political and legal documents, and formal lectures

the colloquial: in daily conversation

3) synonyms: fine shades of meaning

E.g. A man is walking.----

A man is marching, pacing, patrolling, stalking, striding, treading, tramping, prancing, strutting, plodding, strolling, staggering, sidling, toddling, roaming, loitering…

Each conveys a slightly different meaning.

--- synonyms

three sets of English synonyms

early English French origin Latin origin

e.g.

small/little petite diminutive

ask question interrogate

time age epoch

derogatory terms vs. euphemisms

derogatory: e.g. Japs (for Japanese) Huns (for German soldiers)

honky/honkie (for White man)

--derogatory terms vs. euphemisms

euphemism:

e.g.

die: pass away, cease one’s breath, fall asleep be pregnant: be expecting, be in the family way lavatory: rest room, lounge, john, convenience the poor people: the disadvantaged, the underprivileged, the low income group

(3) EXACTNESS (or Accuracy)

Exactness of diction depends much on connotation and denotation of words.

Denotation:

what a word literally means as defined by the dictionary (specific, direct, literal meaning Connotation: feeling or idea suggested by the word (associative, suggestive meaning) 内涵意义Words with similar denotation may have connotations that vary widely

E.g. 1) I am firm; 2) you are stubborn; 3) he is pig-headed.

1) I am slender; 2)you are thin; 3)he is skinny.

connotation: favorable/ neutral/ unfavorable

In the examples above

1)favorable 2)neutral 3)unfavorable

connotation: historical/ social

E.g. (in literature)Twilight: a time of day/ melancholy or romance

Watergate: the name of a place/ a political scandal

connotation: personal/ general

Personal connotations may vary greatly, due to people’s different experiences

E.g. seaside: not the same connotations to people

connotation: personal/ general

general connotations are shared by most people

E.g. home-warmth, security, love, comfort

Connotations: constantly changing, varying with the context

E.g.

sly- skillful (before) vs. tricky (now)

propaganda- a reliable and trustworthy source of information vs. slanting and deception Literature: words with connotative meaning

vs.

technical and scientific writing:words with denotative meaning

e.g. I see a lily on thy brow,With anguish moist and fever dew;And on thy cheeks a fading rose Fast withereth too.你的额角白似百合,垂挂着热病的露珠面颊像是玫瑰,正在很快地凋枯。--“Lily: the paleness of the browRose: the pink fading from the cheeks

general vs. specific words

General words: refer to characteristics that many things have in common and indicate general names, qualities or modes of actions.

Specific words:indicate particular things, qualities and actions. tend to give color and tang, appeal to the imagination.

E.g.

general words specific words

house cottage, hut, shed, mansion, villa,

office building, skyscraper, …

person king, queen, prince, worker, farmer,

policeman, lawyer, doctor, teacher…

flower chrysanthemum, lotus, rose, daffodil …

do work, study, read, write, sing, dance …

move walk, jog, run, wander, stroll, hop, skip, drag

Classroom exercise

Compare the following sentences:

a (1) He loves literature. (2) He loves novels, poems and the like.

b (1) From the primary school through the high school, later in his college course, he was always a diligent and painstaking student.

(2) Through the whole course of his education, he was a diligent and painstaking student.

c (1) He fought like an animal. (2) He fought like a tiger.

abstract vs. concrete words

abstract words: refer to concepts

concrete words: have objects as their referent

abstract words & general words: usually not overlap

concrete words & specific words:refer to particular objects and actions

Classroom exercise

Please give some concrete words for good in the following two phrases:

(1) a good man; (2) good food

c.f. (1) a good man: kind, honest, just, generous, sympathetic, honorable,warm-hearted, hardworking, helpful, selfless …

(2) good food: delic ious, tasty, nourishing, wholesome,rich, fresh, substantial …

concrete words & specific words: fresh, vivid but not always better than

abstract words & general words:

e.g.

Compare the following pair of sentences:

(1) Children need sympathy.

(2) Children do not like frowns. Cold looks scare them. They flinch from harsh words.

A wkward and ineffective

A case study

The following is part of a dialogue taken from the American film Man, Woman and Child written by Erich Segal. Please analyze the diction the writer uses for the dialogue.

Background introduction:Robert: a doctor His wife:Sheila Their son

A woman doctor gave birth to a child without telling it to Robert. Later, seriously ill and going to die

Husband (H): Honey, I gotta to talk to you.

Wife (W): Sure. Is there something wrong?

H: Well, sort of. Y es.

W: Bob, something in your voice scares me. Have I done anything?

H: No. It’s me. I’ve done it. Sheila, remember when you were pregnant with Paula?

W: Yes?

H: I had to fly to Europe --- Montpellier --- to give that paper …

W: And?

H: I had an affair.

W: No. This is some terrible news. Isn’t it?

H: No. It’s true. I --- I’m sorry.

W: Who?

H: Nobody. Nobody special.

W: Who, Robert?

H: Her --- her name was Nicole Guirin. She was a doctor.

W: And how long did it last?

H: Two, three days.

W: Two days or three days? I want to know. --- from Man, Woman and Child by Erich Segal

Exercises for choice of words

I.Choose the correct word(s) to complete each sentence.

1.The ________ (preceding/ proceeding) message was brought to us by General Motors.

2.He says he would write an English course book if he could find a(n) ________ (accomplice/

collaborator) to deal with the less interesting parts.

3.The whole audience was ________ (affected/ infected) by her sad story and many burst into

tears.

4.For many years, Mark has been suffering from the ________ (delusion/ illusion) that he is a

great man.

5.I cannot ________ (tolerate/ suffer) any more of your nonsense.

6.I didn’t say anything like that at all. Y ou are purposely ________ (revising/ distorting) my

ideas to prove your point.

7.I _________ (express/ acknowledge) with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation

of this new column.

8.To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we ________ (enhance/ gear)

the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world-market demand.

9.I can’t ________ (accept/ receive) your point of view, nor can I follow your advice.

10.My uncle went to the police station to ________ (demand/ claim) the lost watch.

II. Cloze.

Nowadays, many museums have changed in appearance. Some of the old, gray museums have been 1) ______, and the newer ones are open and modern 2) ______ their architecture. Inside, there is 3) ______ lighting, color, and sound. 4) ______ displaying everything they own, museum directors show 5) ______ objects and leave open spaces 6) _______ visitors can gather and sit down. They also bring 7) ______ in one display a group of objects 8) ______ from various parts of the museum 9) ______ an effort to represent the whole life-style of a region or a historical 10) ______. In one room, for instance, you may find materials, clothing, tools, cooking pots, furniture, and art works of a particular place and time.

More and more, museum directors are 11) ______ that people learn best when they can somehow become 12) ______ of they are seeing. In many science 13) ______, for example, there are no guided tours. The visitor is 14) ______ to touch, listen, operate, and experiment so as 15) ______ discover scientific principles for 16) ______. He can have the experience of operating a spaceship or a computer. He can experiment 17) ______ glass blowing and paper making. The purpose is not only to provide fun but also to help people feel 18) ______ in the world of science. The theory is that people who do not understand science will 19) ______ fear it, and those who fear science will not use it to 20) ______ advantage.

1. A. established B. demolished C. rebuilt D. destroyed

2. A. in B. on C. at D. with

3. A. beautiful B. modern C. traditional D. delicate

4. A. Despite of B. In spite of C. Regardless of D. Instead of

5. A. many B. more C. fewer D. less

6. A. when B. where C. which D. whose

7. A. together B. about C. round D. up

8. A. lent B. drawn C. ordered D. made

9. A. with B. through C. by D. in

10. A. period B. site C. times D. place

11. A. realizing B. knowing C. thinking D. believing

12. A. all B. one C. that D. part

13. A. laboratories B. exhibition C. museums D. experiments

14. A. forbidden B. encouraged C. told D. banned

15. A. to B. for C. that D. far

16. A. him B. himself C. them D. themselves

17. A. in B. for C. with D. to

18. A. happy B. at work C. satisfied D. at home

19. A. probably B. surely C. undoubtedly D. certainly

20. A. best B. bigger C. better D. biggest

III. Delete the superfluous word(s) in each of the following sentence.

1.I introduced and implemented a new textbook inventory system.

2.I am anxious and eager to help you with the Sulliven campaign.

3.We need your help and assistance next year.

4.Please collect and gather together all the facts on Buffalo’s Hancock Building.

5.I will communicate with you and write you at your business address.

IV. Fill in the blanks in the following chart according to the connotation of the word.

Favorable Unfavorable Neutral

1. ________ hovel house

2. resolute ________ strong-willed

3. assembly ________ crowd

4. ________ speculator financier

5. ________ odor smell

6. feast ________ eat

7. conversation ________ talk

8. ________ spy detective

9. ________ bureaucrat official

10. thrifty ________ economical:

V. Explain the denotation and connotation of the words below. Consult the dictionaries if necessary.

gay black dog child tight square

PART3:choice of sentence

Types of Sentence

Classified into three ways:

Functional Grammatical Rhetorical

According to their function, we have —

1)declarative sentences. (陈述句)2) interrogative sentences.(疑问句)

3) imperative sentences.(祈使句)4) exclamatory sentences. (感叹句)

According to their structure, we have —

1) simple sentences. (简单句)2) compound sentences. (并列句)

3) complex sentences. (复合句)4) compound-complex sentences. (并列复合句)

From a rhetorical(修辞)point of view, we have —

1) loose sentences. (松散句)2) periodic sentences. (掉尾句)

3) balanced sentences. (平行句)4) Short and long sentences (长短句)

Translated terms:

loose sentence: 松句《英语修辞》p,44;松散句《大学英语》1993年第1期p.92;松句《英汉大词典》p.1053。

Periodic sentence: 掉尾句《英语修辞》p,45; 掉尾句《大学英语》1993年第1期p.92;尾重

句,圆周句《英汉大词典》p.1348。

The popular translated terms are :

loose sentence 松散句

Periodic sentence 掉尾句

1.loose sentence is a basic statement with a string of details added to it.

E.g. Basic statement: He stood in the doorway.

Loose sentence:He stood in the doorway with the taste of alcohol on his tongue, watching a thin girl in a red rubber cap giggle under the floodlighting.

main idea is presented at the beginning and the subordinate or dependent constituents are added to it.

placed in a natural order :

subject-verb-complement.

The information orderly presentation.

E.g. The student sat quietly, trembling at the thought of writing an essay.

2.Periodic sentence subordinate idea comes first and main idea comes at the end.

E.g. Having considered both sides of the argument, I have come to the conclusion that the advantages of owning a car outweigh the disadvantages.

loose sentence vs. periodic sentence

A loose sentence puts the main idea before all supplementary information; in other words, it puts first things first, and lets the reader know what it is mainly about when he has read the first few words.

The reverse arrangement makes a periodic sentence: the main idea is expressed at or near the end of it, and it is not grammatically complete until the end is reached. The reader does not know what it is mainly about until he finishes reading it.

1. a. She decided to study English though she was interested in music.

b. Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English.

2. a. Y ou cannot make great progress in English without good study habits.

b. Without good study habits, you cannot make great progress in English.

Sentence a and sentence b: semantically same, but different in structure.

A loose sentence: The main idea is put at the beginning. Its first part is complete in structure. (sentence a)

A periodic sentence: The main idea is put at the end. Its first part is only a supplement and cannot be called a sentence without the second part. (sentence b)

The difference between the two types of sentences:

*Loose sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and direct;

“Loose sentence is characteristic of a literary style which aims at natural simplicity and directness.”“The qualities associated with loose structure are easiness, relaxation, informality.”(Leech & Short)

periodic sentences are more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary.

sentences are compound and compound-complex, but loose in structure.

E.g. 1. He was an inch, perhaps two, under six feet, powerfully built, and he advanced straight at you with a slight stoop of the shoulders, head forward, and a fixed-from-under stare which made you think of a charging bull. His voice was deep, loud, and his manner displayed a kind of dogged self-assertion which had nothing aggressive in it.

A periodic sentence, the last word being the most important, many words piled up before the key word.

E.g.

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. ——Jane Austen(the first sentence in Pride and Prejudice)

The methods of making loose sentences and periodic sentences

1. Preposing or postposing the adverbial clause

(1) Loose ( postposition): The world won’t end even if we fail again and again.

Periodic (preposition): Even if we fail again and again, the world won’t end.

(2) Loose ( postposition): Bill had cleaned the room before Tom returned.

Periodic (preposition): Before Tom returned, Bill had cleaned the room.

2.Preposing or postposing the adverbial phrase

(1) Loose ( postposition): Bill started to write his composition early in the morning.

Periodic (preposition): Early in the morning, Bill started to write his composition.

(2) Loose ( postposition): We feel much honored to have you come to visit our country. Periodic (preposition): To have you come to visit our country, we feel much honored.

3. Preposing or postposing the participle phrase

(1) Loose ( postposition): She came up shouldering a spade.

Periodic (preposition):Shouldering a spade, she came up.

(2) Loose ( postposition): He came back, utterly exhausted.

Periodic (preposition): Utterly exhausted, he came back.

4. Preposing or postposing the prep. Phrase

(1) Loose (postposition): Tom was cutting a piece of metal with great care.

Periodic (preposition): With great care, Tom was cutting a piece of metal.

(2) Loose (postposition): This was done without my knowledge and without my consent.

Periodic (preposition): Without my knowledge and without my consent, this was done.

5. Preposing or postposing the apposition

(1) Loose (postposition): Tom became fond of Bill, a cheerful, hard-working apprentice.

Periodic (preposition): A cheerful, hard-working apprentice, Tom became fond of Bill.

(2) Loose (postposition): He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.

Periodic (preposition): Ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, he read all kinds of books.

6. Preposing or postposing the adjective or adjective phrase

(1) Loose (postposition): She took down what he said, conscientious and eager.

Periodic (preposition): Conscientious and eager, she took down what he said.

(2) Loose (postposition): Bill was cleaning the lathe full of energy.

Periodic (preposition): Full of energy, Bill was cleaning the lathe.

The rhetoric function of loose sentence and periodic sentence

loose sentence:

1) gives prominence to emphases and comes straight to the point:

E.g.She was offered a professional contract after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating, according to the newspaper reports.

2) fits writing in a flat way most.

E.g.1. Then I saw that the child had died, never more to enjoy getting into trouble with his friends, never again to tell innocent lies to his parents, never to look with hopeful shyness at a girl he

desires.

2. Nothing could deflect that wall of water, sweeping away trees and boulders, engulfing streets and villages, churning and roaring like a creature in pain.

2. periodic sentence:

1) causes anticipation and suspense in readers

E.g. Though Jim Thorpe had brought great glory to his nation, though thousands of people cheered him upon his return to the United States and attended banquets and a New Y ork parade in his honor, he was not a citizen.

Analyze: the charm of periodic sentences

The concessive clauses push Jim Thorpe s personal achievements and the craze from the American people towards him to the climax. After reading the clauses, the readers will desire to wait for the answer being disclosed; however, the writer uses he was not a citizen to bring to a sudden end to the sentence. During the course, readers follow the anticipation-suspense-suddenness track.

Ex. Analyze the following sentence.

If students are absorbed in their own limited worlds, if they are disdainful of the work of their teachers, if they are scornful of the lessons of the past, then the great cultural heritage which must be transmitted from generation to generation will be lost.

2) focuses on expressing the emotions of the writer and strengthen the power of the words.

E.g. The one absolute, unselfish friend a man may have in this selfish world, the one that never deserts him, the one that never proves ungrateful or treacherous, is his dog.

Analyze: the charm of periodic sentence

The use of three parallel constructions and three repeated ones push the noble personality of this friend up to the top. However, the answer unexpected: is his dog.

3. Balanced sentence When a sentence contains two or more parts of the same form and grammatical function, it is one with parallel construction.

E.g. The feeling of the nation must be quickened; the conscience of the nation must be roused; the propriety of the nation must be startled; the hypocrisy of the nation must be exposed; and its crimes against God and men must be proclaimed and denounced.--Frederick Douglass

When a sentence contains two parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning, it is a balanced sentence.

E. g. 1. We must conquer war, or war will conquer us.

2. On hearing the news, he was angered, and I was saddened.

3. The ambition of the novice is to acquire the Literary Language; the struggle of the adept is to get rid of it.

4"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going directly to Heaven, we were all going the other way." ---A Tale of Two Cities

Features:

Impressive : because of the contrast

Pleasing to hear: because of the rhythm

Balanced: phonologically, semantically and syntacticallymainly used in formal/ literary writing, like expository and argumentative prose, and speeches.

4. Short and Long Sentence

Cf.short sentences: emphatic .long sentences: express complex ideas with precision

short sentences: suitable for the presentation of important facts and ideas.long sentences: suitable for the explanation of views and theories, or the description of things with many details.

An example making good use of short sentences:

Our city is on the threshold of a great era. Of this we can be sure. We must be willing to work—and to spend in order to fulfill the promise of the future. We need a large police force for public protection. We need a modernized fire department. We need an enlarged library. We need to improve our water supply. For all these needs there is but one solution. We must see that the bond issue is approved by the voters in the November election.

Merit of use of short sentences:

Here each short sentence puts forward an important suggestion. If the points were grouped into longer sentences, there would not be the force and clarity of these short sentences.

Ex. Comment the use of short sentences in the following passage.

He crouched a little, spreading his hands under the water and moving them round, trying to feel for her. The dead cold pond swayed upon his chest. He moved again, a little deeper, and again, with his hands underneath, he felt all around under the water. And he touched her clothing. But it evaded his fingers. He made a desperate effort to grasp it.He laid her down on the bank. She was quite unconscious and running with water. He made the water come from her mouth, he worked to restore her. He did not have to work very long before he could feel the breathing begin again in her; she was breathing naturally. He worked a little longer. He could feel her live beneath his hands; she was coming back. He wiped her face,wrapped her in his overcoat, looked round into the dim, dark gray world, then lifted her and staggered down the bank and across the fields. Key:

Use of short sentences in the above passage vividly describe the man’s rapid movements and make the reader feel the tension the man was experiencing at the moment.

Long sentences: common in legal, political and theoretical writing, depending on modification for accuracy.

E.g.Art, in the sense here intended—that is, the genetic term subsuming painting, sculpture, architecture, music, dance, literature, drama, and film—may be defined as the practice of creating perceptible forms expressive of human feeling. I say “perceptible”rather than “sensuous”forms because some works of art are given to imagination rather than to the outward senses.A novel,for instance, usually is read silently with the eye, but is not made for vision, as a painting is;and though sound plays a vital part in poetry, words even in poetry are not essentially sonorous(圆润低沉) structures like music….

.Merit of use of long sentences:to define such abstract term as “art”and “feeling”, necessary to use so many words to make the definitions accurate and prevent misunderstanding.

long sentences: sometimes used to describe a person, a thing or a scene In fiction

Summary:

good sentences:more than grammatically correct. varied in length in word order, and in their rhetorical patterns.

The basic principle:The structure should fit the idea being expressed. /

The idea determines the choice of the structure, not the other way round.

PART4 Phonetic figures of speech

Alliteration 头韵;谐头韵

Definition: Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of neighbouring words

Examples:

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

“What we want is Watneys.”“The daily diary of the American dream.”

Often used in the old English poetry. The most famous example of alliterative poetry: the Old English epic, Beowulf. Most obviously in:flashy newspaper headlines,advertisements, business names, comic characters, and proverbs.

a. Used in poetry

Upon Julia's V oice So smooth , so sweet , so silvery is thy voice , As, could they hear, the Damned would make no noise, But listen to thee Melting melodious words, to Lutes of Amber. Wherefore feed ,and clothes ,and save ,From the cradle to the grave ,Those ungrateful drones who would ,Drain your sweat nay ,drink your blood! -----Percy Bysshe Shelley,

b. Used in idioms and proverbs

Care killed the cat. 忧虑伤身Soft fire makes sweet malt (麦芽糖).慢工出细活

Money makes mare (母驴).Safe and sound 安然无恙

The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.心有余而力不足

Time and tide waits for no man.A fair face may hide a foul heart.满面春风,心如蛇蝎

c. Used in newspaper headline

A Forei gn Policy Without a Focus (“没有中心的外交政策”) ———《新闻周刊》

Soviet Suitor for US Asian Allies (“苏联向美国的亚洲盟友发起亲善攻势”) —《泰晤士报》Splintered PLO Struggles to Stay Alive (“支离破碎的巴勒斯坦解放组织努力生存下去”)

d. Used in ads and slogans

Vitamins for vim and vigor Cut costs without cutting corners

Sea, sun, sand, seclusion-and Spain

e. Used in speeches and some other cases

I see advancing upon all this in hideous onslaught the Nazi war machine , with its clanking , heel-clicking, dandified Prussian officers, its crafty expert agents fresh from the cowing and tying down of a dozen countries. I see also the dull, drilled, docile , brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts. I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky , still smarting from many a British whipping , delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey. Winston S. Churchill, “Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of U . S. S. R.

f. Used in play/book titles

The Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》The School for Scandal《造谣学校》

Note: Repetition of initial consonant sounds means that only the sound must be the same, not the consonants themselves.

Examples: killer command fantastic philosophy A neat knot need not be re-knotted.

If neighbouring words start with the same consonant but have a different initial sound, the words are not alliterated.

Examples:a Canadian child honoured and humbled (the ‘h’in honoured is silent)

Effect: sound device, musical effect

Assonance 元韵(半谐韵),叠韵,迭韵Definition:

Assonance is The repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds within stressed syllables or neighbouring words; Identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words; the repetition of internal vowel sounds in neighbouring words that do not end the same. Examples:

sweet dreams fertile - birth fate and lakeDo you like blue

Assonance is more a feature of verse than prose. Used in (mainly modern)English-language poetry Particularly important in Old French, Spanish and Celtic languages.

E.g. Hear the mellow wedding bells. —Edgar Allan Poe,

"The Bells" And murmuring of innumerable bees - Alfred Lord Tennyson,

The Princess VII.203 The crumbling thunder of seas —Robert Louis Stevenson

How now brown cow —unknown

Consonance 辅韵Definition:

The repetition of consonants (or consonant patterns) especially at the ends of words,often used in poetry characterized by the repetition of two or more consonants using different vowels. Example: All mammals named Sam are clammy.

Comparison:

It repeats the consonant sounds but not vowel sounds. Assonance is the repetition of only vowel sounds. Alliteration differs from consonance insofar as alliteration requires the repeated consonant sound to be at the beginning of each word, where in consonance"Few flocked to the fight" ---alliteration(the only repetition occurs in the"f" sounds at the beginnings of the words.)

"All mammals named Sam are clammy" ---consonance(the repeating consonant sound "m" is Rhyme: Similarity or identity of vowels (several types):

1. End Rhymes (尾韵)

Words with ending rhyme have the same Final vowel sound and following consonant sound(s). (words in which the final vowel and consonant sounds are the same).

For example: laughter/admirer/doctor/pleasure/scholar/watercolor hat/cat plate/eight

2.Double Rhymes

Words with double rhyme have the same V owel sound in the second-to last syllable and all following sounds. (Words entered using this option must have at least two syllables.)

For example:soaring/adoring/exploring/pouring/ conviction/prediction walking/talking

3.Triple Rhymes

Words with triple rhyme have the same vowel sound in the third- to-last syllable and all following sounds. (Words entered using this option must have at least three syllables.)

For example combination/explanation/coronation /destination/ imagination greenery/scenery 4.Beginning Rhymes

Words with beginning rhyme have the same initial consonant sound(s) and the same first vowel sound. This option lets you find words with initial alliteration (the repetition of initial consonant sounds), initial assonance ((the repetition of initial vowel sounds), and front rhyme (the succession of beginning sounds of words).

For example cat/kangaroo table/tailor physics/fizzleantelope/cantaloupe 羚羊/ 香瓜, 哈密瓜Note:

"The terms alliteration, assonance, and rhyme identify kinds of recurring sound that in practice are often freely mixed together. In considering a poem, it may not be easy or useful to decide where one stops and another starts."

Onomatopoeia [,?n?m?t?‘pi:?] 拟声

Definition:Or an onomatopoeic word--the formation or use of words such as buzz, hiss or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.

Effect: sound device, creates an especially vivid impression

Examples:Geese gaggle.嘎嘎地叫Horses neigh, snort.马嘶叫Magpies chatter. 喜鹊啁啾

Mice squeak.老鼠吱吱叫Pigs squeal, grunt. 猪尖叫/发出呼噜声

I'm hungry -- my stomach's rumbling. 我饿得肚子咕咕叫.

Sound from nature:Murmur, babble咿呀声、潺潺声,swish沙沙声, patter啪嗒声、轻快脚步声或拍打声, rumble隆隆声、沉声音, roll持续颤动的声音, rustle摩擦声, zip飕飕飞过, toot短鸣, 嘟嘟声, tick滴答声, tinkle丁零声, screech尖利的声音, bang, bubble汩汩, clang铿锵声, crack, grumble隆隆声; 辘辘声:

Aposiopesis [,?p?,sai?'pi:sis]顿绝法

A sudden breaking off of a thought in the middle of a sentence, as though the speaker were unwilling or unable to continue Most effective when the listener can successfully deduce what is missing.

Three categories of using aposiopesis:

A.Be too excited to give further articulation to his/her thought or trying to impress readers with a vague hint of an idea

B. To imply a strong sense of threat. e.g."Put down that toy right now or else I'll..."

C. To leave suspense on listeners or readers.

E.g. To create a dramatic or comic tension in the scene, as in a pivotal moment when a detective is about to name the real killer: "I finally put the last pieces together and I know the killer is-- Are those flowers real? I can't ever get anything to grow in my office. Anywhere, where was I? Oh yeah, the real killer...".

Apostrophe [?'p?str?fi] 顿呼

Definition:a variety of personification in which the dead, absent, or inanimate are addressed as if present.

E.g.O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,哦,狂暴的西风,秋之生命的呼吸!你无形,但枯死的落叶被你横扫,有如鬼魅碰到了巫师,纷纷逃避:

Pun 双关

A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word(a polysemous word) and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words(homonym同形同音异义词, homophones同音词

Effect:T o produce a humorous or witty effect

Homonyms 同形同音异义字

One of two or more words that have the same sound and often the same spelling but differ in meaning, such as bank(embankment) and bank (place where money is kept). (Shakespeare: Henry E.g.

We must hang together, or we shall all hang separately.(Benjamin Franklin)

我们必须紧密地团结在一起,否则我们将被一个个地绞死。

Ben Battle was a soldier bold And used to war’s alarms;But a cannon ball shot off his legs,

So he laid down his arms.(Hood)本拜脱是一个大胆的士兵习惯了战争的警报;但是一颗炮弹打断了他的双腿,他只得放下他的武器。诗中arms一语双关:手臂、武器。

Homographs 同形异音异义词

One of two or more words that have the same spelling but differ in origin, meaning,and pronunciation, such as

Homophones 同音词

One of two or more words, such as night and knight, that are pronounced the same but differ in meaning,origin, and sometimes spelling.

e.g.Y ou earn your living and urn your dead. 谋生即筑墓

Puns in advertisements

a.谐音双关

More sun and air for your son and heir.

这里有充足的阳光清新的空气,一切为了您的子孙后代

WEAR-EVER introduces a new concept in glass oven ware: CLEANABILITY.

“恒久”玻璃炉具带给你一个全新的概念:洁净。

b. 语义双关

Spoil yourself and not your figure. 尽情大吃,不增体重。

A deal with us means a good deal to you. 和我们做买卖意味着您做了一笔好买卖。

c. 语法双关语法双关是指由于语法方面的问题产生的双关,如省略结构、某词或词组具有两种以上语法功能等。

-----Which lager can claim to be truly German? ------This can.(旁边画有一罐啤酒)

---哪种大罐啤酒可称得上是地道的德国货?----这罐

Coke refreshes you like no other can. 没有什么能像可乐那样令您神清气爽

d.习语双关

广告语言特别善于引用一些人们耳熟能详的成语或俗语。这些广告以人们原有的社会、文化知识为基础,以鲜明、独特的语言形式形成双关,既增强了广告的吸引力,又体现了广告语言的艺术性,更使广告具有令人回味的弦外之音。例如:

Y ou’ll go nuts for the nuts you get in Nux. 纳克斯坚果让你爱不释口。(nut)

A Mars a day keeps you work, rest and play.

一天一块玛斯巧克力,让您工作像工作,娱乐像娱乐。

练一练

share a continent but not a country safety and security "Few flocked to the fight"

Alliteration 头韵;谐头韵

Ding dong! the bells are gonna chime.(Alan Jay Lerner, from The Music Man)"Tlot-tlot; tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse-hoofs ringing clear;Tlot-tlot, tlot-tlot, in the distance? Were they deaf that they did not hear?(Alfred Noyes, "The Highwayman") Onomatopoeia 拟声

PART5-6 Semantic Figures of Speech

Analogy类比Allegory (Logical) 寓言;讽喻Allusion (Logical) 典故;引喻;Anticlimax突降,渐降法Climax 渐进,层进Euphemism (Logical) 委婉语Simile 明喻Metaphor 隐喻, 暗喻Hyperbole (Logical) 夸张Irony (Logical) 讽刺;反语,反话Litotes (Logical) 曲言Metonymy 借代Oxymoron (Logical) 矛盾修饰法;逆喻Paradox (Logical)逆说;反说Personification 拟人Portmanteau word 紧缩词,混合词Pun 双关Syllepsis 一语双法,Synaesthesia [sinis'θi:zi?] 通感, 联觉Synecdoche 提喻法Understatement (Logical) 低调陈述Zeugma 轭式修饰法、搭配;拈连Tautology (synonyme) 同义反复

Allusion 典故,引喻,暗引

Allusion is the figure of speech based on resemblance which is a reference of work of literature to

汉语修辞学标准答案

一、单项选择题(共 20 道试题,共 40 分。) 得分:34 1. “刚才仿佛有人探了一下头似的”属于 。 A. 明喻 B. 暗喻 C. 表比较 D. 表不确定 满分:2 分 2. “他的眼光iE 像一把刀,刺得老王缩小了一半。”使用的修辞方式是( ) A. 夸张 B. 比拟 C. 借代 D. 反语 满分:2 分 3. “姑娘忍不住咬了一下嘴唇,把一个苦笑吞了下去。”使用了拟物手法。 A. 比喻 B. 拟物 C. 夸张 D. 对偶 满分:2 分

4. 总结我们的经验,集中到一点,就是工人阶级经过共产党领导的以工农联盟为基础的人民民 主专政。这个专政必须和国际革命力量团结一致。这就是我们的公式,这就是我们的经验,这就是我们的主要纲领。这是什么句式? A. 长句 B. 短句 C. 整句 D. 散句 满分:2 分 5. 我国最早把“修”和“辞”连用(“修辞立其诚”)的著作是。 A. 《论语》 B. 《孟子》 C. 《易经》 D. 《老子》 满分:2 分 6. “槛外低秦岭,窗中小渭川”是形容词活用,表达了诗人登高远望,游目骋怀的气度。( ) A. 形容词活用 B. 动词活用 C. 名词虚指 D. 数词泛用 满分:2 分 7. 属于事务语体的是( ) A. 广告 B. 新闻

C. 论文 D. 诗歌 满分:2 分 8. 我和父亲不相见已二年余了,我最不能忘记的是他的背影。这是什么句式? A. 顺装句 B. 倒装句 C. 长句 D. 短句 满分:2 分 9. 下列句子中代词的运用,恰当的是( ) A. 弟弟发来短信说,我在学校很好,不用惦记我。 B. 弟弟发来短信说:“我在学校很好,不用惦记我。” C. 弟弟发来短信说:“他在学校很好,不用惦记他。” D. 弟弟发来短信说,我在学校很好,不用惦记他。 满分:2 分 10. “是什么风把你吹来了”属于比拟中的( )。 A. 无生命事物拟人化 B. 有生命事物拟人化 C. .把人拟作物 D. 把一物拟作另一物 满分:2 分 11. 《修辞学发凡》一书把修辞格分为____. A. 二十种 B. 三十种

汉语修辞学复习题 - 副本 (2)

一、填空题 1、我国修辞学的研究源远流长,早在先秦两汉,古人就已经注意到了修辞现象,提出了自己的见解。 2、西晋陆机的《文赋》是一部对后世有很大影响的文学理论专著。其中对修辞的方法、技巧也有较多的论述。 3、1932年陈望道《修辞学发凡》的出版,标志着中国现代修辞学的建立。 4、语言包括语音、词汇、语法三个要素。修辞和语言的三要素有着密切的关系。 5、语言环境对语言表达具有制约作用。 6、词语锤炼的基本要求是准确朴实、简洁有力、新鲜活泼、生动形象。 7、句子的格式简称句式。 8、散句是指结构不一致,形式参差的句子。 9、严格的对偶上下两联要具备以下条件:意义相关,结构相同,字数相等,词类相当,没有重字,平仄,协调。 10、叠用和一般句子比较有以下修辞特点:整齐一致、集中突出、清晰醒目。 11、反问句的修辞作用,主要表现在比一般句式具有更强烈的语气和感情色彩。 12、先秦两汉在我国修辞学史上可以称作萌芽时期。 13、比喻就是人们平时说的“打比方”。 14、反问句又叫反诘句,它是用问句的形式表示确定的意思。 15、四个音节的语音段落也称“四字格”,它两字一顿,整齐匀称,是人们喜闻乐道的一种语言格式。 16、同样的意思既可以用肯定句也可以用否定句。一般说来,肯定句的语气比较直率明确,否定句的语气比较委婉灵活。 17、顶真就是上文的词语、句子用来作为下文的起头,前后首尾相连,上递下接。南朝文学家沈约称之谓连珠。 18、1951年《人民日报》连载了吕叔湘、朱德熙的名著《语法修辞讲话》。 19、现代汉语中,声调分阴平、阳平、上声、去声四类,阴平、阳平为平声,上声、去声为仄声。 20. 宋代陈骙的《文则》是我国第一部专门论述修辞的著作。 22. 陈望道的《修辞学发凡》创立了我国第一个科学而完备的修辞学体系。 23. 修辞学是研究提高语言表达效果的科学。 24. 语言环境包括社会时代、题旨情景、对象、场合、时间和话语的具体环境。 25. 长句化短的方法主要有:抽出修饰语、运用叠用句、合叙改分述。 26. 修辞主体的修养主要包括思想品德、生活积累和知识素养。 27. “文以辨洁为能,不以繁缛为巧。”出自刘勰的《文心雕龙.议对》。 28. 唐代文学家韩愈提出“ 惟陈言之务去”,即强调词语的新鲜活泼,这是词语锤炼的基本要求之一。 29. 词语锤炼与运用的基本方法有:精心挑选、修饰点染、巧妙配合。 30. 成语具有意义的整体性和结构的凝固性的特点。 31. 借用成语原形,但感情色彩不一样,这种成语活用的方式叫易色。 32. 成语活用的修辞作用有:意蕴深厚、文字精炼、生动具体、风趣诙谐、新鲜别致、。 33. 对偶从意义看,有正对、反对、和串对三种。 34. 现代汉语的主要节奏倾向是双音节化。 35. 诗句“两个黄鹂鸣翠柳”的语音段落是“七音节”式。 36. 四句一组的诗,第一句、第四句一韵,第二句、第三句一韵,中间两句被其他两句所环抱,这种押韵方式叫抱韵。 37. “从前线回来的人说到白求恩,没有一个不佩服,没有一个不为他的精神所感动。”这句运用了双重否定句句式。 38. 大体上说来,平声长而扬,仄声短而抑。 39. 韵文中的韵类似音乐中的再现,同一类的乐音在句中重复,可使语流具有一种回环美;平仄安排得当,声调平衡交替,声音显得错落有致,节奏分明,具有抑扬美。 40. 运用比喻的要求是贴切、新颖、巧妙。 41. 把物当作人来描述的修辞格叫拟人;把人当作物或者把某种物当作其他物来描述的修辞格叫拟物。

自考现代修辞学综合复习资料

自考现代修辞学综合复习资料 自考现代修辞学复习资料一、填空并选择试题1、从我国修辞学最早产生来看,我国最早的修辞是源于的。2、修辞是依据,运用各种表现手段、方法,提高语言表达效果的一种活动。3、语境就是使用语言的具体环境,也可以叫。4、汉语诗歌的基本要素之一。我国的古典诗歌中,从《诗经》起到后代的诗词没有不押韵的,可谓“无韵不成诗”。5、叠音又称,指相同字的重叠。叠音是汉语语音修辞的重要手段。6、借代常见的方式有:部分代整体、具体代抽象、专称代泛称、特征代本体。7、孔子是儒家学派的始创者,与“言文”的结合是其修辞学说的重要内容。8、成语是我国民族语言的瑰宝,具有意义的和结构的的特点。9、标志着中国现代修辞学建立的著作是,作者是。10、押韵的常见方式有:偶

韵,即押韵,隔句押韵。排韵,即押一韵,或“一韵到底”。12、标志着中国现代修辞学建立的著作是,作者是13、根据拈词和拈体的组合关系,拈连可以分为:、14、1951年《人民日报》连载了吕叔湘、朱德熙的名著15、四个音节的语音段落也称,它两字一顿,整齐匀称,是人们喜闻乐道的一种语言格式。90、把人或事物的声音、颜色、情状如实描写出来的修辞方式叫摹绘。 91、“修辞立其诚”中“修辞”的意思是。 A. 修饰文辞 B.提高语言表达效果 C. 修治文教,即修治文化教育 D.说话92、《修辞学发凡》一书把修辞格分为。A.二十种 B.三十种 C.四十种 D.三十八种93、我国最早对比喻作出精辟解释的是。A.孔子 B.墨子 C.孟子 D.荀子94、《国际歌》“最可恨那些毒蛇猛兽,吃尽了我们的血肉” 中的“毒蛇猛兽”属于。A.明喻 B.借喻 C.暗喻 D. 暗喻95、诗经“一日不见,如三秋兮”中的“三秋”是。A.比喻“三年” B.借指“三年”C.

汉语修辞学

号:7993河南广播电视大学2007—2008学年度第二学期期末考试 汉语修辞学2008年7月 一、填空题(每空1分,共20分) 1.西晋陆机的文赋是一部对后世有很大影响的文学理论专著。其中对修辞的方法、技巧也有较多的论述。 2.1932年陈望道的出版,标志着中国现代修辞学的建立。 3.任何修辞活动,任何修辞手段的运用,都是和作为修辞主体——作者的思想品德、生活积累、分不开的。 4.词语锤炼和运用的基本方法有:精心挑选、、。 5.成语具有意义的和结构的的特点。 6.整句和散句是从上对句子的一种分类。 7.按照正常顺序组成的句子叫,改变正常顺序的句子叫。 8.是现代汉语的主要节奏倾向。 9.双声指两个字的相同,指两个字的韵母或主要元音和韵尾相同。 10.修辞格是人们在长期的语言交际过程中,在本民族语言特点的基础上,为提高语言表达效果而形成的的方法、手段。 11 “大家都了解他”变成否定句是。 12.运用比喻的要求是:贴切、新颖、。 13.“作为交换,四岁的悠悠也将充当北京动物园的上门女婿。”包含的修辞格是。 14.仿词是更换现成词语中的某个成份,使之成为一个临时性的新词语。仿词可分为仿词和仿词两类。 15.根据形式的不同,引用可以分为三类,“黄老说,巴金是个十分重友谊、重情义的 汉语修辞学试题第 1 页共8 页

人。”属于。 二、单项选择题(将每小题正确选项的序号填在题中横线上。每小题2分,共20分)1.“漫天风雪,封住山,阻住路,却摇撼不了人们的意志,不了人们心头的熊熊烈火。 A.浇灭B.扑灭 C.吹灭 D.毁灭 2.“夜深入静,万籁俱寂,一片明净的灯光热情而温柔地抚着我”是。 A.比喻 B.拟人 C.拟物 D.对偶 3.《国际歌》“最可恨那些毒蛇猛兽,吃尽了我们的血肉”中的“毒蛇猛兽”属 于。 A.明喻 B.借喻 C.暗喻 D.借代 4.“孟蓓气得直瞪对面的辛小亮。谁让她天生一副笑模样呢,像生气,又像笑。”其中的“像……像……”属于。 A.明喻 B.暗喻 C.表比较 D.表不确定 5.“风樯动,龟蛇静,起宏图。”中的“风樯”指“帆船”,属于。 A.具体代抽象 B.部分代整体 C.专称代泛称 D.特征代本体 6.李白“日照香炉生紫烟,遥看瀑布挂前川。飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。”中的“飞流直下三千尺”属于。 A.直接、缩小夸张 B.直接、扩大夸张 C.间接、夸大夸张 D.间接、缩小夸张 7.刘禹锡“杨柳青青江水平,闻郎江上唱歌声。东边日出西边雨,道是无晴却有晴。”中的“道是无晴却有晴”属于。 A.语义双关 B.对象双关 汉语修辞学试题第 2 页共8 页

《汉语修辞学》第二章学习辅导.

《汉语修辞学》第二章学习辅导 一、词语锤炼的重要性 词语修辞是修辞体系的一个重要组成部分。 词是语言的建筑材料。修辞学从筛选、锤炼的角度研究语言的运用,必然会涉及到从声音、意义、色彩、用法等方面对词语加以安排、润色,必然会涉及到如何选择不同类型的词语(如同义词、同音词、反义词、成语、惯用语、歇后语、古语词、外来词等,利用词汇的规律准确地表达思想,提高语言的表达力,以求收到最佳的修辞效果。 每个词都有一定的意义,一定的用法。如果词语使用不当,就会影响语言交际。例如某中学的化学试题是要求判断正误:“倍比定律是英国科学家道尔顿发明的。”命题教师拟定的答案是这个判断是正确的,但不少学生坚持这个判断是错误的观点。从语言运用的角度看,这些学生的观点有道理:“发明”与“发现”不同,因为“发明”是指研究创造出指某种新产品或新方法,它反映的是一个从无到有的过程,例如瓦特发明了蒸汽机;“发现”则是指通过探索找到前人未知、但它本身却客观存在的自然现象或规律,这它反映的是一个“从未知到已知的”过程,如哥伦布发现了新大陆。可见,词语的选择在语言的使用中非常重要。 关于词语的锤炼,教材重点讲授了“词语锤炼的基本要求”(第一节、“词语锤炼与运用的几种方法”(第二节、“成语和成语的活用”(第三节三个问题。 二、词语锤炼的基本要求 关于词语的锤炼,教材提出了四个要求:一、准确朴实;二、简洁有力;三、新鲜活泼;四、生动形象。我们可以把这四点要求分为两个层级,后两个方面是对词语锤炼的更积极的层级要求。 (一准确朴实

所谓“准确朴实”,就是用得合适,具体表现为:其一、准确地反映人和事物的特点。其二、突出主题或重点。其三、适合交际语境,用得得体。其四、突出感情色彩。 感情色彩有褒义、贬义、中性之分。褒义表示人们对人或事物的肯定、赞扬、喜爱等感情,贬义则表示人们对人或事物的否定、贬斥、憎恶等感情。中性词虽无褒贬色彩,但它与可以通过与褒贬色彩相对而获得修辞自效果。 从广义的角度来说,词语的锤炼主要是对同义词语的选择。同义词语用得好,能增强语言的表达效果。 (二简洁有力 简洁有力就是用少量的词语表达丰富的内容,达到以少驭多、言简意赅的目的。“简洁有力”,并不是机械地排斥对词句的修饰,而是要注意避免干巴巴的堆砌。只要与题旨情境相适应,适当地选用一些同中有异、异中有同的词语,更有助于增强文章的丰富性。 总之,“简洁”是就语言手段和意义的联系而言的,使用语言时并不一定需要堆砌许多词藻,简洁的语言运用得好,同样能够表达丰富的内容。另一方面,也要根据题旨情境来选用富有表现力的词语。 (三新鲜活泼 所谓“新鲜活泼”就是要注意选用能反映事物的突出特征、能一下就抓住读者和听者的词语。要使语言新鲜活泼,就要在词语的锤炼上下功夫。 (四生动形象 生动形象是使用语言时取得交际效果的重要条件之一。即语言要具体形象,描写事物则使之活灵活现,色彩分明;模拟声音则真切可感,悦耳动听,以期收到绘声绘色的效果。如果是抒发感情,则要力求将爱憎、悲喜、激昂、柔婉、庄重、诙谐等感情溢于言表,打动读者和听众。

2018年电大汉语修辞学期末考试资料附全部答案

2018年电大汉语修辞学期末考试资料附全部答案 一、填空(每空1分,共15分) 1.修辞是依据题旨情景,运用各种表现手段方法 ,提高语言表达效果的一种活动。 2.排比是对偶的扩大和发展. 3.成语的修辞作用是意蕴深厚、文字精练、生动具体、风趣诙谐、新颖别致。 4.我曾看过一幅对联:“肚大能容,容天下难容之事;口开常笑,笑世间可笑之人”。一句使用了引用、对偶和顶真的修辞格。 5.叠用的修辞特点是整齐一致、集中突出和清晰醒目。 1.标志中国现代修辞学建立的著作是陈道望著的《修辞学发凡》。 3.两个字的声母相同,在音韵学中称为双声,两个字的韵母或主要元音和韵尾相同在音韵学中称为叠韵。 4.长句是指句子的形体长, 词语的数量多, 结构比较复杂的句子. 5.从内容着眼,夸张可以分为扩大夸张和缩小夸张。 6.“日出江花红胜火,春来江水绿如蓝”一句运用了对偶(正对)和比喻辞格。 7.“不占不贪,理得心安”中的“理得心安”的用法属于成语活用方式中的易序。 1.先秦两汉在我国修辞学史上可以称作萌芽时期。 4.“文以辨洁为能,不以繁缛为巧。”出自刘勰的《文心雕龙》。5.词语锤炼与运用的基本方法有:精心挑选、修饰点染、巧妙配合。 6.现代汉语中,声调分为四类,其中阴平、阳平为平声,上声、去声为仄声。 7.“一石激起千层浪”的语音段落是“ 2+2+2+1 ”式。 8.运用比喻的要求是贴切、新颖、巧妙。 1.“辞达”与“言文”的结合是孔子修辞学说的重要内容。他的论述在中国修辞学史上具有开创性。 3. 1951年《人民日报》连载了吕叔湘、朱德熙的名著《语法修辞讲话》。4.“推敲”这一典故出自唐代诗人贾岛的诗中。 5.词语锤炼的基本要求是:准确朴实、简洁有力、新鲜活泼、生动形象。7.“灵车队,万众心相随。哭别总理心欲碎,八亿神州泪纷飞。”这段解说词的押韵方式是排韵。 8.比拟可以分为拟人和拟物两种类型。 1.中国第一部修辞学专著是陈骙著的《文则》。 2.在撰文时对词语锤炼的基本要求是 准确朴实、简洁有力、新鲜活泼和生 动形象。 3. 押韵是韵文区别于散文的本质特 征。 4.“晓来谁染霜林醉?总是离人泪!” 一句运用了设问和拟人辞格。 5.“他写的字看上去龙飞凤舞的”中的 “龙飞凤舞”的用法属于成语活用方式 中的易色。 1.“辞达”与“言文”的结合是孔子修 辞学说的重要内容。他的论述在中国修 辞学史上具有开创性。 2.中国第一部修辞学专著是《文 则》。 二、名词解释(每小题3分,共15分) 1. 书面语句:指主要以文字形式出现的 句子,广泛用于各种语体。 2.押韵:指诗词歌赋中,某些句子的最 后一字运用韵母相同或相近的字,以便 使得音调和谐优美。 3.对偶:对偶又称对仗,俗称对子,是 指形式上对称均衡,意义上互相关联的 两个句子或词组。 4.回文:回文是利用词语相同或基本相 同而顺序不同的语句,来表现两种事物 之间的关系。 5.修辞格:修辞格是人们在长期的语言 交际过程中,在本民族语言特点的基础 上,为提高语言表达效果而形成的格式 化的方法、手段。 1. 修辞:修辞是依据题旨情境,运用各 种表现手段、方法,提高语言表达效果 的一种活动。 1.修辞学:修辞学是研究提高语言表达 效果规律的科学。 2.散句:散句是结构不一致,形式参差 不齐的句子。 3.双重否定句:双重否定句就是否定句 中先后运用两个否定词的句子为双重否 定句。 4.夸张:夸张是出于表情达意的需要, 对描述的客观事物故意言过其实,加以 夸大或缩小。 5.顶真:顶真就是上文的词语、句子用 来作为下文的起头,前后首尾相连,上 递下接。 2.别指:成语原形指的是某一事物,变 体借用来改指某一事物,这种成语活用 的方式叫别指。 3.排比:排比是三个或三个以上意义相 关,结构相同或相近的句子、词组,可 以说它是对偶的扩大和发展。 4.交韵:四句一组的诗,第一、第三句 一韵,第二、第四句一韵,这种押韵方 式叫交韵。 5.仿词:更换现成词语中的某个成分, 使之成为一个临时性的新词语,这种修 辞方法叫仿词。 1.语境:即语言环境。宏观的语境指特 定的社会和时代背景;微观的语境指语 言本身的具体环境,即说话写文章时特 定的对象,特定的时间、地点、场合以 及一定的题旨。 2.易色:借用成语原形,但感情色彩不 一样,这种成语活用的方式叫易色。 3.叠用:叠用是一些基本结构相同,并 有意识的叠用某个或某些词语的句子, 词组。 4.四字格:四个音节的语音段落也称四 字格,它两字一顿,整齐匀称,是人们 喜闻乐道的一种语言格式。 2.整句:整句是结构相同或相近,形式 整齐的句子。 3.倒装句:倒装句是指单句中的某个(些) 句子成分或复句中的某个(些)分句颠倒 了通常的顺序,这样的句子称作倒装句。 4.双关:双关就是借助于语境的特定条 件,故意让语句表面上说的是一个意思, 实际上说的是另外一个意思,即所谓言 在此而意在彼。后一个意思往往是主要 的。 5.拈连:拈连就是两个事物连着说时, 把适用于前一事物的词语顺势拈过来, 连用于本来不适用于该词语的后一事 物。 三、判断题(下列各个说法,正确的画 “√”号,错误的画“×”号,每小题1 分,共5分) 1.陈望道先生的《修辞学发凡》的出版 标志着我国现代修辞学的建立。(√) 2.“春雪舞津城”中的“舞”用的不好, 应改为“落”。(ⅹ) 3.副词是修饰动词或形容词的,但表示 情态的副词一般修饰的是单音节动词或 形容词。(ⅹ) 4.“解放军把土匪打得夹着尾巴逃跑 了.”一句使用了比喻辞格。 (ⅹ) 5.“阴谋鬼计”“计日程功”“情不自尽” “坐无虚席”四个成语都有错别字。 (ⅹ) 1.“老气横秋”“老牛破车”“老弱残兵” 都是成 语.(√) 2.“津城如画,游人如潮”是对偶句中 的正 对.(√) 3.“春天的脚步近了”“这里的春天最美 丽”“让我们拥抱春天吧”这里用的都 是拟人辞格.(ⅹ) 4.押韵指诗词歌赋中,某些句子的最后 一字运用的韵母相同的字,以便使得音 调和谐优美.(ⅹ) 5.“我们写文章切忌不要胡编乱造”,这 句话说的对.(ⅹ) 三、单项选择(每小题2分,共40分) 1.西晋陆机的《文赋》把文章分为( D、 十种)文体。 2.解放后,我国第一部论述修辞的专著 是(B、《语法修辞讲话》)。 3.《易?乾卦?文言》中提出了“修辞立

修辞学 考试必备复习课程

修辞学考试必备

一、修辞和修辞学的含义 1、修辞是努力提高语言表达和接受效果的活动 "修"是修饰的意思,"辞"的本来意思是辩论的言词,后引申为一切的言词。修辞本义就是修饰言论,也就是在使用语言的过程中,利用多种语言手段以收到尽可能好的表达效果的一种语言活动。 2、修辞学是研究提高修辞表达和接受效果的规律的学科 修辞学是语言学的一门学科,就是研究言语交际表达主体如何依据和利用语境选择语言材料和修辞手段,组建能够适切表达思想内容的话语,以及接受主体如何正确理解和接受表达主体所传话语信息的规律、规则的学科。 二、修辞是言语现象 修辞是运用语言增强交际效果的活动,,任何修辞活动都要依据具体的言语环境去运用语言表达手段恰切组建话语和透过语言表达手段正确理解话语,才能达到预期的交际目的和效果。语境有语言性的静态语境,也有语言性的动态语境。修辞主要就是依据动态语境,而随动态语境选用语言表达手段组成的话语是语言运用的产物,人们运用语言,不管是口语和书面语的表达和接受,都会有修辞上的考虑和要求,不管你意识到还是没意识到,修辞寓于语言的具体运用之中,人们运用语言总是离不开修辞。因此修辞是言语现象。 三、语境是什么,语境的构成 名词解释:语境:是语用活动的环境,主要包括交际对象、表现对象、时空环境、社会文化环境、辅助语环境和交际话语的前言后语或上下文等因素。

语境构成:1、非语言语境,指影响和制约言语交际的各种非语言因素,主要有五个方面:(1)交际对象:指语言交际的接受者,(2)表现对象:是言语作品中所表现的思想内容,(3)社会文化环境:包括影响和制约言语交际政治、经济、文化、时代特征、社会思潮、民族心理等环境,(4)时空环境:包括影响和制约言语交际的时间、地点、场合、自然环境等,(5)辅助语环境:指伴随有声语言而出现的交际主体的身体姿势、眼神、表情、手势、动作等。 2、语言环境,也叫语内环境、语篇环境,即通常所说的某一语段的上下文,这里的上下文,可以是语篇内的词、句、短语、句子、句群、段落,也可以是该语段所在的整个语篇。语篇的上下文对话语表达和话语理解会产生重要的影响和制约作用。 四、联绵词、叠音词和象声词的修辞功用 1、联绵词: (1)名词解释:指一些不能分解的单纯词,由一个语素构成,也就是说,这些词一旦被分开,单个的字都不能表示任何意义。 (2)类别:双声词,两个音节的声母都相同;叠韵词,两个音节的韵母都相同;双声叠韵词,两个音节声母韵母都相同;非双声叠韵词,两个音节声母韵母都不同。

英语修辞学考试复习重点

Rhetorical options *1、What is rhetoric?( Definitions of rhetoric) the art or science of communication in words; this art or science practiced or taught as a formal discipline, esp. the doctrine formulated by Aristotle and taught throughout the Middle ages; overornate or ostentatious language. (Longman Modern English Dictionary) 2、What’s the purpose of rhetoric?(两种说法) ①The prevailing view about the purpose of rhetoric is to express oneself well and to communicate effectively in order to secure a desired result by employing rhetorical means efficiently. ②“to enlighten the understanding , to please the imagination, to move the passion ,or to influence the will.” “促进理解、引起想象、调动感情、或者说影响人们的意志” (18世纪苏格兰修辞学家George Campbell) *3、What is discussed in rhetoric?(contents of rhetorical) Rhetoric is composed of theoretical rhetoric and practical rhetoric. Theoretical rhetoric deals with the theoretical problem of rhetoric, while practical rhetoric helps us improve our ability to use the English language effectively. rhetoric covers all the elements of oral and written things, including structure, diction. Rhythm, tone, style, and anything related to the effective use of language. 4、The Highest Principles of Rhetoric the highest principle of rhetoric is to adapt to specific situation, that is, “adaptability”or “appropriateness”. Sentence(syntactic device) 1、What is sentence? A sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought. Generally, an effective sentence must possess five essential qualities: correctness, clearness, unity, coherence and emphasis.(正确、清楚、统一、连贯、强调) 2、句子的组成 A sentence must contain a subject and a verb (although one may be implied). ①words ②correct grammar ③meaning

汉语修辞学模拟试题一及参考答案

《汉语修辞学》模拟试题一及参考答案 一、填空题(共20分) 1、我国修辞学的研究源远流长,早在,古人就已经注意到了修辞现象,提出了自己的见解。 2、西晋陆机的是一部对后世有很大影响的文学理论专著。其中对修辞的方法、技巧也有较多的论述。 3、1932年陈望道的出版,标志着中国现代修辞学的建立。 4、语言包括、、三个要素。修辞和语言的三要素有着密切的关系。 5、语言环境对语言表达具有作用。 6、词语锤炼的基本要求是、、、。 7、句子的格式简称。 8、是指结构不一致,形式参差的句子。 9、严格的对偶上下两联要具备以下条件:意义,结构,字数,词类相当,没有重字,,协调。 10、叠用和一般句子比较有以下修辞特点:、、。 11、反问句的修辞作用,主要表现在比一般句式具有和。 二、选择题(共20分) 1、“辞达而已矣。”和“言之无文,行而不远。”的作者是()。 A.孔子 B.孟子 C.庄子 D.老子 2、文章“必以情志为神明,事义为骨髓,辞采为肌肤,宫商为声气”语出自()。 A.《文心雕龙》 B.《文则》 C.《文选》 D.《文赋》 3、我国最早提出“修辞格”这一名称的学者是()。 A.孔子 B.刘勰 C.唐铖 D.陈望道 4、“沙漠之舟——骆驼”属于比喻中的()。 A.明喻 B.借喻 C.暗喻(喻体-本体) D. 暗喻(本体-喻体) 5、“孟蓓气得看瞪对面的辛小亮。谁让她天生一副笑模样呢,像生气,又像笑。”其中的“像……像……”属于()。 A.明喻 B.暗喻 C.表比较 D.表不确定 6、“是什么风把你吹来了”属于比拟中的()。 A.无生命事物拟人化 B.有生命事物人化 C.把人拟作物 D.反一物拟作另一物 7、刘禹锡“杨柳青青江水平,闻郎江上唱歌声。东边日出西边雨,道是无晴却有睛。”中的“道是睛无却有睛”属于()。 A.语义双关 B.谐音双关 C.对象双关 D.风景描写 8、“鸡声茅店月,人迹板桥霜”属于()。 A.正对、严对 B.正对、宽对 C.反对、严对 D.反对、宽对 9、“国破山河在”这首诗属于近体诗中的()。 A.平起平收 B.平起仄收 C.仄起平收 D.仄起仄收 10、“玲珑、苗条、星星、看看”这些词语分别属于()。

汉语修辞学考试要点

汉语修辞学考试要点 1. 修辞的准则是 把握对象 、 保持自我 、 适应语境 、 明确前提 、 选择视点 ,但在这些准则之上,还有一个更 高的原则,那就是 得体性 。 2. 所谓拍马屁拍到马腿上去,往往是由 个人联想意义 造成的。 3. 修辞与逻辑从提高语言表达效果看,两者既有 对应统一 的一 面,又有 矛盾对立的一面。 4. 比喻的运用原则是:第一要 贴切 ,第二要 注意创新 。 5. 有人说"修辞的基本原则是适应语境",你认为对吗? 为什么? 6. 修辞的基本原则可以说是"适合语言环境".语言环境包括背景,场 景和句境,广义的语言环境包括说话时的地理,人文,宗教,题旨等 等因素,"到什么山上唱什么歌",在什么样的场合说什么话.词语 句式没有优劣之分,只是看它的使用地方.普通的词语可以产生很 好的修辞效果,这是因为这个词语适合那样的语言环境. 7. 举例说明成语活用的方式(不少于三种) 8. 成语的活用方式由以下几种:(1)易字,指更换原形中的某个这,如: 望洋兴叹——望书兴叹;(2)谐音,指变体和原形中如:一往情深—— 一网情深;(3)拆用,指把成语原形拆开使用,如:根深叶茂——根深 才能叶茂;(4)易色,指借用成语原形,但感情色彩不同;(5)易序,改变 成语原形成份的次序,如:心安理得——理得心安;(6)别指,成语原 形指某一事物,变体借用来改指另一事物. 9. 填空 1、四个音节的语音段落也称 四字格 ,它两字一顿,整齐匀称,是人们喜闻乐道的一种语言格式。 2、 韵律 是汉语诗歌的基本要素之一。我国的古典诗歌中,从《诗经》起到后代的诗词没有不押韵的,可谓“无韵不成诗”。 3、叠音又称 叠字 ,指相同字(音节)的重叠。叠音是汉语语音修辞的重要手段。 4、成语是我国民族语言的瑰宝,具有意义的 整体性 和结构的 凝固性 的特点。 5、标志着中国现代修辞学建立的著作是 《 修辞学发凡 》 ,作 者是陈望道 。 6、比拟就是( 拟人 )和( 拟物 )两种表达方式在 修辞学上的统称。

现代汉语修辞学

现代汉语修辞学复习资料 第一章 第一节修辞与修辞文本 一、修辞: 1、所谓“修辞”,就是表达者(说写者)为了达到特定的交际目标而应合题旨情境,对语言进行有效调配以期收到尽可能好的表达效果的一种有意识的、积极的语言活动。p1 二、消极修辞与积极修辞——消极修辞与积极修辞,是陈望道首先提出的重要概念。p2 三、修辞文本:所谓“修辞文本”,就是特指表达者(说写者)为了特定的交际目标,适应特定的题旨情境,运用某种特定的表达手段而形成的具有某种特殊表达效果的那些言语作品。p3 第二节修辞学是一门交叉学科 一、修辞学与现代汉语修辞学p4 二、修辞学与语音学、词汇学和语法学p4 三、修辞学与逻辑学p5 四、修辞学与语用学的关系p5 第三节学习现代汉语修辞学的意义p6 第二章现当代修辞学简史 第一节我国现代修辞学研究 一、现代修辞学的形成过程p7-11 2. 代表著作 (1)郑奠及其《中国修辞学研究法》(2)杨树达及其《中国修辞学》(3)唐钺的《修辞格》(4)王易的《修辞学》和《修辞学通铨》(三)确立阶段——以陈望道的《修辞学发凡》为标志。 第三节我国当代修辞学研究 一、当代修辞学出现新局面的原因p11 1. 中华人民共和国的成立,为语言学家的语言研究和人民群众的语言实践创造了崭新的社会环境。 2.《正确地使用祖国的语言,为语言的纯洁和健康而斗争》(社论)的发表。 3.《语法修辞讲话》的连载。从1951年6月7日开始,《人民日报》连续登载吕叔湘、朱德熙先生合写的《语法修辞讲话》。

我国修辞学出现新局面的主要表现(五十年代到六十年代初)p11 二、三本颇具特色的修辞著作p12 (一)《语法修辞讲话》(二)《修辞概要》 (三)《现代汉语修辞学》 四、修辞学研究的新阶段p13 第三章语音修辞 第一节语音与修辞 一、现代汉语语音特点p15 二、汉语语音的修辞功用p15 语音修辞的功用主要在于能使语言流畅顺口,节奏分明,声律和谐,富有音乐美。 第二节连绵词、叠音词和象声词的修辞功用 一、连绵词的修辞功用:连绵词是一些不能分解的单纯词,由一个语素构成,也就是说,这些词一旦被分开,单个的字都不能表示任何意义。P15 (二) 连绵词的修辞功用 连绵词经常被运用在对联和诗词的对偶句中,具有回环荡漾,悦耳动听的效果。 二、叠音词的修辞功用p16 三、象声词的修辞功用:象声词又叫拟声词、摹声词,是一类纯粹用来模仿声响、记录声音的词。P17 (二)象声词的修辞功用:象声词的修辞功用在于直接传达客观世界的声音节奏,缩短人和自然界的距离,使人感到自然轻松亲切 第三节平仄的修辞功用 一、平仄相谐p18 二、平仄的修辞功用

《汉语修辞学》复习资料

《汉语修辞学》复习资料 一、填空题 1.中国第一部修辞学专著是《文则》。 2.“辞达”与“言文”的结合是孔子修辞学说的重要内容。他的论述在中国修辞学史上具有开创性。 3.标志中国现代修辞学建立的著作是陈望道的《修辞学发凡》。 4.修辞是依据题旨情境,运用各种表现手段、方法,提高语言表达效果的一种活动。 5.我们要学好修辞,一定要学好语音、词汇、语法等有关知识,这样才有牢固的基础。 6.人们如果巧妙地利用语境的某种特殊条件进行修辞活动,就能使语言焕发出夺目的光彩。 7.语境即语言环境宏观的语境指特定的社会和时代背景;微观的语境指语言本身的具体环境,即说话写文章时特定的对象,特定的时间、地点、场合以及一定的题旨。 8.“文以辨洁为能,不以繁缛为巧。”出自刘勰的《文心雕龙》。 9.“推敲”这一典故出自唐代诗人贾岛的诗中。 10.词语锤炼的基本要求是:准确朴实、简洁有力、新鲜活泼、生动形象。 11.词语锤炼与运用的基本方法有:、精心挑选、修饰点染、巧妙配合。 12.成语原形指的是某一事物,变体借用来改指某一事物,这种成语活用的方式叫别指。 13.借用成语原形,但感情色彩不一样,这种成语活用的方式叫易色。 14.有一则新闻《珠漂队骑“虎”难下》,报道珠江漂流队在贵州广西被困于虎滩一带,这里作者运用了成语活用方式中的别指。 15.串对又称流水对。上下联意义相承,表示连贯、递进、因果、条件等关系。 16.“香浮鼻观煎茶熟,喜动眉间炼句成。”作者是宋代的陆游。 17.排比是三个或三个以上意义相关,结构相同或相近的句子、词组,可以说它是对偶的扩大和发展。 18.“水质污染,鱼虾绝产,生物植物罕见——昔日白洋淀今安在?”这个反问句表示感叹。 19.“从前线回来的人说到白求恩,没有一个不佩服,没有一个不为他的精神所感动。”这句运用了双重双否的句式。 20.设问句是自问自答,答案在问句之外;反问句则不用回答,答案包含在问句之中。 21.整句和散句是从结构形式上对句子的一种分类。 22.四句一组的诗,第一、第三句一韵,第二、第四句一韵,这种押韵方式叫交韵。 23.四个音节的语音段落也称四字格,它两字一顿,整齐匀称,是人们喜闻乐道的一种语言格式。 24.叠音又称叠字,指相同字(音节)的重叠。叠音是汉语语音修辞的重要手段。 25.大体说来,平声长而扬,仄声短而抑。 26.“一石击起千层浪”的语音段落是“2+2+2+1”式。 27.现代汉语中平声指阴平、阳平,仄声指上声和去声。 28.“家书抵万金”的平仄情况是平平仄仄平 29.现代汉语的主要节奏倾向是。 30.“灵车队,万众心相随。哭别总理心欲碎,八亿神州泪纷飞。”这段解说词的押韵方式 是排韵。 31.运用比喻的要求是贴切、新颖、巧妙。 32.“人穷志不穷”的修辞格为拈连。 33.“大事化小,小事化了。”句中运用的修辞方法是顶真。 34.更换现成词语中的某个成分,使之成为一个临时性的新词语,这种修辞方法叫仿词。 35.在日常生活中,我们年轻人交友要慎重。做到既善交友,又交善友。 二、单项选择 1.“言之无文,行而不远。”出自于(B )。 A、《论语》 B、《左传》 C、《文赋》 D、《文心雕龙》 2.我国现代修辞学的建立是以(B)的出版为标志的。 A、《文心雕龙》 B、《修辞学发凡》 C、《语法修辞讲语》 D、《修辞概要》 3.解放后,我国第一部论述修辞的专著是(B)。 A、《修辞学发凡》 B、《语法修辞讲话》 C、《现代汉语修辞学》 D、《修辞概要》 4.西晋陆机的《文赋》把文章分为(D)文体。 A、五种 B、八种 C、九种 D、十种 5.主张“言必近真”,提出“拨浮华,采真实”,倡导“文约而事丰”的专著是(C)。 A、《文赋》 B、《文心雕龙》 C、《史通》 D、《文则》 6.提出消极修辞应该做到意义明确、伦次通顺、词句平匀、安排稳密,将积极修辞分为辞格和辞趣的专著是(D)。 A、《文心雕龙》 B、《语法修辞讲话》 C、《修辞概要》 D、《修辞学发凡》 7.“推敲”这一典故出自唐代诗人(A)的诗中。 A、贾岛 B、韩愈 C、李白 D、杜甫 8.下列爱护草坪的说法中,比较有艺术性的是(D)。 A、严禁践踏,违者重罚 B、请勿践踏草坪 C、请爱护草坪 D、足下留青 9.《易·乾卦·文言》中提出了“修辞立其诚”的观点。其中,“修辞”的意思是(C)。 A、提高语言表达效果 B、修饰文辞 C、修治文教,即修治文化教育 D、说话 10.针对某些调查组,在茶叶上市时节以调查为名到茶农处“吃喝带”的现象,某报刊以“茶农怕来调茶组”为标题写了一篇报道。这一标题是利用语境因素中的(D)来提高表达效果的。 A、题旨情趣 B、场合 C、时间 D、话语的具体环境 11.“文以辨洁为能,不以繁缛为巧。”选自(A)。 A、刘勰《文心雕龙》 B、陆机《文赋》 B、陈骙《文则》D、陈望道《修辞学发凡》 12.“百里改诗”的典故是说(B)。 A、贾岛 B、任蕃 C、李白 D、郑谷

电大《汉语修辞学》复习整理

一 一、填空题(每空1分,共20分) 1.西晋陆机的文赋是一部对后世有很大影响的文学理论专著。其中对修辞的方法、技巧也有较多的论述。 2.1932年陈望道修辞学发凡的出版,标志着中国现代修辞学的建立。 3.任何修辞活动,任何修辞手段的运用,都是和作为修辞主体——作者的思想品德、生活积累、知识素养分不开的。 4.词语锤炼和运用的基本方法有:精心挑选、修饰点染、巧妙配合。 5.成语具有意义的整体性和结构的凝固性的特点。 6.整句和散句是从结构形式上对句子的一种分类。 7.按照正常顺序组成的句子叫顺装句,改变正常顺序的句子叫倒装句。 8.双音节化是现代汉语的主要节奏倾向。 9.双声指两个字的声母相同,叠韵指两个字的韵母或主要元音和韵尾相同。 10.修辞格是人们在长期的语言交际过程中,在本民族语言特点的基础上,为提高语言表达效果而形成的格式化的方法、手段。 11 “大家都了解他”变成否定句是我们没有一个人不了解他。 12.运用比喻的要求是:贴切、新颖、巧妙。 13.“作为交换,四岁的悠悠也将充当北京动物园的上门女婿。”包含的修辞格是拟人。14.仿词是更换现成词语中的某个成份,使之成为一个临时性的新词语。仿词可分为仿词和相类相反仿词两类。 15.根据形式的不同,引用可以分为三类,“黄老说,巴金是个十分重友谊、重情义的人。”属于意引。 二、单项选择题(将每小题正确选项的序号填在题中横线上。每小题2分,共20分) 1.“漫天风雪,封住山,阻住路,却摇撼不了人们的意志,不 了人们心头的熊熊烈火。 1 / 13 A.浇灭 B.扑灭 C.吹灭 D.毁灭 2.“夜深入静,万籁俱寂,一片明净的灯光热情而温柔地抚着我” 是。 A.比喻 B.拟人 C.拟物 D.对偶 3.《国际歌》“最可恨那些毒蛇猛兽,吃尽了我们的血肉”中的“毒蛇猛兽”属于。 A.明喻 B.借喻 C.暗喻 D.借代 4.“孟蓓气得直瞪对面的辛小亮。谁让她天生一副笑模样呢,像生气,又像笑。”其中的“像……

《汉语修辞学》课程作业

《汉语修辞学》课程作业 《汉语修辞学》平时作业 第一次作业 一、名词解释 1.修辞 修辞修饰文辞;作文;亦指文辞或修饰文辞. "修"是修饰的意思,"辞"的本来意思是辩论的言词,後引申为一切的言词。修辞本义就是修饰言论,也就是在使用语言的过程中,利用多种语言手段以收到尽可能好的表达效果的一种语言活动。 2.修辞学 修辞学是研究修辞的学问,修辞是加强言辞或文句效果的艺术手法。自语言出现,人类就有修辞的需要。修饰自己的文章、语言,吸引别人的注意力、加深别人的印象和抒情效果。修辞学主要研究的是词格(即通常所说的修辞方法)、言语修辞活动(主要与语境、语体有关)、言语风格等3.同义词 同义词是名称不同但表达的词条意思相同的词条. 4.反义词 反义词就是两个意思相反的词,包括:绝对反义词和相对反义词。分为成对的意义相反、互相对立的词。 5 .骈立四字格 以形式整齐,结构对称,声调铿锵和谐,表义精炼的词语 二、简答 1.修辞学研究的对象是什么? 修辞学是研究修辞的学问,修辞是加强言辞或文句效果的艺术手法。自语言出现,人类就有修辞的需要。修饰自己的文章、语言,吸引别人的注意力、加深别人的印象和抒情效果。修辞学主要研究的是词格(即通常所说的修辞方法)、言语修辞活动(主要与语境、语体有关)、言语风格等 什么是成语活用?有哪两种形式?成语本身不仅是现代汉语词汇组成部分之一,而且具有构成辞格的特殊功能,它是汉语言的精萃,它既有稳定性的一面,又有灵活性的一面,即成语活用。它的表现手法丰富多彩,灵活多变。成语活用有两种形式,一、成语的套用.二、成语的简用. 2.词语的变异有哪几种类型? 语言变异的界定:语言作为人们交流和表达自己思想的工具在不断的使用过程中,逐渐沉淀出一套系统的常规用法,形成了各种语言体系。但是事物是变化和发展的,在日常生活的使用中,语言会产生各种非常规的使用形式,并在人们的不断使用中逐渐被越来

广义修辞学简纲复习资料

广义修辞学简纲复习资料 福师12秋《广义修辞学简纲》练习题 一、比较下面的表述,回答问题: (1)婚姻是因结婚而产生的婚姻关系。(《现代汉语词典》) (2)婚姻是爱情的坟墓。 (3)婚姻是围城。 (4)婚姻是套牢。 问题1.人是语言的动物 2.人是修辞的动物 3.人是语言的动物,更是修辞的动物 你赞成以上三种说法中的哪一种,请说明理由。 解析:本题考核的知识点为人是语言的动物,更是修辞的动物,参见教材P42— 54. 二、运用“修辞参与人的精神建构”的道理,分析修辞话语“好死不如赖活”解析:本题考核的知识点为修辞话语的行为导向参看教材P62—64 三、从表达和接受双向交流的角度分析修辞活动中的“零交际”。 解析:本题考核的知识点为表达和接受双向交流,参见教材P340-350. 四、联系“家训”、“家规”等词语,分析“家”在中国人价值信仰中的修辞原型意义。 解析:本题考核的知识点为修辞原型,参见教材P202. 五、观察下列"女"旁字,分析汉语有关女性形象的"玉/瓦"喻象。 A组:妙姝婵娥娟媛委娓婉妍 B组:奸婊娼嫉妒嫌妨嫖妄婪 解析:本题考核的知识点为男性话语对女性的修辞命名,参见教材P119. 六、为什么说“女公子”的修辞命名以表面上的“女尊”遮盖着实质上的“女卑”。

解析:本题考核的知识点为预设:从表达到接受,参见教材P353. 单元复习之一 第一、二两讲从总体上介绍广义修辞学和狭义修辞学的区别 复习重点 广义修辞学的三个层面和两个主体 “三个层面”中重点理解两点: 1.狭义修辞学解释不够充分的“修辞作为文本建构方式”。修辞从话语建构向文本建构延伸的两大类型:从句到篇和从篇到句。 2.狭义修辞学不予解释的“修辞参与人的精神建构”。 因此,通常所说的语法管“通不通”,修辞管“好不好”只是狭义修辞学的自我定位。 “两个主体”指的是修辞活动由表达者和接受者共同完成。 1.表达和接受构成修辞活动的两极,表达者提供获取言语交际最佳效果的可能性,接受者完成由可能性向现实性的转化。研究以争取“最佳交际效果”为目的的修辞活动,如果冷落实现这一效果的修辞接受者,等于越过未完成的交际过程去谈尚未实现的交际效果。 2.两个主体的互动行为贯穿于修辞功能的三个层面。即不仅双向建构着话语、文本,也双向建构着表达者和接受者自身。修辞表达影响接受者的价值观念、审美情感、文化态度,并在接受者身上唤起期待的言语行为,建构主体的价值系统。被修辞话语激活的主体思考,在双向交流中更具有价值,也更能体现修辞参与主体精神建构的功能。 3.辞学研究重表达、轻接受的历史和现状。 第三─五讲分别讨论修辞话语建构的三个重要问题,它们既是理论问题,又是实践问题,由于现有理论对此的解释往往顾此失彼,为此有必要进行再认识。 复习重点 1.修辞话语建构包括自觉行为和不自觉的行为,前者更理想,后者更常见。表达者不自觉的修辞话语建构,可能通过接受者的修辞分析,体现为接受者的理论自觉。

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档