5外文翻译原文1

A Case Study of Pattern-based Software Framework to

Improve the Quality of Software Development

Chih-Hung Chang,

Chih-Wei Lu

Dept. of Information Management, Hsiuping Institute of Technology No.11, Gongye Rd., Dali City, Taichung County,

Taiwan(R.O.C.)

886-4-24961123 ext 3112 {chchang,cwlu}@

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e13546294.html,.tw

William C. Chu

Dept. of Computer

Science and Information

Engineering,

Tunghai University

No.181, Sec. 3, Taichung

Port Rd.,Taichung City,

Taiwan (R.O.C.)

886-4-23508983

cchu@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e13546294.html,.tw

Nien-Lin Hsueh

Dept. of Information

Engineering and

Computer Science,

Feng Chia University

No. 100 Wenhwa Rd.,

Taichung, Taiwan (R.O.C.)

886-4- 24517250 ext 3773

nlhsueh@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e13546294.html,.tw

Chorng-Shiuh Koong

Dept. of Computer and

Information Science,

Taichung University

No.140, Ming-Sheng Rd.,

Taichung City,

Taiwan (R.O.C.)

886-4-22183804

csko@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e13546294.html,.tw

ABSTRACT

In recent years, development of the software industry and demand for software systems have increased rapidly, but developers often does not know whose suggestion to follow regarding methodologies of software engineering. One reason for that is the difficulty in applying new software engineering technologies. Developers take a long time to train. Another reason is the difficulty in integrating CASE toolsets. So many indeterminate factors make the development process more and more complex. On the other hand, software development is too customized, and software reuse is difficult. T he reasons above are the cause for software development and maintenance to become more complex and difficult to control.

In this paper we explore the importation of a software pattern-based framework, and the development of an ERP/support chain system. Based on software patterns, developers can separate development and business so as to reduce problems caused by the developer’s lack of business experience. T he quality of the product can thus be enhanced, software development costs be reduced, and software maintenance be improved.

Keywords

Design Pattern, Framework, Software Development Process, XML

1.INTRODUCTION

In Object-Oriented T echnology, the property of inheritance allows software components to be reused, which can obviously reduce the cost of software development. For this reason, to produce a highly reusable software component is an important goal of software engineering. However, programmers are usually focused on code reuse while ignoring design reuse. Design patterns provide a clear concept of design structure by describing the relationships of inheritance and reference between components of the system.

Design patterns are a series of familiar usages and constructions utilized throughout system design. Design patterns allow rapid coding of certain components by following certain patterns of steps. T his can improve the documentation and maintenance of existing systems by providing an explicit specification of class, object interactions and their underlying intents. One of the main purposes of design patterns is to help software engineers to understand the common characteristics of software objects/components in specialized domain.

In recent years, due to the development and maturation of WWW and Java [14] technologies, many applications are now web applications or leaning in that direction. Many software concepts are utilized for the web as well, such as Design Patterns and Frameworks. The Apache Struts [12] and Spring Framework [13] are both open source frameworks used to address and reduce the complexity of developing an enterprise application. T he advantage of using a framework is the layered architecture it provides. Layered architecture allowed users to choose the component desired, while also providing the integration framework when developing application using J2EE. T hese developing web concepts can facilitate the development of web applications. However, these very useful tools and concepts lack a systematic organization.

We hope to use these open source software technologies to develop a software framework which can be applied to web application. T his should solve the problem of web applications lacking a good structure, while through applying these open source software technologies, software development costs will be reduced. Furthermore, a guideline for programmers who wants to use these open source technologies will be provided.

This paper is organized as follows: In the next section, we discuss works related to our project; in section 3, the open source technologies used in the paper and the system implementation will be described; Section 4 is a sample experiment. T he

conclusion is given in section 5.

2.RELATED WORKS

2.1Design Patterns

Patterns facilitate reuse of well-established solutions when known problems are encountered. They support higher abstraction levels than traditional object-oriented individual classes and instances [1]. Alexander et al. [19] discussed the pattern: “Each pattern describes a problem which occurs over and over again in our environment, and then describes the core of the solution to that problem, in such a way that you can use this solution a million times over, without ever doing it the same way twice”. Design patterns [1] [2] integrate successful standard design practices and expert experiences into a set of components that exhibit known behaviors, but with better structures. Design patterns are considered one of the most forward-looking methods for modern system analysis and design [18]. Design patterns aim to make it easier for designers to reuse well-known and successful designs and architecture from expert experience. It also helps programmers to choose design alternatives that make a system reusable and avoid alternatives that compromise reusability.

2.2Framework

Framework can be said to be a software concept that contains both software component reuse and design reuse. Any domain software developed on existing architecture will have high reusability if designed with a framework in mind [3]. Framework [4][5][6] is a set of abstract and concrete classes that collaborate with each other, and contain their interface definition of instances [20]. T hese classes are constructed as reusable components for some domain. Designers can inherit from these instances of classes to create new ones. Basically Framework provides an environment to support all activities involved in software development.

However, when we attempt to create a composite of different frameworks we may run into some problems. Mattsson and Bosch [7] proposed to apply existing design patterns as a solution to these problems.

Applying framework and design patterns to develop systems have increased our work efficiency. Framework is usually used on problems within a specific domain, while design patterns are used to solve general problems. If we can find the design pattern that fits our requirement, we can apply design patterns to any application domain, making design patterns more general than framework.

Jacobsen et. al.[8] proposed that if we can use patterns in the analysis, design, and implementation phases of system development, we can develop system that follow the characteristics of design patterns, which can reduce the effort of checking consistency between the phases.

In recent years, web applications have been developing quickly. Many software framework technologies that can be applied to web application were proposed, such as Spring Framework [13]. It is an open source framework aiming to address and reduce the complexity of developing an enterprise application.

2.3XML

XML [9] is the standard language supported by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). XML has many useful features, such as application neutrality (vender independence), user extensibility, the ability to represent arbitrary and complex information, a validation scheme of data structure, and is human readable.

XML is also found in certain forms when making data representations in different domain, such as ebXML [10] (Electronic Business using eXtensible Markup Language). It is a modular suite of specifications that enables enterprises to conduct business over the Internet. VoiceXML [9][11] covers voice dialogs, speech synthesis, speech recognition, telephony call control for voice browsers and other requirements for interactive voice response applications, including use by people with hearing or speaking impairments. MathML [9] is a set of low-level specifications for describing mathematics as a basis for machine to machine communication.

3.SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

In this paper we use open source technologies used on many web applications, such as Apache Struts [12], MVC, Spring Framework [13], and Hibernate [15]. We describe their main concepts below:

3.1Struts

Struts is a part of the Apache Software Foundation project, under Jakarta. Struts is a flexible control layer based on standard technologies such as Java Servlets, JavaBeans, ResourceBundles, and XML. T he framework helps programmers create an extensible development environment for your application, based on published standards and proven design patterns.

Struts is based on a concept known as MVC. T he term “MVC” originated with the SmallTalk Model-View-Controller framework. Under MVC, an application is seen as three distinct parts. T he problem domain is represented as the Model. T he output to the users is the View, and the input from the users is represented as Controller. Struts is composed of a group of collaboration classes/components, and the JSP tag lib servlet.

The struts framework provides several components that make up the Control layer of a MVC-style application. T hese include controller components, servlets, developer-defined request handlers, and several supporting objects.

The Struts Taglib component provides direct support for the View layer of an MVC application. Some of these tags access the control-layer objects. Other taglibs, including JSTL, can be used with the framework. Other presentation technologies, like Velocity T emplates and XSLT can also be used with the framework.

The Model layer in an MVC application is often project-specific. The framework is designed to make it easy to access the business-end of your application, but leaves that part of the programming to other products, such as JDBC, Enterprise Java Beans, etc.

3.2Spring Framework [13]

Spring is a layered Java/J2EE application framework, based on code published in Expert One-on-One J2EE Design and Development by Rod Johnson [21].

As Johnson described [22], Spring is a powerful framework that solves many common problems in J2EE. Spring provides a consistent way of managing business objects, and encourages good practices such as programming to interfaces, rather than

classes. T he architectural basis of Spring is an Inversion of Control (IoC) container based around the use of JavaBean properties. However, this is only a part of the overall picture: Spring is unique in that it uses its IoC container as the basic building block in a comprehensive solution that addresses all architectural tiers.

Spring provides a unique data access abstraction, including a simple and productive JDBC framework that greatly improves productivity and reduces the likelihood of errors. Spring's data access architecture can also be integrated with T opLink, Hibernate, JDO and other O/R mapping solutions.

Spring also provides a unique transaction management abstraction, which enables a consistent programming model over a variety of underlying transaction technologies, such as JTA or JDBC. Spring provides an AOP framework written in standard Java, which provides declarative transaction management and other enterprise services to be applied to POJOs or - if you wish - the ability to implement your own custom aspects. This framework is powerful enough to enable many applications to dispense with the complexity of EJB, while enjoying key services traditionally associated with EJB.

Spring also provides a powerful and flexible MVC web framework that is integrated into the overall IoC container.

Spring consist of seven well-defined modules, as show in figure 1.

Figure 1. The architecture of Spring Framework

Each module (or component) of Spring can stand alone, or be implemented with one or more other modules. Each module functions as follows:

Core packaging: T he Core provides the basic functions of the Spring framework. T he main component of core container is BeanFactory, which is the realization of the

factory model. BeanFactory uses Inversion of Control (IoC)

to make application configuration, dependence norms and

the actual application code separate.

AOP: the AOP module provides implementation of aspect-oriented programming that fits with the AOP Alliance, such

as method-interceptors and point cuts. According to the

configuration manager function, Spring AOP module integrates aspect-oriented programming into the Spring

framework. Therefore, it is easy to make any components in

Spring Framework support AOP. Besides, Spring AOP

module can provide transaction management services so we

do not need to be dependent on EJB components. T he

transaction management can be integrated with applications

easily.

DAO: T he JDBC-abstraction layer provides a useful exception control framework. It can be used to manage

exception handling and the output messages from databases

built by different vendors. Exception control frameworks

simplify error handling, and decreases the amount of

exception code (for example, opening and closing the

connection) that must be written. Spring-oriented JDBC

DAO complies with the common abnormal level DAO

framework.

ORM: T he ORM package provides integration layers for popular object-relational mapping APIs, including JPA,

JDO, Hibernate, SQL map and iBatis. All of these follow

the Spring general norms and exception control frameworks. Web: The advantage of the Spring MVC Web framework is that the view layer (JPS, HT ML, or PDF) can be changed

easily and efficiently according to IoC and AOP functions.

Furthermore, you can integrate them with your favorite Web

framework.

JEE: the JEE module contains JMX, JMS, JCS, EJB, Email and several enterprise services. It uses abstract classes to

encapsulate the services. It hides the complex details of

system logic and thus makes it easily usable by programmers.

3.3Hibernate

Hibernate is an Object / Relational Mapping (ORM) solution. Briefly said, the relationship between objects and objects in Java is mapped to a relationship between tables and tables. Hibernate provides an automatic conversion solution in the program process.

3.4

Figure 2. The system architecture of our framework

In order to integrate these open source technologies, we designed a system framework (as show in figure 2).

Struts processes the design specifications of the Presentation Layer and Control Layer for communication with users. T he Business Layer is reached through the Spring framework. Furthermore, the Data Access Layer communicates with database by Hibernate. Struts, Spring and Hibernate, each in their own layer, is integrated by XML, thus achieving message exchange and objects mapping relations. Figure 3 shows the integration of

framework models as follow.

Figure 3. System Integration Model

In order to integrate several open-source tools, the Spring Framework is used for the core architecture. It included the AOP, ORM, DAO and Core, which are a part of infrastructure class libraries. This is bridged by the front-end web page and back-end Hibernate to exchange information. T his framework is constructed in a Servlet container, the most common being Apache Tomcat [16], but any other well-known Servlet container may be used.

In this paper, we integrate these technologies into a framework for the convenience of management and source code classification. In order to maintain uniformity, we put the source code supporting user interaction and presentations together. And we called these the Action Bean.

T he src/service folders store the business logic layer produced when integrated with the Spring framework. Moreover, the implements of Hibernate for mapping database relations and objects (Data Access Layer) are stored in the src/dao folder.

All objects in development will also produce a group of test cases. T his is extremely effective when used to improve software reliability and software quality control. The tool used is JUnit API

[17].

Figure 4. The content of applicationContext-resources.xml Compared to code package design and planning, a more important construct is the Spring control layer. All setting files in the control

layer is described by XML. Figure 4 show a detailed XML context as application Context-resources.xml.

In Spring framework, it provides an implementation of BeanFactoryPostProcessor class - org.springframework.beans. factory.config.PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer. According to this class, some configurations can be stored in a property file. In this way, XML files store definitions of system configurations, while the property files can contain customized parameters specified by customers. For example, the mail property file, which describes

the details of the mail server, is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. The content of mail.properties

In general, large system development requires teamwork. In order to improve the efficiency of software development and program version control, CVS (Concurrent Versions System) is used.

In this paper, we choose Eclipse as the IDE (Integrated Development Environment). T o verify the usability of this framework, we realized the framework on two real business cases. One is a Book Logistic and ERP system, the other is a T ransnational GLM System in traditional industries. Simultaneously, we transplanted an old fortune system in the Office of Student Affairs in our school onto the Web. The original system was a single PC system, and allows only one user at one time. The re-implemented system is now a web-based application, with some new management functions implemented.

Because to integrate these open source technologies is quite difficult, we used an open source integration tool appfuse to manage the task.

4.EXPERIMENT

In order to estimate the effectiveness and usability of this architecture, we realized it on two real business cases, a book logistic system and an ERP system; this project comprises five people and they collaborate with each other at different locations while developing system. T hese projects consist of almost 33 tables, and 28,700 lines source code. T he second project is a GLM system, developed using six people at two locations to collaborate in development. The total size of the project comes to almost 100 tables, and 86,500 lines of source code.

Table 1. A comparison between Struts and JSP

Struts JSP Collaborative development best weak

Maintenance best weak

Reusability best weak

The time of study slow fast

Table 1 is a comparison between Struts 1.3.8 and JSP 2.0. Table2

is a comparison between Hibernate 3 and JDBC 3.0.

Table 2. A comparison between Hibernate 3 and JDBC 3.0

Hibernate JDBC Resource cost large small

Performance fast slow Development fast slow The time of study slow fast

5. CONCLUSION

Following the processes described in section 4, we used Spring Framework as the infrastructure, used Struts to implement the MVC, and used Hibernate to operate the database. Spring Core controlled the whole software development structure, which could really simplify the management of software hierarchy management.

In this paper, we used open source web applications, and improved software quality. At the same time, we used the experience described in this paper to develop a GLM system and combine it with the database of a legacy client-server system. According to the architecture, we also re-engineered a legacy property management system to the web, and successfully extended its software life cycle.

Implementing a web application using Spring framework, Struts, and Hibernate need more preparation and planning before development. However, thank to the clear-defined layer, the different objects can follow the same rules; this is helpful especially when development is done collaboratively.

Through this method, the system architecture and quality can both be improved. When software engineers develop a large web application system, using this architecture can modularize systems and reduce development cost.

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was supported in part by National Science Council, Taiwan R.O.C., under grants no. NSC97-2218-E-164-001, NSC 97-2221-E-164-006, and NSC96-2218-E-035-002

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外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华

外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

5外文翻译原文1

A Case Study of Pattern-based Software Framework to Improve the Quality of Software Development Chih-Hung Chang, Chih-Wei Lu Dept. of Information Management, Hsiuping Institute of Technology No.11, Gongye Rd., Dali City, Taichung County, Taiwan(R.O.C.) 886-4-24961123 ext 3112 {chchang,cwlu}@ https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e13546294.html,.tw William C. Chu Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tunghai University No.181, Sec. 3, Taichung Port Rd.,Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4-23508983 cchu@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e13546294.html,.tw Nien-Lin Hsueh Dept. of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University No. 100 Wenhwa Rd., Taichung, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4- 24517250 ext 3773 nlhsueh@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e13546294.html,.tw Chorng-Shiuh Koong Dept. of Computer and Information Science, Taichung University No.140, Ming-Sheng Rd., Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4-22183804 csko@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e13546294.html,.tw ABSTRACT In recent years, development of the software industry and demand for software systems have increased rapidly, but developers often does not know whose suggestion to follow regarding methodologies of software engineering. One reason for that is the difficulty in applying new software engineering technologies. Developers take a long time to train. Another reason is the difficulty in integrating CASE toolsets. So many indeterminate factors make the development process more and more complex. On the other hand, software development is too customized, and software reuse is difficult. T he reasons above are the cause for software development and maintenance to become more complex and difficult to control. In this paper we explore the importation of a software pattern-based framework, and the development of an ERP/support chain system. Based on software patterns, developers can separate development and business so as to reduce problems caused by the developer’s lack of business experience. T he quality of the product can thus be enhanced, software development costs be reduced, and software maintenance be improved. Keywords Design Pattern, Framework, Software Development Process, XML 1.INTRODUCTION In Object-Oriented T echnology, the property of inheritance allows software components to be reused, which can obviously reduce the cost of software development. For this reason, to produce a highly reusable software component is an important goal of software engineering. However, programmers are usually focused on code reuse while ignoring design reuse. Design patterns provide a clear concept of design structure by describing the relationships of inheritance and reference between components of the system. Design patterns are a series of familiar usages and constructions utilized throughout system design. Design patterns allow rapid coding of certain components by following certain patterns of steps. T his can improve the documentation and maintenance of existing systems by providing an explicit specification of class, object interactions and their underlying intents. One of the main purposes of design patterns is to help software engineers to understand the common characteristics of software objects/components in specialized domain. In recent years, due to the development and maturation of WWW and Java [14] technologies, many applications are now web applications or leaning in that direction. Many software concepts are utilized for the web as well, such as Design Patterns and Frameworks. The Apache Struts [12] and Spring Framework [13] are both open source frameworks used to address and reduce the complexity of developing an enterprise application. T he advantage of using a framework is the layered architecture it provides. Layered architecture allowed users to choose the component desired, while also providing the integration framework when developing application using J2EE. T hese developing web concepts can facilitate the development of web applications. However, these very useful tools and concepts lack a systematic organization. We hope to use these open source software technologies to develop a software framework which can be applied to web application. T his should solve the problem of web applications lacking a good structure, while through applying these open source software technologies, software development costs will be reduced. Furthermore, a guideline for programmers who wants to use these open source technologies will be provided. This paper is organized as follows: In the next section, we discuss works related to our project; in section 3, the open source technologies used in the paper and the system implementation will be described; Section 4 is a sample experiment. T he conclusion is given in section 5.

土木外文翻译原文和译文

A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated，the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds，which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design，construction and

中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文

外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much

外文翻译五分钟搞定5000字

五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译，你想要的工具都在这里。【大四的时候写毕业论文老师就要求得翻译外文文献并写入论文】来源：董绪的日志 五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译 工具大全https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e13546294.html,/node/2151 建议收藏 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：G oogle“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e13546294.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜

索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在g oogle里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e13546294.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e13546294.html, 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e13546294.html,/694690163794 4806 翻译时的速度： 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，

【最新推荐】应急法律外文文献翻译原文+译文

文献出处：Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.

英文翻译与英文原文.陈--

翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。

外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e13546294.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-