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完整版欧洲文化入门参考资料

完整版欧洲文化入门参考资料
完整版欧洲文化入门参考资料

欧洲文化入门参考资料

这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书,为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中,往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作,希伯莱的圣经,文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多,读书未必全懂,对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识,则不仅了解程度会提高,而且由于通过文化来学习语言,语言也会学得更好。

《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲

一、课程基本信息

1、课程英文名称:European Culture: An Introduction

2、课程类别:专业限选课程

3、课程学时:32学时

4、学分:2

5、先修课程:《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》

6、适用专业:英语

7、大纲执笔:英语专业教研室

8、大纲审批:外语系学术委员会

9、制定(修订)时间:2005

二、课程的目的与任务:

本课程为专业选修课程,旨在通过该课程的学习,学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识,以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养,并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识,从而更好地了解和学习英语,提高文学欣赏水平。

三、课程的基本要求:

本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生,全部用英语授课。

了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络;

了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作,希伯莱的圣经,文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等;

了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物;

将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较;

学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。

四、教学内容、要求及学时分配:

希腊、罗马文化

基督教及其《圣经》

中世纪

文艺复兴与宗教改革

十七世纪

启蒙运动

浪漫主义

马克思主义与达尔文学说

现实主义

现代主义及其它

五、考试考核办法:笔试

六、教材及参考书:

(一)教材:

《欧洲文化入门》王佐良编著,外语教学与研究出版社。

(二)参考书:

《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化》雅各布·布克哈特著,商务印书馆

《西方美术史话》迟轲编著,中国青年出版社。

《西方哲学史》罗素著,人民文学出版社。

《欧洲文学史》杨周翰,人民文学出版社。

《欧洲文化入门》由于其内容庞杂,琐碎,因而是一门学习起来比较困难的课程。其实大家大可不必担心,只要我们潜下心去,找出里面的规律和线索,这门课并不难攻克。我们要牢记文化的五分法:一、社会历史(包括政治、经济、宗教、历史) 二、哲学三、文学四、科学五、艺术(包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和音乐),以记忆每个时代的各要点为主,理解纵向的变迁为辅,后者主要的作用时帮助我们更好的记住前者。

《欧洲文化入门》的考试大致包括以下几种题型:四选一,填空,判断,简答题,名词解释,论述题。

选择题:这种题型可考查考生的记忆、理解、判断、推理分析,综合比较,鉴别评价等多种能力,评分客观,故常被应用。在答题时,如果能瞬时准确地把正确答案找出来最好,假如没有把握,就应采用排除法,即应从排除最明显的错误开始,把接近正确答案的备选项留下,再分析比较强以逐一否定最终选定正确答案。

填空题:这种题型常用于考核考生准确记忆的“再现”能力,在答题时,无论有几个空,回答都应明确、肯定,不能含糊其辞,填空题看似容易实则难,最好的应对办法是对英语语言知识中最基本的知识、概念、原理等要牢记。

名词解释:这种题型一般针对英语专业自考本科段课程中的基本概念、专业名词进行命题,主要考核考生的识记、理解能力。在答题时,答案要简明、概括、准确,如分值较大,可简要扩展。简答题:这种题型一般围绕基本概论、原理及其联系进行命题,着重考核考生对概念、史实、原理的掌握、辨别和理解能力。在答题时,既不能像名词解释那样简单,也不能像论述题那样长篇大论,答案要有层次性,列出要点,并加以简要扩展就可以。

论述题:这种题型一般从试卷编制的全局出发,能从体现考试大纲中的重点内容和基本问题的角度来命题,着重考核考生分析、解决实际问题的能力,考核考生综合应用能力和创见性。在答题时,要仔细审题,列出答案要点,然后对要点逐一展开叙述,此时考生应发挥自己的真知灼见,要在深度,广度上下功。如果对哪些要点把握不大,时间又不允许多考虑,那就宁可多答一些要点,但应避免把不能说明问题或者与答案相矛盾的东西都写上。充分认识本课程的知识点的庞杂性,力求以乐观、耐心、仔细和勤奋的态度投入学习。

要研究欧洲发展的历史,我们要仅仅抓住两条线索。一条是社会文化发展线索,那就是希腊和罗马文化历史。另一条则是精神宗教形成线索,即犹太教和基督教历史。正如,想精通中国文化必先熟知孔夫子和道家文化一样。下面我们将分章节进行综述。在每章综述的最后,会有一两道重要的问答题分析。每章还会附有一些练习题,希望大家好好做一做。

好,下面我们开始分章讲述。

第一章希腊罗马文化

希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源,所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。我们先看希腊的发展。

希腊文明分为几个时期,她形成于公元前800-500年,经历了古典时代(也就是公元前500。希腊文明达到顶年)31年到公元前336年)和希腊化时代(也就是公元前336到公元前

峰是公元前5世纪。公元前146年,希腊被罗马攻克。希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。

这段历史的重要大事有:

1、公元前12世纪,随着特洛伊人的入侵,希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争(《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》)。这里要注意的是,荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。荷马生活在公元前700年。

2、公元前6世纪,希腊世界开始有了全面改变,为后来的古典时代打开了通途。其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会,公元前594年,梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官,他的贡献在于,在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位,是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。

3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌,因而在公元前431年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中,详尽描写了这一战争。

4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后,斯巴达专横跋扈,底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。公元前371年,马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军,他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。至此,古典时代结束,希腊化时代即将开始。

古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权,又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会,并构件了唯心主义的根基。亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。剧作家有埃斯库罗斯、阿里斯托芬、索福克勒斯。这一时期希腊也造就了像阿基米德和欧几里得这样的数学家,以及像希罗多德和修昔底得这样伟大的历史学家。

希腊的艺术和建筑在神庙上得到最高体现。著名的雅典卫城的圣地帕台侬神庙就是卫雅典娜女神建造的。

接下来我们从希腊文明走向罗马文明。

希腊化时代与罗马时代前期相互交融,最终过渡到罗马时代。罗马时代经历了早期共和国(公元前509-公元前264年)、后期共和国(公元前265-公元前27年)、早期帝国(公元前27年-公元284年)和后期帝国(284-476年)。公元前500年,罗马开始了独立城邦的生涯。经过三次布诺战争,罗马渐渐地满足了它的征服欲。战争中尤里乌斯恺撒声名鹊起。公元前27年,元老院授予屋大维“奥古斯都”和“大元帅”的尊称,罗马早期帝国形成。在此后的两个世纪中,罗马帝国的疆域达到最大范围,其文化处于极盛时期。这段历史时期被成为“罗马和平”。但罗马的伟大也就仅至于此。罗马的伟大时代随着公元180年马可奥勒留的去世而告终。公元395年,罗马帝国彻底分裂为东罗马帝国和西罗马帝国。公元476年,西罗马帝国陷落。公元1453年,东罗马帝国被土耳其人占领。

说到罗马的文化,它基本源于希腊,但罗马人在思想意识方面也有重大贡献。

罗马人对欧洲文化所作的最重要的贡献是它所创立的罗马法律。

在政治文化方面,罗马出现了以下比较重要的人物:

1. 恺撒他是古代罗马政治家、军事家。他在文学方面也颇有建树。传世之作有《高卢战记》、《内战记》。对于他,我们要记住一句名言:也就是“I came, I saw, I conquered.”

2.西赛罗他是古罗马政治家、哲学家和最重要的演说家。主要成就在演说词和书信。

3. 卢克来修他是罗马共和国末期主要诗人之一,提倡唯物论、无神论和原子论。作品有哲理诗《物性论》。

4. 维吉尔他是罗马文学中最重要的作家。代表作品是《阿尼德》。

在建筑、艺术方面,罗马人也做出了突出的贡献。如:圆形大剧场和建于公元前27年的罗马万神殿以及女狼雕塑等。.

以上是对希腊罗马文化的综述,下面我们来一起看两个问答题。

1. How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?希腊哲学是如何发展起来的?

回答这个问题,我们要掌握1. 三个哲学奠基人及其理论:毕达哥拉斯,赫拉克里特,德谟克里特。2. 三位思想家及其理论:苏格拉底,柏拉图和亚力士多德。3. 其它思辩流派,如诡辩派、犬儒派等。这样才能完善这个问题。具体的答案我们可在练习册上找到。

2. What's the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas (system)?柏拉图和亚力士多德的哲学体系有何区别?

回答这个问题,首先要阐述柏拉图的哲学体系包含什么,亚力士多德的哲学体系包含什么。然后再进行对比。他们两个最主要的一个区别在于亚力士多德强调理论联系实际,而柏拉图强调万物依赖主观思维。这是必须提到的一点。具体的答案见练习册。

以上是对第一章希腊罗马文化的讲解。

刚才我们谈到要研究欧洲发展的历史,除了要研究希腊和罗马文化历史这条线索之外,精神宗教形成线索,即犹太教和基督教历史也很重要。

在第二章中我们要看一下基督教和圣经的发展及其内容。.

完整版欧洲文化入门参考资料

欧洲文化入门参考资料 这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书,为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中,往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作,希伯莱的圣经,文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多,读书未必全懂,对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识,则不仅了解程度会提高,而且由于通过文化来学习语言,语言也会学得更好。 《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 1、课程英文名称:European Culture: An Introduction 2、课程类别:专业限选课程 3、课程学时:32学时 4、学分:2 5、先修课程:《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》 6、适用专业:英语 7、大纲执笔:英语专业教研室 8、大纲审批:外语系学术委员会 9、制定(修订)时间:2005 二、课程的目的与任务: 本课程为专业选修课程,旨在通过该课程的学习,学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识,以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养,并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识,从而更好地了解和学习英语,提高文学欣赏水平。 三、课程的基本要求: 本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生,全部用英语授课。 了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络; 了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作,希伯莱的圣经,文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等; 了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物; 将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较; 学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。 四、教学内容、要求及学时分配: 希腊、罗马文化 基督教及其《圣经》 中世纪 文艺复兴与宗教改革 十七世纪 启蒙运动 浪漫主义 马克思主义与达尔文学说 现实主义 现代主义及其它 五、考试考核办法:笔试 六、教材及参考书:

最新欧洲文化入门复习资料

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