基础英语期末考试A卷(复习)

广东建设职业技术学院

基础英语期末考试

A卷

试题册

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注意事项

一、将自己的班级、姓名、学号按要求写在答题纸上。

二、所有答案一定要写在答题纸上（标明A 卷或B卷）。凡是写在试题册上

的答案一律无效。

三、用2B铅笔划线。注意保持答题纸卷面整洁、清楚。

四、多项选题每题只能选一个答案，多选作为答错处理。选定答案后，在相应

字母的中部划一条横线。正确方法如下：

[A] [B] [C] [D]

使用其符号答题者不给分。划线要有一定粗度，浓度要盖过字母底色。五、考试时间为120分钟。考试结束时，交答题纸和试卷。

基础部语言组编

Section B

Directions:There are 10 incomplete statements here. You should fill in each blank with the proper form of the word given in brackets. Write the word or words in the

corresponding space on the Answer Sheet.

26. Following the (settle) _settlement________ of the strike, the service is now back to normal.

27. (watch) Watched________ by a crowd of people, Charles felt embarrassed and couldn’t say a

word.

28. He might not have been killed in the traffic accident yesterday if he (fasten) had

fastened_______the seat belt.

29. By the end of last year, nearly a million cars (produce)had been produced ________ in that

auto factory.

30. It has been a long winter, and we’re (eager) _eagerly______ waiting for the coming of spring.

31. The more challenging the journey is, the (happy) _happier________the young people will feel.

32. There’s no use (bargain) _bargaining____ anymore. It’s a fixed price.

33. It is high time that the manager (pay) __pay_______more attention to the services for the

customers.

34. Karl probably (see) _has seen_________Star Wars several times for he knows every details

of the film.

35. We all felt excited when China succeeded in (launch) _launching_______ its first manned

spaceship.

Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

Directions:This part is to test your reading ability. There are 5 tasks for you to fulfill. You should read the reading materials carefully and do the tasks as you are instructed.

Task 1

Directions:After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 36 to 40. For each question or statement there are 4 choices

marked A), B), C) and D). You should make the correct choice and mark the

corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

In many countries in the process of industrialization, overcrowded cities present a major problem. Poor conditions in these cities, such as lack of housing, inadequate sanitation (卫生) and lack of employment, bring about an increase in poverty, disease and crime.

The over-population of towns is mainly caused by the drift of large numbers of people from the rural areas. These people have become dissatisfied with the traditional lift of farming, and have come to the towns hoping for better work and pay.

One possible solution to the problem would be to impose registration on town residents. Only officially registered residents would be allowed to live in the towns and the urban population would thus be limited. In practice, however, registration would be very difficult to enforce (推行); it would cause a great deal of resentment (不满), which would ultimately lead to violence.

The only long-term solution is to make life in the rural areas more attractive, which would encourage people to stay there. This could be achieved by providing encouragement for people to go and work in the villages. Facilities in the rural areas，such as transport, health and education services should be improved. Education should include training in improved methods of farming

and other rural industries, so as to develop a more positive attitude towards rural life. The improvement of life in the villages is very important, because the towns themselves cannot be developed without the simultaneous or previous development of the rural area.

36. W hat does the word “urban” (Line 3, Para. 3) mean? A

A) Of the city. B) out of work. C) In a bad condition. D) Of enormous size.

37. Large numbers of farmers have poured into towns because ___B_____.

A)they can hardly support their families on farms

B)they are unhappy with their life in the country

C)the rural areas are too crowded with people

D)they hope to have their own business

38. In the author’s view, solving the cities’ problem of overcrowding by strict registrations is

__C____.

A) practical B) possible C) not realistic D) not sufficient

39. According to the writer, the problem with crowded cities will be solved if _B_______.

A)traditional methods of farming are well kept

B)conditions in rural areas are much improved

C)the government can provide more jobs

D)violence could be controlled in cities

40. Which factor is most important for people to be attracted to live in the country? B

A) Their expectations. B) Their interests. C) Their income. D) Their attitude.

Task 2

Directions: This task is the same as Task 1. The 5 questions or unfinished statements are numbered 41 to 45.

Do you know how to use a mobile phone (手机) without being rude to the people around you?

Talking during a performance irritates (激怒) people. If you are expecting an emergency call, sit near the exit doors and set your phone to vibrate (振动). When your mobile phone vibrates, you can leave quietly and let the others enjoy the performance.

Think twice before using mobile phones in elevators, museums, churches or other indoor public places—especially enclosed spaces. Would you want to listen to someone’s conversation in these places? Worse yet, how would you feel if a mobile phone rang suddenly during a funeral! It happens more often than you think. Avoid these embarrassing situations by making sure your mobile phone is switched off.

When eating at a restaurant with friends, don’t place your mobile phone on the table. This conveys the message that your phone calls are more important than those around you.

Mobile phones have sensitive microphones that allow you to speak at the volume you would on a regular phone. This enables you to speak quietly so that others won’t hear the details of your conversations. If you are calling from a noisy area, use your hand to direct your voice into the microphone.

Many people believe that they can’t live without their mobile phone. Owning a mobile phone definitely makes life more convenient, but limit your conversations to urgent ones and save the personal calls until you are at home.

41. What should you do when you need to answer a phone call during a performance? C

A) Call back after the performance.

B) Answer it near the exit door.

C) Talk outside the exit door.

D) Speak in a low voice.

42. Putting your mobile phone on a restaurant table may make your friends think __B___.

A) you prefer to talk to your friends at the table

B) you value your calls more than your friends

C) you are enjoying the company of your friends

D) you are polite and considerate of your friends

43. When you are calling in a noisy area, you are advised to _D____.

A) use a more sensitive microphone

B) shout loudly into your microphone

C) go away quietly to continue the phone call

D) use your hand to help speak into the phone

44. The author implies that the use of mobile phones in such places as museums should be

___C___ .

A) limited B) expected C) discouraged D) recommended

45. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? C

A) You should limit your mobile phone calls to personal affairs.

B) You should speak quietly into your phone while in a church.

C) You are supposed to turn off your mobile phone at a funeral.

D) You are supposed to use your mobile phone as much as possible.

Part IV Translation--English into Chinese (25 minutes)

Directions: This part, numbered 61 through 65, is to test your ability to translate English into Chinese. After each of the sentences numbered 61 to 64, you will read four choices

of suggested translation. You should choose the best translation and mark the

corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. And for the paragraph numbered 65,

write your translation in the corresponding space on the Translation/ Composition

Sheet.

61. There is no way we’ll get lost in the mountain, since the tour guide has figured out the return route.B

A)我们根本不会在山里迷路，因为导游已回到了原来的路线上。

B)既然导游已经弄清了返程的路线，我们就绝不会在山里迷路。

C)因为我们在山里迷失了方向无路可走，导游只好按原路返回。

D)我们在山里迷了路，所以导游一直都在寻找返回的路线。

62. Your new product would not have sold so well but for a lot of advertisements we put on the

television.C

A)如果我们没在电视上做大量广告，你们的新产品就不会有很好的销路。

B)虽然我们未在电视上作大量广告，你们的产品依然销路很好。

C)若不是我们作大量的电视广告，你们的新产品销路不会这么好。

D)尽管我们在电视上作了大量的广告，你们的产品依然销售不好。

63. Seen form the TV tower at night, the city looks even more magnificent with all its lights on.C

A) 夜晚，电视塔上的灯都装上了，城市看上去显得更美丽。

B) 夜晚在市里看电视塔，因为所有的灯都亮了，所以显得更华丽。

C) 夜晚，从电视塔上望出去，所有的灯都亮了，城市显得更辉煌。

D) 夜晚，在电视塔上看这座城市，要是所有的灯都亮的话，城市显得更辉煌。

64. An engineer is needed by the company to manage the work of installation teams, and to provide engineering assistance when problem occur.D

A) 公司需要一位工程师来指挥安装工作，并在出现问题时提供工程指导。

B) 公司聘用了一位工程师，让他做安装工作，同时还要解决工程方面的问题。

C) 公司需要聘用工程师来帮助公司安装设备，提供工程援助以及解决出现的问题。

D) 公司需要一位工程师来领导安装小组的工作，并在出现问题时提供工程方面的帮助。

65. According to Shanghai Daily on February 19, Shanghai Telecom(上海电信公司) started to

supply the 2004 version of its “Shanghai Yellow Pages” yesterday for free to its subscriber(用户).The 1700-page directory(电话簿) ,which has an English index（索引）, offers discount coupons(折扣券) for dining and beauty-care services. It also offers a “Working Guide” and “Life Guide” column. The company estimated more than 700,000 copies of the yellow pages will be distributed.

据上海日报2月19日报道上海电信公司将免费向客户提供2004年版本的上海黄页这份1700页的电话簿有英文索引并提供餐饮和美容服务的折扣劵它还设有工作指南和生活指南的栏目该公司估计将分发700000多份这样的黄页

Part V Writing (25 minutes)

Directions：This part is to test your ability to do practical writing. You are required to complete an email message for room reservations. Some information and the e-mail form are

given to you. Remember to write the message in the corresponding space on the

answer sheet.

写信人：Li Qiang 写信时间：2003年12月20日

收信单位：Reservation Office 电子邮件网址：groupsales@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0b18978244.html,

入住时间：2003年12月25日至27日

预定时间：一个带浴室的单人房间，三个带浴室的双人房间。将于12月26日下午租用会议室一间，进行业务洽谈。请尽早回复，告知是否有空房、房价及是否需要预付押金等。Here is the e-mail form:

To:

E-mail address:

From:

Subject:

Date:

Dear Sir or Madam,

Words for reference:

空房：vacancy 预付押金：pay a deposit

Key to final exam A

26. settlement 27. Watched 28. had fastened 29. had been produced

30.eagerly 31. happier 32. bargaining 33. paid /(should) pay 34. has seen

35. launching

Part III Reading Comprehension （36-45题一题2分，共20分；46-60一题一分，共15分）36-40 ABCBB （2004年6月试题）41-45 CBDCC（2006年6月试题）

Part IV translation （61-64题按2’-1.5’-1’-0’计分，共8分；65题12分）

61. B-A-D-C 62. C-A-D-B

63. C-D-A-B 64. D-A-C-B

65. 译文：据《上海日报》2月19日报道（1分），上海电信公司开始向用户免费提供2004年版的《上海黄页》（3分）。这本1700页的电话薄有英文索引（2分），并提供餐饮和美容服务的折扣券（2分）。它还设有“工作指南”和“生活指南”栏目（2分）。该公司估计将分发700，000余份黄页（2分）。

Part V writing （15分）（格式2分）

To: Reservation Office

E-mail address: Groupsales@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0b18978244.html,

From: LiQiang@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0b18978244.html,

Subject: Room Reservation（3分）

Date: Dec.20,2003

Dear Sir or Madam,

Reservation Office,

I want to book a single room with a bath（2分）and three standard rooms with bath from Dec. 25 to Dec.27（2分）. And I also want to rent a meeting room for business meeting in the afternoon, Dec.26（2分）. Please inform me of your vacancy and price（2分）. And I also want to know whether we need to pay the deposit（2分）. Your early reply is much appreciated（2分）. Thank you!

Sincerely,

Li Qiang

英语期末考试复习资料

英语期末考试----12月26日 （一）题型： 1.听力(10个短对话&2个短篇文章--10个问题) 2.阅读（3篇，其中一篇从第二册快速阅读的1--5单元中出） 3.单词（3，4，6单元A课文课后练习中vocabulary&word-building） 4.完型 5.翻译（3，4，6单元A课文课后练习中汉译英部分；以及3，4，6A课文中一段的段落进行英译汉） （二）单词&短语 1. I firmly believe that this agreement will be for our mutual benefit. 我坚决相信这份协议有利于我们的共同利益。 1.People have bought these houses under the illusion that their value would just keep on rise. 人们买房子是基于它们会增值这种幻象。 2.The project has been canceled by the local government for lack of public resources. 由于缺乏公共资源，当地政府取消了这个项目。 3.The clerk must have overlooked your name, because he said you were not here. 书记员一定是漏掉了你的名字，因为他说你不在这。 4.The speaker said something about the actors and then proceeded to talk

about the film. 发言人说了一些演员的事情，然后继续介绍电影。 5.Differences of opinion are often the most difficult problem to resolve. 如何处理各种不同的意见是最难解决的问题。 6.When he looked for a job, John strongly felt that there was a widespread prejudice against men over forty. 在找工作的过程中，约翰强烈的感觉到针对年过四十的男性的那种歧视。 7.Children should be encouraged to reach a compromise between what they want and what others want. 应该鼓励孩子们在他们自己和他人的所想所愿中找到折中点。 8.The discovery seems to confirm that people lived here over 100 years ago. 这个发现印证了此处一百多年前有人居住。 9.The book was first published in 1994 and was subsequently translated into fifteen languages. 这本书首次出版于1994年，而后被译成15种语言。 10.Mind your own business. My affairs have nothing to do with you. 管好你自己吧。我的事与你无关。 11.Having worked in the company for two years, Mr. Smith is now taking care for marketing and public relations. 在公司工作两年后，史密斯先生如今负责市场营销和公共关系。

大学英语 期末试卷题型

《大学英语3》期末考试题型: 1、听力理解：25%（共25题，每题1分） 短对话7个、篇章理解2篇、复合式听写1篇，共25题，25分。 2、选词填空题：10% （共10题，每题1分） 3、阅读理解：20% （1）、完型填空1篇，10题，每题1分 （2）、传统仔细阅读1篇，5题，每题2分 4、翻译：25% （1）、句子翻译（中文翻译成英文）：15% （5题，每题3分，15分） （2）、段落翻译（英文翻译成中文）：10% （1题，10分） 5、作文：20% 注意：考试课文范围： 《大学英语3（新世纪）》：第三册第1、2、3、5单元 出题范围： 1、复习所学单元的生词、词组、搭配等，第二部分选词填空题在课后练习中出题： 《大学英语3（新世纪）》：课后练习 Words In Action 中Ex. 2 2、认真复习课文，段落翻译（英译中）从课文的Text A（新世纪）中抽取。 3、认真复习课后练习，句子翻译（中译英）从课后练习Translation1中抽取。 4、其余题目均从试题库中抽取。 另：请各位《大学英语3》任课老师提醒学生自带耳机，期末考试中有听力题型。

《大学英语1》期末考试题型: 1、听力理解：25%（共25题，每题1分） 短对话8个、长对话2篇、章理解3篇，共25题，25分。 2、选词填空题：10% （共10题，每题1分） 3、阅读理解：20% 传统仔细阅读2篇，10题，每题2分 4、翻译：25% （1）、句子翻译（中文翻译成英文）：15% （5题，每题3分，15分） （2）、段落翻译（英文翻译成中文）：10% （1题，10分） 5、作文：20% 注意：考试课文范围： 《大学英语1（新世纪）》：第一册第1、2、4、5单元 出题范围： 1、复习所学单元的生词、词组、搭配等，第二部分选词填空题在课后练习中出题： 《大学英语1（新世纪）》：课后练习 Words In Action 中Ex. 2 2、认真复习课文，段落翻译（英译中）从课文的Text A（新世纪）中抽取。 3、认真复习课后练习，句子翻译（中译英）从课后练习Translation中抽取。 4、其余题目均从试题库中抽取。 另：请各位《大学英语1》任课老师提醒大一新生购买耳机，期末考试中有听力题型。

期末考试总结大全

期末考试总结大全 期末考试结束了，同学们有没考好？没考好原因是什么？下面是小雅整理的期末考试总结大全，欢迎阅读参考！ 期末考试总结一 期末考试成绩公布了。我的成绩是：语文96、数学79分。语文成绩列全班第20名，数学成绩列第一名——倒数第一名。闭幕式后我把成绩册丢在班级不敢带回家给爸爸妈妈看。 回到家，我赶忙躲到自己的房间里关起门来，眼泪也不由自主的从眼角溜了出来…… 爸爸下班回到家里，知道了我的期末考试情况，没有想到他没有责备我，他说： 要为成功总结经验，不要为失败找借口。语文能考96分是因为我将要求背诵的课文、抄写的生字都掌握了，而且还在爸爸的辅导下做了三份期末模拟试卷。而数学考试考成这个样子的原因就恰好相反：老师布置的作业没有完成，考试的时候粗心大意…… 知道这些使我落后的原因了，我一定会针对它们加以改正，争取当上“三好学生”。 期末考试总结二 光阴似箭、日月如梭。四年级学习生活不知不觉结束了，在这个学期里，老师为我们的学习付出了许多心血，我们也为自己

的学习洒下了辛勤的汗水。这次期末考试，我的每门功课都达到老师和家长满意的成绩：数学100分、英语100分、语文98分，总结这个学期的学习，我想主要有以下几个方面： 第一，学习态度比较端正。能够做到上课认真听讲，不与同学交头接耳，不做小动作，自觉遵守课堂纪律;对老师布置的课堂作业，能够当堂完成;对不懂的问题，主动和同学商量，或者向老师请教。 第二，改进了学习方法。为了改进学习方法，我给自己订了一个学习计划：（1）做好课前预习。也就是要挤出时间，把老师还没有讲过的内容先看一遍。尤其是语文课，要先把生字认会，把课文读熟;对课文要能分清层次，说出段意，正确理解课文内容。要求背诵的课文提前背过。坚持写日记，记录生活笔记。（2）上课要积极发言。对于没有听懂的问题，要敢于举手提问。积极发言，大胆思考。（3）每天的家庭作业认真检查，再让家长检查一遍，把做错了的和不会做的，让家长讲一讲，记在错题集上，考前几天再把以前做错了的题目，经常拿出来看一看，复习复习。（4）要多读一些课外书，了解课外知识，每天中午吃完饭，看半个小时课外书;每天晚上做完作业，只要有时间，多看几篇作文。 第三，课外特长不放松。能够利用星期天和节假日，到课外辅导班学习绘画，在学校的想象画评比中，我荣获“艺术之星”的称号。

英语I(1)期末机考复习题

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2) If you want to see a you should book well 3) At that time only story. she was looking for. music and English in this term? 7) hopes to be able to bring 8) My train was 20 in the evening. 9) The real their lack of confidence in their abilities. are bound to many difficulties. 11) I saw a this morning. is the most important come over her face. 15) stealing, you will difficult to guess what her 17) I should like to a quiet neighborhood. 18) to accept it as true accident left behind it a 20) he is, he is equal to the task. I first met him in that company. 24) I didn’t and time 27) I will go to see can ’t get to 29) People don ’ t want 30) Never before that 31) The only for his behavior is that he is mad. 32) opportunity. You make yourself understood （手势） if you don’t speak the same language. 34) work. You’d colors he used. that her daughter was safe 40) The a conclusion child’s environment enables him to enlarge his living sphere according to his own had helped was the father of his girlfriend. 45) I piano and asked the the afternoon. 46) The of trouble over 47) able to give the police a(n) description of her attacker. 49) Being a sailor ( 水手50) This detergent all 51) The _at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about ten o’clock tonight. hours when they spotted a sign that 54) for six years by the time he takes his examination. old lady was not the consequence to me. 58) I don’t know movie tickets will be given to 60) Mr. very depressed. Do 1 2 1.First he applied electricity to the fish bowl 首先他将电流导入玻璃鱼缸，使得鱼儿们瞬间静止，然后他马上减小电流，鱼儿们便可以继续游动 2. Many mothers who 过去可能认为自己是 隐入了家庭陷阱中的母亲们会抓住机会把精 力和潜能用在催人奋进的事业中去。 3. We children could enjoy 我们这些 儿女们可以一直坐享父母的好名声，除非 做了有损于它的事。 4. A good name 好名声，以及与之相随的 责任感，迫使我们这些孩子表现更好，要 不然我们不见得这样好的。 5. Knowing that I had not stopped 知 道自从离开航空公司票务柜台没在其他任 何地方停留过，所以我推断我一定是把包 落在那里了。 6. The agent turned to look 当代理回 头看时，公文包已被送到传输带的尽头， 消失不见了。 7. When you return to your studies 休息之后，当你重新开始学习时， 思维会更活跃，记住的东西也会更多。 8. The right to pursue happiness 我们 每个人在出生时就被赋予追求幸福的权 利，但是似乎谁也说不准幸福是什么。 9. Obviously no half-foolish person 显然，稍有头脑的人都不会被街道上的 这种旗帜或电视上的这种广告所打动。

北邮大学英语3-期末考试总复习题阶段作业一、二、三汇总,考试必备你懂的

大学英语3词汇选择练习题 第一单元选择题 1. It __________that the necklace was made of glass. A. turned out B. made out C. looked out D. took out 解析：该题选A，题目大意是“原来那串项链是用玻璃做的”。 turn out: 结果是；证明是 The party turned out to be very successful. 晚会结果开得很成功。 2. ___________, he can finish the work in a couple of weeks. A. Giving good health B. If give good health C. Given good health D. If he is good given health 解析：该题选C，题目大意是“倘若身体好，他能在一两周内完成这项工作”。given 引导方式状语，意为“倘若，假设，考虑到”。如： 1. Given their inexperience, the y’ve done a good job.考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们 的工作已经做得不错了。 2. Given some more time, I would do the job better.假如时间再多些，我能把工作 做得更好。 3. Given good health, the old lady can look after her grand-daughter for her son.假 如身体好的话，这位老太太能帮她儿子照看孙女。 3. ___________ to speak at the meeting, I couldn’t very well refuse. A. Called up B. Called off C. Called at D. Called on 解析：该题选D，题目大意是“要让我在会上发言，我是不会拒绝的”。 call on sb. to do st h：invite/require sb. to do sth.请/要求某人做某事 1. A teacher can call on individual students to compose similar questions. 老师可以要求每个学生提出类似的问题。 2. The chairman called on his people to organize so that they could be more powerful.主席号召他的民众组织起来，这样才能更有力量。 4. The poor police had never __________ of winning. A. made a chance B. took a chance C. stood a chance D. kept a chance 解析：该题选C，题目大意是“可怜的警察毫无胜诉的机会”。 stand a chanc e：have a prospect (of sth.) 有…希望 1. stand a chance of winning the game有可能赢得这场比赛 2. I think you stand a good chance of being elected president.我认为你极有可能 当选为公司总裁。 3. Weak and lame in one leg, he never stood a chance of getting the job of taxi-driver.由于身体虚弱，并且有一条跛腿，他从未有机会得到出租车司机的工作。 5. If our neighbor continues to refuse to keep his dog under control, we have to take him to ___________. A. solicitor B. brush C. prisoner D. court 解析：该题选D，题目大意是“如果我们的邻居仍然拒绝看管好他的狗，我们就不得不法庭上见了”。 take sb. to court：控告某人，对某人提出诉讼 1. If you don't pay up, I'll take you to court. 如果你不还清欠款, 我就到法院告

图论期末考试整理复习资料

目录 第一章图的基本概念 (2) 二路和连通性 (4) 第二章树 (4) 第三章图的连通度 (6) 第四章欧拉图与哈密尔顿图 (8) 一，欧拉图 (8) 二．哈密尔顿图 (10) 第五章匹配与因子分解 (14) 一．匹配 (14) 二．偶图的覆盖于匹配 (15) 三．因子分解 (16) 第六章平面图 (20) 二．对偶图 (24) 三．平面图的判定 (25) 四．平面性算法 (28) 第七章图的着色 (34) 一．边着色 (34) 二．顶点着色 (35)

第九章 有向图 (40) 二 有向树 (41) 第一章 图的基本概念 1. 点集与边集均为有限集合的图称为有限图。 2. 只有一个顶点而无边的图称为平凡图。 3. 边集为空的图称为空图。 4. 既没有环也没有重边的图称为简单图。 5. 其他所有的图都称为复合图。 6. 具有二分类（X, Y ）的偶图（或二部图）：是指该图的点集可以分解为两个（非空）子 集 X 和 Y ，使得每条边的一个端点在 X 中，另一个端点在Y 中。 7. 完全偶图：是指具有二分类（X, Y ）的简单偶图，其中 X 的每个顶点与 Y 的每个顶点 相连，若 |X|=m ，|Y|=n ，则这样的偶图记为 Km,n 8. 定理1 若n 阶图G 是自补的（即 ），则 n = 0, 1（mod 4） 9. 图G 的顶点的最小度。 10. 图G 的顶点的最大度。 11. k-正则图: 每个点的度均为 k 的简单图。 例如,完全图和完全偶图Kn,n 均是正则图。 12. 推论1 任意图中，奇点的个数为偶数。 ()G δ()G ?

13. 14.频序列：定理4 一个简单图G的n个点的度数不能互不相同。 15.定理5 一个n阶图G相和它的补图有相同的频序列。 16. 17. 18.对称差：G1△G2 = (G1∪G2) - (G1∩G2) = (G1-G2)∪(G2-G1) 19.定义：联图在不相交的G1和G2的并图G1+G2中，把G1的每个顶点和G2的每个 顶点连接起来所得到的图称为G1和G2的联图，记为G1∨G2 20.积图：积图设G1= (V1, E1)，G2 = (V2, E2)，对点集V = V1×V2中的任意两个点u = (u1,u2)和v = (v1,v2)，当(u1 = v1和u2 adj v2) 或(u2 = v2 和u1 adj v1) 时就把u 和v 连接起来所得到的图G称为G1和G2积图。记为G = G1×G2 设G1= (V1, E1)，G2 = (V2, E2)，对点集V = V1×V2中的任意两个点u = (u1,u2)和v = (v1,v2)，当(u1 adj v1) 或(u1= v1 和u2 adj v2) 时就把u 和v 连接起来所得到的图G称为G1和G2的合成图。记为G=G1[G2]。