新能源汽车外文文献翻译

文献出处：Moriarty P, Honnery D. The prospects for global green car mobility[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008, 16(16): 1717-1726.

原文

The prospects for global green car mobility

Patrick Moriarty, Damon Honnery

Abstract

The quest for green car mobility faces two major challenges: air pollution from exhaust emissions and global climate change from greenhouse gas emissions. Vehicle air pollution emissions are being successfully tackled in many countries by technical solutions such as low-sulphur fuels, unleaded petrol and three-way catalytic converters. Many researchers advocate a similar approach for overcoming transport's climate change impacts. This study argues that finding a technical solution for this problem is not possible. Instead, the world will have to move to an alternative surface transport system involving far lower levels of motorised travel.

Keywords：Green mobility; Fuel efficiency; Alternative fuels; Global climate change; air pollution

1. Introduction

Provision of environmentally sustainable (or green) private transport throughout the world faces two main challenges. The first is urban and even regional air pollution, particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the industrialising world. The second is global climate change, caused mainly by rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. These two barriers to green car mobility differ in several important ways. First, road traffic air pollution problems are more localised, because of the short atmospheric lifetimes of most vehicle pollutants and . Thus regional solutions are often not only possible, but also essential – Australian cities, for example, can (and must) solve their air pollution problems themselves. Matters are very different for global climate change. Except possibly for geo-engineering measures

such as placing large quantities of sulphate aerosols in the lower stratosphere or erecting huge reflecting mirrors in space, one country cannot solve this problem alone. Climate change is a global problem. Nevertheless, it is possible for some countries to …freeload? if the majority of nations that are important GHG emitter。

Second, there is agreement that air pollution, especially in urban areas, is potentially a serious health hazard, and that road transport can contribute greatly to urban pollutant level. For these reasons, governments in many countries are already taking effective action on air pollution. But until recently, climate change was not recognized as a major problem by some key policy makers, and all countries have yet to take effective action on reducing emissions.

Third, vehicular air pollutant problems, at least in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, are already showing themselves amenable to various technical solutions, such as low-sulphur fuels, unleaded petrol, and three-way catalytic converters. Some researchers have argued explicitly that global transport emissions can be reduced to very low levels with a combination of two key technical solutions –large improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency and a switch to alternative transport fuels, such as liquid biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewable energy. A much larger group implicitly support this position by projecting large future increases in car numbers and travel and even a globally interconnected highway system.

Further, governments throughout the world have endorsed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (which came into effect in 1994), but at the same time are expanding their road networks, encouraging their car industry, and planning for future car traffic expansion. Overall, the majority of both researchers and policy makers appear to consider that climate change poses no threat to global car mobility. Nevertheless, other researchers argue in general that technology cannot solve the serious environment/resource problems the world faces global warming in particular. Also, the authors themselves have earlier questioned whether the current global transport system can continue on its present course. This paper attempts to resolve these competing claims.

Transport, of course, is not the only source of either air pollution or global climate change. All energy-using sectors, and even land-use changes, can contribute to these two problems. It is thus important that any attempts to reduce transport's emissions do not compromise similar efforts in other sectors of the economy. It is also possible that emission reduction policies in one country could adversely affect reduction efforts elsewhere.

The aim of this paper is to show that private car travel cannot form the basis for a sustainable global system of surface passenger travel. To simplify the analysis, only GHG emissions will be analysed. We argue that the risk of global climate change requires effective reductions in the next two decades or so, whereas technical solutions to drastically cut car travel's greenhouse gas emissions are only possible in a much longer time frame, and, in some cases, possibly not even then. Overall, the world will have to rely on alternative modes (various forms of public transport, walking and cycling), and, for much of the industrialised world, much-reduced levels of personal travel as well. Of course, it is quite possible that the limited time frame available is also much too short for travel reductions and modal shifts of the magnitude proposed here. The conclusions of this paper have relevance for freight and air transport, and also for other sectors of the economy faced with the need for deep cuts in GHG emissions.

2. Global climate change and global car travel

The vast majority of climate scientists support the view that emissions of heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere, particularly CO2, from fossil fuel combustion and land-use changes, cause global warming by altering the earth's radiation balance. The 2007 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that sea levels are rising, glaciers and sea ice cover are diminishing, and 11 of the 12 warmest years since 1850 have occurred in the 1995–2006 period. Their latest estimate (with a probability of 66% or greater) for climate sensitivity – the equilibrium increase in global temperature resulting from a doubling of CO2 in the atmosphere – is from 2.0 °C to 4.5 °C, with a best estimate of 3.0 °C . Atmospheric CO2 concentrations are currently rising by some two parts per

million (ppm) annually.

Moreover, large positive feedback effects could result in emissions, and thus temperatures, rising much more rapidly than expected on the basis of present fuel and land-use emission releases. One such feedback is large-scale methane release from northern tundra as permafrost melts. There is some preliminary evidence that this process is already underway and. Further, studies of past climate have shown that abrupt climatic change can occur over the course of a decade or even a few years and . James Hansen, a prominent US climate scientist, has argued on the basis of paleoclimatic data that if further global warming is not limited to 1 °C beyond the year 2000 value, feedbacks could add to business-as-usual emissions, making the world a …different planet?. His 1 °C rise above the year 2000 figure is only slightly below the EU value of 2 °C above the pre-industrial value, given the estimated 0.74 °C warming that has occurred since 1880. He concludes that we can only continue present trends for GHG emissions for another decade or so before committing the climate to irreversible change. Here, we take a position intermediate between den Elzen and Meinshausen and Hansen, and assume that by 2030 global emissions of both CO2 and other GHGs must be reduced to 25% their current value –a four-fold reduction in current global emissions.

Thus, to limit dangerous climatic change, annual emissions to the atmosphere of CO2 and other greenhouse gases will need to be greatly curtailed, unless geo-engineering or carbon sequestration techniques can be successfully deployed in time. Equal emissions per capita for all countries, as advocated by …contract ion and convergence? proponents , are likely to be the only acceptable proposal, since it is improbable that industrialising countries such as China or India will permanently accept lower per capita emissions than the already industrialised countries. They could go further, and demand parity in cumulative per capita emissions over the past century for CO2, a long-lived gas. Such an approach would require the already industrialised countries to reduce emissions to near zero. In 2003, global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels averaged 4.2 t/capita, but varied widely from country to country. The US, Australian and Japanese emissions were, respectively, 4.8, 4.3 and

2.2 times larger than the world average, implying reduction factors of roughly 19, 17 and 9. (The US reduction value of 19 by 2030 can be compared with Huesemann's calculated value of 66, although his reduction is for 2050.) Although many tropical African countries emitted less than 5% of the average global value, most of the industrialising world would also need to reduce emissions. In the absence of reliable national data, we assume here that other GHG emissions for each country follow the same pattern as fossil fuel CO2 emissions.

What are the implications for transport, and private car travel in particular, of these proposed reductions in GHG emissions? Transport contributed an estimated 19% of global GHG emissions in 1971, but 25% in 2006. In 2003, there were roughly 715 million cars in the world (including light commercial vehicles in the US), and 6270 million people, for an average car ownership of 114/1000 persons and . But when considered at the national level, ownership is far from normally distributed. Although the global average is 114/1000 persons, only about 18.5% of the world population lived in countries with between 20 and 200 cars/1000 persons. A further 65% lived in countries with less than 20 cars/1000 (including China and India), and the remaining 16.5% in countries with greater –usually far greater –than 200 cars/1000.

Clearly, car ownership is presently heavily polarised; people either live in highly motorised countries – usually in the OECD – or in countries with very low levels of car ownership. But the picture is changing. People in all countries, but particularly those in Asia, want to own a car; indeed, Asia reportedly leads the world in aspirations for car ownership . Where incomes are rising rapidly, as in populous China and India, so too are car sales and ownership. In 2006, China, with sales of 4.1 million, became the world's third largest market for cars, overtaking Germany (3.4 million cars sold). By 2010 it is forecast that China will move into second place ahead of Japan, with only the US ahead. India sold 1.0 million cars in 2006, and annual sales are rising rapidly there as well. Despite urban congestion problems, these countries see vehicle manufacture as an important part of their industrialisation programs, and the major world car companies are investing heavily in new Asian production. In brief, these

countries and others want to shift their societies from the low to the high motorisation group.

What if the whole world moved to the high car ownership group? In the OECD countries, car ownership averages over 450 cars/1000 and , and even in with 500 or more cars/1000, is still growing. In the US, light vehicle ownership at 777/1000 residents in 2004, was 15% larger than the licensed driver population. Global car passenger-km (p-km) in any year is a product of the following three factors: For 2030, the UN median projection for world population is 8.20 billion, and for 2050, 9.08 billion. Assume car ownership per 1000 world population reached an average of 300 in 2030 (which would allow most presently non-motorised countries to attain a basic automobility level of 200 cars/1000 persons), and that the present average p-km/car remains unchanged. World cars would then total 2.46 billion. This projected 2030 value for both total cars and global car p-km is 3.44 times the present world total. Unless fuel efficiency and/or the fuels used change, GHG emissions (and oil consumption) would rise similarly. But, as we have argued, total emissions may well have to be reduced four-fold. Assuming that percentage reductions in car travel emissions must match overall reductions, emissions per car p-km would need to fall about 14-fold by 2030 compared with their present value. The exact value would of course vary from country to country: for the US, Australia and Japan, reduction factors would be 23.6, 22.0 and 8.6, respectively, conservatively assuming no further rise in car numbers in these countries and . Reduction factors would also be high for countries with very low car ownership, but in this case the reductions refer to aspirations, not actual travel or emissions. The next two sections examine whether such reductions are possible in the requisite time frame.

3. Greening car mobility: more passenger-km per unit of fuel energy

For GHG emission reductions, the aim is to maximise travel for a given level of CO2-e emissions. Thus, p-km/kg CO2-e is to be maximised for the global car fleet. This ratio in turn can be expanded into the product of the following three factors: This section deals with occupancy rates and fuel efficiency, which together enable personal travel per MJ of fuel to be increased. The following section examines

ways of lowering GHG emissions by using alternative fuels, usually with new power systems. In such analyses, it is important to distinguish between, on the one hand, voluntary change, or politically feasible mandated changes under normal conditions, and on the other, changes due to what climatologists in a different context term …external forcing? –for example changes brought about by declining global oil production, or by governments being required to meet serious GHG reduction targets.

3.1. Improving occupancy rates

Improving vehicle occupancy has an important advantage: in principle it can be implemented very rapidly with the existing vehicle fleet. The potential efficiency gains are also large. For a typical five-seat car, occupancy rates have effective lower and upper limits of 20% (driver only, equivalent to 1.0 p-km/v-km) and 100% (all seats occupied), respectively, but actual overall values in the highly motorised OECD countries seem to fall in the 25–35% range (1.25–1.75 p-km/v-km).

3.2. Improving fuel efficiency

Improving the energy efficiency of cars is often seen as a means of addressing not only greenhouse gas emissions, but also air pollution and global oil depletion/supply security. Two general approaches are possible. The first is to decrease the road load –the sum of rolling, inertial, and air resistance –a general approach that will be needed by all future vehicles, whether private or public transport. Reducing the mass of the vehicle by using lighter weight materials is the most important means of decreasing the road load. The second is to improve the share of input energy that drives the wheels. Electric drive is today regarded as the best approach for achieving this aim, mainly because it enables regenerative braking and eliminates idling.

4. Greening car mobility: lower emissions per unit of fuel energy

One way around the difficulty of raising vehicle efficiency is to move away from petroleum-based fuels to fuels with a lower GHG emissions impact. A variety of alternative fuels systems have been advocated for road transport as a way of cutting GHG emissions. These include various biomass-based fuels for internal combustion-engined vehicles, and use of renewable energy to produce hydrogen for

fuel cell vehicles or electricity for plug-in hybrids and pure battery electric vehicles. LPG and compressed natural gas are also presently used alternatives to petrol and diesel, but are themselves hydrocarbon fuels in limited supply, and their emission reduction benefits over petrol are minor and . Synthetic fuels made from more abundant coal reserves would double the GHG penalty. Accordingly, this section first looks at biomass-based liquid fuels for existing vehicle types, then at various renewable energy options for alternative propulsion system vehicles.

At present, the only transport biofuels produced in quantity are ethanol, chiefly in US and Brazil, but also in an increasing number of other countries, including Australia, and biodiesel, produced mainly in the European Union (EU).

The large US and Brazilian ethanol programs are based on corn and sugarcane, respectively, the EU's biodiesel on rapeseed oil. All are food crops, which limit their expansion in a world with unmet food needs, and a still-growing population and . Already, corn prices have risen steeply, as growers can now sell their corn in either the food or fuel markets. Furthermore, at least for grain ethanol, both in the US and in the EU, the fossil fuel energy inputs are, at best, not much below the energy content of the resulting liquid fuel.

Initial enthusiasm for pure battery electric vehicles faded when the difficulty of matching the range of internal combustion vehicles became apparent. The new focus is on rechargeable battery hybrid vehicles (often called plug-in hybrids), building on the sales success of hybrid cars and. Plug-in hybrids would normally run off an electric motor powered from rechargeable batteries, but could also run on petrol or other liquid fuels from their small conventional engines, thus extending their range.

Car companies in recent years have also shown much interest in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. But a number of studies have shown that when mains electricity is the primary energy source for both plug-in hybrid vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrids are far more energy-efficient. Specifically, when a given car model is a plug-in battery hybrid vehicle, running off its battery, its well-to-wheels energy efficiency will be up to four times higher than when powered by a hydrogen fuel cell, with the hydrogen produced by electrolysis of water, and . GHG emissions

will follow a similar pattern. Fuel cell vehicles still face many challenges, and infrastructure provision will be expensive. If the hydrogen is produced from natural gas, fuel cell vehicles are slightly more efficient than battery electric vehicles [60]. But the same study projected that in 2020, hybrid gasoline vehicles will be more energy-efficient (in km/MJ) than either battery electric or fuel cell vehicles using NG-derived hydrogen.

5. Sustainable and equitable global transport

The preceding sections examined various options for decreasing the GHG emissions per p-km of car travel, and concluded that large reductions could not be expected any time soon. Cutting emissions from freight and air travel are likely to be even more difficult. Not only do both already have far higher loadings than car travel, but also the long service lives of modern aircraft (up to 50 years), limit rapid fleet turnover and .If deep reductions in overall transport GHGs are needed, correspondingly deep reductions in car p-km will be necessary. This section evaluates the travel changes needed, both in high and low car ownership countries.

It follows that in most OECD countries, vehicular travel itself will need to be lowered. Fortunately, a surface transport system based on public transport will have much lower overall passenger travel than the one based on private cars, for several reasons:

?Private cars, except for some congested inner urban areas, usually allow higher door-to-door speeds than alternative transport modes. Trips that formerly could not be done in a restricted time frame (e.g. work lunch hour) may now be possible, and most trips will have their time costs reduced. Further, in many cases trips cannot be feasibly undertaken at all by alternative modes.

?The structure of private motoring costs usually favours high levels of travel, since fixed costs, especially depreciation, registration and insurance, predominate and . Motorists' travel costs per v-km are thus minimised at higher annual levels of vehicle use.

?Serving the travel needs of others involves higher levels of passenger travel compared with alternative modes. For example, a parent chauffeuring a child to

school involves two person trips from home to school and one-person trip from school to home. In contrast, travelling by bus involves only one vehicular trip (and walking to school none at all).

?Car travel, particularly driving, provides psychological benefits to motorists. To a much greater extent than alternative travel modes, car travel is not solely a derived demand, undertaken to gain access to out-of-home activitie. …Going for a drive? can be the reason for a trip. Additionally, car travel provides protection from the elements, freedom from timetables, privacy, and the ability to carry heavy luggage or shopping purchases, all of which encourage more trip-making than would an alternative transport system.

Travel patterns (and the activity patterns which underlie them) of previously highly mobile societies will have to change to accommodate lower vehicular travel levels. Some of the reductions can be compensated by much higher levels of non-motorised travel – walking and cycling. At present, OECD non-motorised travel typically only amounts to about 1 km daily, but it is probable that its value for exercise and weight reduction will receive more emphasis. And although large-scale changes in urban form cannot happen fast, changes at the micro-level can. More use could be made of local shopping, entertainment, and recreation centres, and of those destinations easily accessible by public transport. Travellers could once more get used to combining previously separate vehicular trips. Particularly in the transition to the new system, these changes will be easier for inner city residents, and harder for outer suburban or non-urban residents with less provision for alternative modes. Yet given the entrenchment of the car in western countries, it is difficult to anticipate outcomes from policies to reduce car travel. One way of overcoming this problem is to conduct small-scale social experiments in selected localities (such as for speed reductions, car sharing or parking restrictions) to help understand their impact. If successful, they could be more confidently introduced on a wider-scale.

译文

全球绿色新能源汽车的发展前景（译文6100字）

帕特里克·莫里亚蒂；达蒙·哈尼

摘要

绿色新能源汽车的发展，面临着两大挑战:废气排放对空气造成的污染和温室气体排放造成的全球气候变化。在许多国家都在制定汽车能源技术方面的解决方案，比如：低硫燃料、无铅汽油和电力驱动，混合动力汽车的开发和应用，以有效地解决空气污染排放对环境造成的问题。许多研究者都主张时候用类似的方法来解决这一问题。本研究认为，找到一个彻底的技术解决方案估计是不可能的。不过，可以尽量降低契合对环境的影响，这可以通过研究新型能源汽车来实现。关键词:绿色出行；燃油效率；替代能源；全球气候变化；空气污染

1引言

私人汽车交通运输的环境可持续(或绿色)发展，正面临两个主要挑战。首先是城市区域的空气污染，尤其是在快速增长的工业化城市。第二个则是全球气候变化，这主要是温室气体的排放这导致的气候的变化。对这两个方面的环保要求，为新能源汽车的开发提供了契机。首先，道路交通空气污染问题更多的是汽车排放的气体，主要是因为大多数都是传统的燃油汽车。因此，不改变这一能源使用问题，那么是难以有真正的解决方案，对于澳大利亚的一些城市来说，依靠自己尽快解决空气污染是至关重要的。全球气候变化问题是非同寻常的，单独一个国家不能独自解决这个问题。气候变化是一个全球性的问题。然而，一些国家期望可以“不劳而获”，旁观其他国家采取有效行动解决环境污染问题。

第二，相关国家都对空气污染制定了协议，尤其是在城市地区，是一个潜在的重灾区，汽车运输方面的解决方案可以大大有助于降低城市污染程度。由于这些原因，许多国家的政府已经对空气污染采取有效的行动。但是直到最近，气候变化的问题仍然很严重，需要所有的国家都行动起来，不能再推脱了，只有集众人之力，才能真正有效减少温室气体排放。（完整译文请到百度文库）

汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译

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新能源电动汽车英文翻译

湖北文理学院 毕业设计(论文)英文翻译 题目在采用PWM逆变器下的变速感应电机驱动器中的传导性排放轴承电流的减少和鉴定 专业机械设计制造及其自动化 班级机制0911 姓名杨成杰 学号2009116140 指导教师 职称周立文（学校）冯南（企业） 2013年5月10日

┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊ Minimization and identification of conducted emission bearing current in variable speed induction motor drives using PWM inverter Abstract. The recent increase in the use of speed control of ac induction motor for variable speed drive using pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter is due to the advent of modern power electronic devices and introduction of microprocessors. There are many advantages of using ac induction motor for speed control applications in process and aerospace industries, but due to fast switching of the modem power electronic devices，the parasitic coupling produces undesirable effects. The undesirable effects include radiated and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) which adversely affect nearby computers, electronic/electrical instruments and give rise to the flow of bearing current in the induction motor. Due to the flow of bearing current in the induction motor，electrical discharge machining takes place in the inner race of the bearing which reduces the life of the bearing. In high power converters and inverters, the conducted and radiated emissions become a major concern. In this paper, identification of bearing current due to conducted emission, the measurement of bearing current in a modified induction motor and to minimize the bearing current are discussed. The standard current probe, the standard line impedance stabilization network (LISN)), the electronics interface circuits are used to measure high frequency common mode current，bearing current and to minimize the conducted noise from the system. The LISN will prevent the EMI noise entering the system from the supply source by conductive methods, at the same time prevents the EMI generated if any due to PWM, fast switching in the system, will not be allowed to enter the supply line. For comparing the results with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) standards, the graphs are plotted with frequency Vs，line voltage in dB μV，common mode voltage in dB μV and the bearing current in dBμA without and with minimizing circuits. Keywords. EMI;a.c.drives; bearing current.

外文文献翻译：汽车的发展

The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities

新能源汽车外文文献翻译

文献出处：Moriarty P, Honnery D. The prospects for global green car mobility[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2008, 16(16): 1717-1726. 原文 The prospects for global green car mobility Patrick Moriarty, Damon Honnery Abstract The quest for green car mobility faces two major challenges: air pollution from exhaust emissions and global climate change from greenhouse gas emissions. Vehicle air pollution emissions are being successfully tackled in many countries by technical solutions such as low-sulphur fuels, unleaded petrol and three-way catalytic converters. Many researchers advocate a similar approach for overcoming transport's climate change impacts. This study argues that finding a technical solution for this problem is not possible. Instead, the world will have to move to an alternative surface transport system involving far lower levels of motorised travel. Keywords：Green mobility; Fuel efficiency; Alternative fuels; Global climate change; air pollution 1. Introduction Provision of environmentally sustainable (or green) private transport throughout the world faces two main challenges. The first is urban and even regional air pollution, particularly in the rapidly growing cities of the industrialising world. The second is global climate change, caused mainly by rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. These two barriers to green car mobility differ in several important ways. First, road traffic air pollution problems are more localised, because of the short atmospheric lifetimes of most vehicle pollutants and . Thus regional solutions are often not only possible, but also essential – Australian cities, for example, can (and must) solve their air pollution problems themselves. Matters are very different for global climate change. Except possibly for geo-engineering measures

电动汽车应用前景(外文翻译)

电动车：正在进行的绿色交通革命？ 随着世界上持续的能源危机，战争和石油消费以及汽车数量的增加，能源日益减少，有一天它会消失得无影无踪。石油并不是可再生资源。在石油消耗枯竭之前必须找到一种能源与之替代。随着科技的发展和社会进步，电动车的发明将会有效的缓解这一燃眉之急。电动汽车将成为理想的交通工具。 面临能源成本居高不下、消费者和政府更加重视环境保护的情况下，世界汽车制造商正加大对可替代能源性混合动力汽车技术的开发投资。该技术能极大削减燃料消费，减少温室气体排放。许多人把目光投向了日本和美国的汽车制造商，关心他们开发混合动力和电池电动车的进展情况。丰田普锐斯一跃成为世界上销量最好的混合动力车。美国的新兴汽车制造商，Tesla Motors，推出了该公司首部电池电力车，名为Tesla Roadster。截至2010年底，通用汽车公司计划推出备受赞誉的V olt混合动力汽车，而克莱斯勒公司最近已经宣布同样的计划正在进行之中。 目前，中国在新能源汽车的自主创新过程中，坚持了政府支持，以核心技术、关键部件和系统集成为重点的原则，确立了以混合电动汽车、纯电动汽车、燃料电池汽车为“三纵”，以整车控制系统、电机驱动系统、动力蓄电池/燃料电池为“三横”的研发布局，通过产学研紧密合作，中国混合动力汽车的自主创新取得了重大进展。形成了具有完全自主知识产权的动力系统技术平台，建立了混合动力汽车技术开发体系。混合动力汽车的核心是电池（包括电池管理系统）技术。除此之外，还包括发动机技术、电机控制技术、整车控制技术等，发动机和电机之间动力的转换和衔接也是重点。从目前情况来看，中国已经建立起了混合动力汽车动力系统技术平台和产学研合作研发体系，取得了一系列突破性成果，为整车开发奠定了坚实的基础。截止到2009

外文翻译---汽车车身总布置的方法

附录 Modern car’s design always stresses people-oriented, so safety, comfort, Environmental protection and energy saving have been the design theme And target in car design. Ergonomics layout design is not only relate to the effective use of internal space and improve car’s comfort and safety Performance, but it will also impact internal and external modeling results, and further affects the vehicle's overall performance and marketability.Soergonomics’application and research during car design and development process occupy an important position.After more than 50 years of construction and development, China’s Automobile industry has become the leading power of automobile production and consumption in the world. In particular, with the rise and rapid de velopment of independent brand’s vehicles, we pay more attention To the development processes and the technical requirements of hard Points’ layout. Through the three typical processes such as modern vehicle developing Process, body development process and using ergonomic to progress Inner auto-body layout, describe ergonomic layoationship between design, Aunt design in which stage of the process of vehicle development, the red The importance of working steps. The automobile body total arrangement is the automobile design most initial is also the most essential step, is other design stage premise and the foundation, to a great extent is deciding the body design success or failure. Picks generally in the actual design process With by forward and reverse two design method (1) to design (from inside to outside law) to design method namely "humanist", is coming based on the human body arrangement tool to define the pilot and the crew member gradually rides the space and the vehicle comes to pay tribute each article the arrangement, take satisfies the human body to ride with the driving comfortableness as the premise, said simply is determined first satisfies the human body to ride under the comfortable premise, carries on the indoor arrangement first, then carries on the complete bikes external styling design again. The concrete method and the step are as follows: ①Determine 5% and 95% manikin H position and the chair by the SAE recommendation's enjoyable line or the region law adjustment traveling schedule, seat

汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献

汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求，但是在大多数州（新罕布什和威斯康星州除外）都要求必须购买汽车保险；在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州，如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求，那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定，买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示，一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定，有些是可以选择的，具体如下： 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如，你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10，这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元，每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元，每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险，佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故，你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资；财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用，但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。

汽车变速器设计外文翻译

汽车变速器设计 ----------外文翻译 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。

外文翻译-汽车新能源现状与发展的探究

各专业全套优秀毕业设计图纸 The Investigation Of Car new energy'S Present Condition And Development As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars