跨文化交际视听说TASK 3
1.How much do you know about cultural value orientations? Try to explain Hofstede’s
dimensional model, eg. “Individualism-Collectivism”Dimension; “Power Distance”
Dimension; “Masculinity-Femininity”Dimension.
ANSWER:
There are three models can explain the cultural value orientations, which are Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Model, Hsfstede’s Cultural Dimensions and Hall’s Culture Context Model.
The Individualism-Collectivism can be defined as “people looking after themselves and their immediate family only, versus people belonging to in-groups that look after them in exchange for loyalty”.
The power difference can be defined as “ the extent to which less powerful members of a society accept and expect that power is distributed unequally ”.
The Masculinity-Femininity can be defined as “The dominant values in a masculine society are achievement and success; the dominant values in a feminine society are caring for others and quality of life”.
2.What is culture shock? How many stages are generally involved in the process of
intercultural adaptation? Preview Chapter 12-14 by yourself and discuss the possible difficulties and problems caused by culture shock in small groups.
ANSWER:
Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture.
Stage one: Excitement about the new situation
Stage two: Confusion when faced with the hidden aspects of culture
Stage three: Frustration when old ways of dealing with situations fail to work
Stage fore: Effectiveness as new skills are acquired
Stage five: Appreciation as new skills and attitudes enable the person to live more fully in the new situation
Stage six: More challenging intercultural experiences
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0d13401752.html,pare the different Western and Eastern Communication Styles? Try to analyze them by
citing appropriate examples.
ANSWER:
Greetings: Eastern people say “Good morning”, ”How do you do”, ”How are you”
Western people say “What are you going to do”, “Have you eaten?”
Saying Goodbye: Eastern people say “Take care”, “See you”
Chinese people say “man zou”, “you kong zai lai”
Expressing Gratitude and thanks: Eastern people say “Thank you” directly.
“Thank you” is used with much lower frequency in China cause
they might feel “jian wai” instead of happy or appreciated.
跨文化交际与翻译
Intercultural communication and translation Intercultural communication mainly refers to the communication between the native speakers and non-native speakers, as well as the communication between people who differ in any aspect of language or culture background. Due to the differences in surroundings, societies and religions of different ethnic groups, each language community results in its own code of language, social culture, customs and practices and so on. Intercultural communication studies situations when people from different culture backgrounds interact. Aside from language, IC focuses on social attributes, thought patterns and the cultures of different groups of people. IC also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. There are three formats of IC: interracial communication (when source and receiver are different races), interethnic communication (situation in which the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins) and intracultural communication (communication between members of the same culture including racial, ethnic and other co-cultures). The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating). The process of translating between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text (the source text) in the original verbal language (the source language) into a written text (the target text) in a different verbal language (the target language). This type corresponds to “interlingual translation” and is one of the three Roman Jakobson in his seminal paper. Jakobson’s categories are: 1. Intralingual translation, or “rewording”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language; 2. Interlingual translation, or “translation proper”–an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language; 3. Intersemiotic translation, or “transmutation”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Intralingual translation would occur when we rephrase an expression or text in the same language to explain or clarify something we might have said or written. Intersemiotic translation would occur if a written text were translated, for example, into music, film or painting. It is interlingual translation which is the traditional, although by no means exclusive, focus of translation studies. It is easily seen that the three forms of intercultural communication and the three types of translation are partly corresponding to each other, especially interracial communication and interlingual translation which both attach attention on the communication between native and non-native, and where different cultures of different countries play more important role. To conduct effective intercultural communication, one has to understand the differences between the different nations and then to look for them and pay attention to in every cross-cultural communication situation. By doing this, the high-context communicators can learn to use and respond words, emotions, postures differently, and low-context communicators can learn to
跨文化交际课后答案
Case 1 A Canadian The shipping agent(代理) is serving the customers in the way that is considered efficient in Venezuelan(委内瑞拉) culture. To the Canadian, however, this is unfocused activity(活动) that is not nearly as efficient(有效地) as it would be —particularly from her point of view — if the agent simply dealt(处理) exclusively(专门) with her scheduled(计划) appointment. In Canada, businesspeople typically(通常) write appointments and activities into the day’s agenda(议程) every day. They then work sequentially(顺序) through the agenda until they have completed each task or the day is over. In other words, Canadians prefer to do one thing at a time, while the South Americans, including Venezuelans, tend to do a few things simultaneously(同时). Case 2 A dozen As a Westerner, the American visiting professor(客座教授) does not quite understand the collective ownership(集体所有制) of information in some other cultural environments. What made her annoyed(恼火) is a different attitude toward information about people. In the United States, it is generally assumed(认为) that personal matters are private(隐私). Teachers go through elaborate(精心) procedures(设计) to assure that students do not have access(接触) to each other’s grades. In business it is the same. Evaluations(评估) are confidential(保密的). Case 3 When As a matter of fact, the American woman was not being disrespectful(不敬). However, it is clear that her way of showing respect and welcome was different from the ancient tradition of keeping physical distance from superiors(上级), which is still widely observed(遵守), especially when royalty(皇室) is involved(有关的). Paul Keating, the Australian prime minister(总理), may have intended(打算) to suggest by his gesture(姿态) that Australia would no longer accept the queen as head of state but just as one of their honored guests. Obviously, the British would not like it at all. Sometimes, such seemingly(表面上的) trivial(琐碎的) things can influence relations between countries. That’s why protocol(协议) is taken seriously and people who are to hold diplomatic(外交) posts(公告) will be given detailed and careful instructions(指示). Case 7 A female When the Canadian young man said, “Who took my peanut butter(花生酱)?”, what he really meant was “Where is my peanut butter? I can’t find it.” The Chinese doctor felt upset because in Chinese culture questions like this, especially expressed in the way the young Canadian man did, often imply(暗示) that someone is to blame(罪魁祸首). Chinese culture prohibits(禁止) direct accusing（指责）unless a person has been targeted for shame. However, true(忠诚的) to her learned cultural behavior of never
新编跨文化交际英语教程 参考答案
Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures Reading I Intercultural Communication：An Introduction Comprehension questions 1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world? This is still powerful in today‘s soci al and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants. 2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past? Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history. 3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today? New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter. 4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”? Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent. 5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication? The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state). 6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it? The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world. 7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture? Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community. 8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to? People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions,eye contact and gaze, touch, etc. 9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist? A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society. Reading II The Challenge of Globalization Comprehension questions 1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed? Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.
汉英跨文化交际翻译中的CHINAENGLISH
广东职业技术师范学院学报 2002年第2期 Journal of Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University No 2,2002 汉英跨文化交际翻译中的C HINA ENGLISH 金惠康 (广东职业技术师范学院外语系,广东广州 510665) 摘 要:本文讨论什么是中国英语及其在汉英跨文化交际翻译中的功能。关键词:跨文化交际;汉英翻译;中国英语 中图分类号:H 315 9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-2803(2002)02-0072-07 一、什么是中国英语 中国英语(China English)不同于中式英语(Chinglish),它既不是中国学生学习英语过程中所产生的 过渡语 ,也不是因英语不够表达而胡编乱造的英语。本文倡导的宗旨就是要使用规范英语来描述中华文化和社会,尽量避免中式英语。目前行之有效的手段之一就是使用和拓展中国英语。 1 从广义上来说,中国英语产生于国际英语对中华文明和华夏社会的描述,也源于中国人长期用英语对自己与世界描述,它是国际英语的拓展与延伸。中国英语以国际规范英语为共核,把中国独有的文化、语言、事物、意念和传统等通过音译、译借及语义再生等手段传入国际(英语)社会,同时也融入许多具有中国文化内涵和汉语言特色的表达方式。如别有风味的词汇、短语、句式、认知方式、修辞手段、行文风格和章法结构。因而,中国英语具有国际规范英语的共性,又具有汉文化的内涵和汉语言的一些个性特色。毫无疑问,中国英语是长期东西方跨文化交流的产物。从狭义的角度来说,中国英语指的就是:在描述(翻译)华夏文明、中国社会及汉语言中所拓展了的那部分英语。 有人说在汉译英中使用中国英语是不得已而为之,其实这句话也要从另一面理解为 非得如此不可 。社会发展与变革必然引起语言的变化发展并给语言注入新的文化内涵和新的表达方式,这是很值得深入研究和总结的。 中国英语的规范主要是来自现代中国官方媒体的英语文本典范和国际现代英文媒体的主流内涵;也来自汉英双语娴熟者描写华夏文明和中国社会的英文文本和由中国人用英语创作的文学作品等。这里使用 中国英语 这个词语(概念)来描述和记录国际英语在描述中华文明和社会、中国人民和政府用英语表达自己对世界事务的理解、看法和立场时,英语所发生的变化与发展。从这个意义上讲,凡是有中国文化内涵和汉语表达特色的、并能为国际英语读者所普遍理解和接受的英文(文本)都可称之为中国英语。 2 从社会语言学的角度来看,中国本土的社会文化环境造成了中国英语的中国特色,即本土化(nativization 或是indigenization)。社会语言学中的本土概念的实质是主张文化和语言的相对价值、尊重个性,并以此来促进不同文化和语言之间的彼此的适应与沟通。 72 收稿日期:2001-11-05 作者简介:金惠康(1950~),男,湖南邵东人,广东职业技术师范学院教授,研究方向为跨文化交际研究与应用语言学。
(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元
1 Translation 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43
跨文化交际(英文版)
Cross –cultural communication Thesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries. Outline: Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication Chapter2: Culture shock Chapter3: What’s in a name? Chapter4: Social interaction Chapter 5: Roles and relations Chapter6: Non-verbal communication Chapter 7: In other words. Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global Village Conclusion Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication There is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance. What is communication? In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himself. Communication not just exist in human-beings There are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other. For human beings, how can we communicate with each other? Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message. What is social situation? When there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then it creates a social situation. That is to say, an individual working alone can not constitute a social s A social situation may have two definitions. One is given by the community, and the other by the participants. Finally, we should notice that being polite plays a crucial role in
跨文化交际翻译作业
跨文化交际翻译作业10级中文系对外汉语 张妍 20101040022030
原文： If movie trailers supposed to cause a reaction, the preview for “United 93”more than succeeds .Featuring no famous actors, it begins with image of a beautiful morning and passengers boarding an airplane .It take you a minute to realize what the movie’s even about .That’s when a plane hits the World Trade Center .The effect is visceral .When the trailer played before “Inside Man”last week at a Hollywood theater, audience member began calling out, “Too soon !” In New York City , the response was even more dramatic .The Loews theater in Manhattan took the rare step of pulling the trailer from its screens after several complaints . 译文： 如果电影预告片能够引起一种反应，那么《93号航班》的试映不仅仅是成功了。（trailer译为预告片,suppose to译为应该做，能够做，cause译为引起，preview译为试映.n. more than 译为不仅仅.而且第一句为虚拟语气）这部电影没有著名的演员出演，他只是开始于在一个美丽的早晨乘客登机的画面。（feature译为由…主演,featuring no famous actors为状语从句,我译时将其主语译出来了,而面主语用“它”来代替了.登记用“board an airplane”）你只需要花费一分钟就会明白这部电影实际上讲的是什么（这句话有一个句型：it takes sb. Some
跨文化交际case参考
Unit 1 Intercultural Communication in the Global Context Case 1(P11) 1.What do you think are the reasons for young people?s yearning to be a celebrity today? As humans we naturally measure ourselves to those around us, but now we live in a global village we are comparing ourselves with the most significant people in the world. In the past being a lawyer or doctor was a very reputable profession. But today, even high achievers constantly fear that they are insignificant when they compare themselves to success stories in the media. 2.How can today?s people find their own self-worth and real meaning of life? The remedyis a process that he calls “active self-acceptance” through a sustained quest（持续探索）for self-knowledge through life. And People need to invest as much time in developing their worldview as their careers. Case 2 1. Why was the Dutch technology manager so shocked? The Dutch manager was shocked because he thought he hadn’t told the te am to build it in a certain way, he simply had asked if it could be done! He had never questioned the way in which he communicated to the head of his technology group. In fact, he thought he had been asking simple questions, almost making idle conversation, and never considered that because he was the boss, his Indian employee would do as he asked. He expected that the technology design team would counter with another recommendation if his idea was inappropriate. 2. How could such misunderstandings in this case be avoided? Both the Dutch and the Indian teams needed to have a better understanding of the culturally based expectations of each group. Case 3 1. What has modern technology brought about to people today? Advances in information technology are bringing about changes in contemporary society that pose new situations requiring intercultural communication expertise. Technology has enabled ordinary individuals to quickly organize themselves around a common interes. 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of modern technology? Rather than moving the global community toward the single, homogenized culture decried by many globalization opponents, technology is actually providing a means to reaffirm and extend cultural awareness, identity, and practices. Media technology plays an important role in modern society whether it is political, economic or cultural Case 4 1. Why did Mrs. Nimos hesitate when the Japanese young man asked about her age? In western countries where privacy is greatly valued, age is something that is considered rather private. Asking about the others’ age, especially in this case on their first meeting, is rather impolite.However, age is an important factor in situat ing a person in the Japanese cultural hierarchy. 2. What is the Ch inese perspective concerning people?s age? In China, age is important. However, when communicating with family members generation becomes an important factor that overrides age. Even if they have the same age, the one belonging to the younger generation must address the other with the respect accorded to the older generation in the family. If they are the same generation, they can communicate as peers. Case 5 1. Why did Mr. Richardson leave an impression of insincerity on Mr. Wong? “We must get together and have lunch sometimes” issignals that the person who says it thinks that the encounter should be ending soon. So it can call a “pre-closing.” While it does contain the vague idea that a subsequent meeting would be desirable, it does not in any way commit the speaker or the hearer to such an arrangement. However, to Mr. Wong, it sounds like an invitation. 2. Do people always mean what they say? Give Examples. Similarly, “See you later” does not commit someone to a later meeting. It would be very odd if, i n response to this utterance, the hearer were to take out his or her diary and attempt to set a date. Other examples are “How are you” in English and “Have you eaten?” in Chinese, both of them are typical greetings, which do not require the hearer to give specific answers. All of them just serve as lubricants to move the conversation forward. Case 6 1.Why does Fiona feel exhausted in America and want to return to Australia? When people come into a new culture, they have to make many small adjustments in a short period of time. Each adjustment causes a little bit of difficulty, but the stress adds up to a point where people become frustrated and begin to complain about their life in the other culture. 2.What do you think Fiona should do to make herself adjusted to her life in American? However, she should know that this is only a necessary period of culture shock, requiring her to make some adjustment. She is likely to have experienced some cultural differences and will be more willing to take them seriously. Unit 2 Understandings of Culture and Communication Case 1(P41) 1.Why did the Chinese young man leave the company?