提高电子信息类专业实验教学质量的方法分析中英文翻译新

提高电子信息类专业实验教学质量的方法分析中英文翻译

Methods to improve the professional quality of experimental teaching of electronic information in English translation

论文关键词：电子信息类专业实验教学质量模式仿真技术Simulink 组件Keywords: electronic information of Simulink simulation technology quality pattern of professional experiment teaching component

论文摘要：实验室担负着向学生传播知识与技术、培养学生动手的能力和创新能力的重要使命。随着社会经济的发展及教学改革地不断深入, 实验教学在整个教学体系中的地位越来越突出，实验教学模式的改革已经迫在眉睫。本文主要分析了实验教学的传统模式与存在的问题，并提出了提高电子信息类专业实验教学质量的方法[1]。

Abstract: laboratory undertakes the important mission of students to spread knowledge and technology, cultivating students' ability and innovation ability of hands-on. With the development of social economy and the deepening of teaching reform, experimental teaching and position in the whole teaching system in the more prominent, the reform of experimental teaching modes have been imminent. This paper mainly analyzes the traditional experimental teaching mode and existing problems, and puts forward the methods to improve the professional quality of experimental teaching of electronic information class [1].

0 引言

0 Introduction

实验教学是学校教学活动的重要组成，教学质量的好坏是对学校人才培养层次与质量的直接体现。实验作为实验教学活动的主要内容, 在改善教学质量方面发挥着不可替代的作用。实验室在传播知识的同时，更重要的作用体现在对学生的创造性思维与想象力的培养上。通过实验教学，学生分析解决问题以及动手能力明显提高。伴随教学改革的日益深入, 实验教学的改革也越来越引起人们的关注，以往的教师灌输式的理论教授方式，学生被动接受的教学模式，已无法满足社会经济发展的要求。当前，社会需要的是主动型、能力为主的人才培养。加强学生创新能力的培养，必须切实转变以往重理论教学轻实验教学的错误观念，重新认识实验教学在学校教学活动中的地位与作用，根据当前社会经济对人才的要求，改革

传统的实验教学模式，改革实验教学手段，优化更新实验教学的内容，切实提高实验教学质量。

Experimental teaching is an important component of school education, the teaching quality is directly reflect the level and quality of personnel training school. The experiment as main contents of experimental teaching activities, plays an irreplaceable role in improving the quality of teaching. At the same time in the dissemination of knowledge of the laboratory, a more important role in cultivating the creative thinking and imagination of students. Through the experimental teaching, students analyze and solve the problems and practical ability improve. With the deepening of teaching reform, experimental teaching reform has attracted more and more people's attention, the teachers teach theory, the teaching mode of students' passive acceptance, has been unable to meet the needs of social and economic development. At present, the needs of the community is active, ability training. To strengthen the cultivation of students' innovation ability, must be wrong idea to change the traditional theory teaching experiment teaching, to understand the status and role of the experimental teaching in school teaching activities, according to the current economic and social demand for talents, reforming the traditional experimental teaching mode, reforming the means of experiment teaching, updating teaching content, to improve the quality of experimental teaching.

1 实验教学的传统模式与存在的问题

The 1 experiment teaching the traditional mode and existing problems

国内高校工科教育当中，实验教学存在着硬件条件不足、硬件实验条件的发展与技术要求不相符[2]，加上近几年高校扩招，实验教学的硬件条件更是供不应求。进一步加大对教学硬件条件的投入，丰富实践教学的内容、加强实验条件的改革及建设，在目看来具有特殊的重要性。面对这种情况，我国的教育主管部门采取了一些推进实践教学改革及建设的措施。如：在全国高校本科的教学水平评估中，实验室基地建设与建设投资及其实验教学改革被列为一项重要的指标。并且，各高校也逐渐开始响应教育部的的这一举动，纷纷实行了“双基”型实验室[2]，与此同时，建设了“实验教学示范中心”。当前，传统实验教学模式的缺点主要有以下几点：验证性的实验所占比例较大，与综合性、设计性、创新性实验之间的比例失调；实验模式单一、实验室设备陈旧；实验教学中缺乏先进的实验教学手段。

The College of Engineering Education in China, development and technical requirements with insufficient hardware conditions, hardware experimental conditions for the existence of experimental teaching does not match the [2], coupled with the expansion of enrollment in

Colleges and universities in recent years, experimental teaching hardware condition is in short supply. To further increase the teaching hardware investment, reform and construction of practice teaching, strengthening the rich content of experimental conditions, it is of special importance in the eye. Faced with this situation, the Department in charge of education in our country has taken some measures to promote the practice teaching reform and construction. Such as: in the national undergraduate teaching level evaluation, laboratory base construction and construction investment and the experimental teaching reform has been listed as one of the most important indicators. And, in a move that universities have gradually begun to response to the Ministry of education, have implemented the " double-base " laboratory [2], at the same time, the construction of experimental teaching demonstration center. " ". At present, the disadvantages of traditional experiment teaching mode mainly has following several points: proof of the larger proportion, and imbalance between comprehensive and design, innovative experiment proportion; the single experimental model, laboratory equipment obsolete; experiment teaching is lack of advanced experimental teaching means.

2 提高电子信息类专业实验教学质量的方法

2 methods to improve the professional quality of experimental teaching of electronic information class

2.1 实验中引入相应的仿真技术来进行虚拟实验

The introduction of simulation technology corresponding to the virtual experiment of 2.1 experiments

在实验教学中引入计算机仿真技术，能够充分调动学生主动学习的积极性，培养学生的学习兴趣。同时，教师能够通过计算机技术对学生的实验操作的全过程进行观察，对学生进行良好的跟踪与指导，更好地进行学生实验结果的采集工作，先进科学的教学理念与教学手段对于提升实验教学效果，提高实验教学水平具有重要作用。引入计算机技术后，理论与实验教学，教师教学指导与学生操作、思考融合成一个有机整体。以往传统实验教学中课堂、课时以及实验设备因素的限制作用得到了解决，实验教学更加灵活化，教学内容在时空上得到进一步的延伸，更好地激发了学生进行实验的热情。

The introduction of computer simulation technology in experiment teaching, can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of students in active learning, cultivating students' interest in learning. At the same time, the whole process of teachers through the experimental operation of computer technology on

students were observed, good tracking and guidance for students, students' acquisition better experimental results of the work, advanced scientific teaching concept and teaching methods to improve teaching effect, play an important role in improving the level of experiment teaching. The introduction of computer technology, the theory and experimental teaching, teachers teaching and students thinking operation, merge into an organic whole. Class, class and experimental equipment factors of traditional experiment teaching the restriction of the past has been solved, the experimental teaching more flexibility, teaching content can be further extended in time and space, to better stimulate the students' enthusiasm for experiment.

将计算机仿真技术引入到实验教学中，通过相应技术进行的虚拟实验，为学生提供了更为灵活开放的实验环境，能够更好地培养学生在实验过程中独立思考能力，增强学生的的学习创新意识。对于实验教学内容，仿真技术的应用，将虚拟性实验与真实的电路实验整合成有机整体，实验的能动性与趣味性明显提高，同时实验内容的充实，有利于学生综合实践以及探索创新能力的培养。当前，已经有越来越多的高校重新进行了实验室的规划建设，通过计算机仿真技术进行虚拟实验是实验教学改革发展的新方向。将与实验教学相关的计算机软件技术引入到高校实验室中，为实验科研提供了良好的平台，对于激发学生学习的主动性与积极性，培养创新能力具有重要作用。计算机仿真技术的应用，一方面能够改善实验教学条件、充实实验教学的内容，另一方面，还能够明显降低实验成本，提高实验教学的效率。通过单片机的实验教学，能够发现，教学过程中引入proteus仿真软，通过该软件对单片机的硬件系统进行模拟，克服了实际实验过程中硬件电路固定以及实验内容不易改动等因素的限制。实验设计全过程，除计算机外不用再进行任何硬件的添加即可实验，这有力地推动了实验课程教学改革，更有利于学生创新能力的培养。仿真技术的另一重要应用主要表现在学生的业余爱好上，如挑战杯、电子设计大赛等等，学生就能够用计算机来实现仿真，首先用计算机仿真出实验的模型，再在计算机上进行相应的模拟调试，最终用硬件来实现。在整个仿真的过程中，学生可以自由发挥自己的潜能，通过大量的仿真对比，来达到设计目的，也可大胆反复地调试，避免了器件的损坏。电子设计竞赛中，由于proteus开发环的运用，培训过程中不需投入任何硬件的条件下，学生却普遍反映，对于单片机的学习比单纯理论知识的学习更易接受也更易得到提高。事实证明，运用proteus进行系统仿真成功后进行的实际制作，可明显的提高单片机系统的设计效率。此外，远程教学中仿真教学的运用具体重要的意义，对于教学改革是一种很好的尝试[2]。

The computer simulation technology is introduced into the experimental teaching, virtual

experiment carried out by the corresponding technology, provides a more flexible and open experimental environment for students, to better train students in the course of the experiment, the ability of independent thinking, enhance learning and innovation consciousness of students. For the content of experiment teaching, the application of simulation technology, the virtual experiment and real experiment circuit are integrated into an organic whole, dynamic experiment and interest is obviously improved, at the same time the experiment to enrich the content, to cultivate students' comprehensive practical and creative ability. At present, there have been more and more colleges and universities to the planning and construction of the laboratory, through computer simulation technology of virtual experiment is a new direction of the development of the experimental teaching reform. The computer software technology and experimental teaching into the laboratory, provides a good platform for experimental research, to develop the students' initiative and enthusiasm, has an important role in cultivating the ability of innovation. The application of computer simulation technology, on one hand can improve experiment teaching condition, enrich the content of experimental teaching, on the other hand, can significantly reduce the experiment cost, improve the efficiency of experiment teaching. Through the experimental teaching, MCU can be found in the process of teaching, the introduction of Proteus simulation software, simulated by the software of the single chip microcomputer hardware system, overcomes the actual hardware circuit experiment process and experiment contents is not easy to change and other factors limit. The experimental design process, in addition to the computer do not add to the experiment any more hardware, which effectively promoted the reform of experiment teaching courses, training is more conducive to the students' innovation ability. Another important application of simulation technology is mainly reflected in their hobbies, such as the challenge cup, electronic design contest and so on, students can use the computer to realize the simulation, first used the computer simulation experiment model, then the simulation debugging the corresponding on the computer, finally realized by hardware. In the whole process of simulation, students can play to their potential, through many simulation, to achieve design purpose, can also be bold repeatedly debugging, avoids the damage of the device. Electronic design contest, due to the use of Proteus development cycle, without any input hardware conditions in the process of training, students are generally reflected, for singlechip learning than mere theoretical knowledge learning more acceptable and easier to be improved. In fact, the actual

production of the use of Proteus system simulation is carried out after the success of the design efficiency is improved, the SCM system can obviously. In addition, the significance of the use of simulation in distance teaching specific important, for teaching reform is a very good attempt [2].

2.2 实验中引入Matlab软件内建的Simulink组件技术

Simulink component technology of Matlab software built into the 2.2 experiment 目前，我国开设了电子信息类专业的高校中，大部分都将Matlab软件作为重要的实验教学平台，对定理以及算法进行仿真和验证实验。Simulink组件作为Matlab的重要组成，能够为用户提供一个仿真分析与动态建模的集成系统环境。该环境下，只需利用鼠标进行简单直观的操作，就能够完成复杂系统模型的构建，在此过程中避免了大量繁杂的书写程序。由于Simulink组件具有适应性强、效率高，结构仿真精细、流程清晰且贴近实际、效率高、使用灵活等诸多优点，Simulink组件技术已经被广泛地运用于处理数字信号与控制理论等复杂的仿真设计之中。同时Simulink能够通过连续、离散采样时间以及两种采样时间混合的的方式进行建模，该组件还可支持多速率系统，不同的系统组成部分的采样速率不同。此外，Simulink为动态系统模型的创建，提供的图形用户接口(GUI) ，使在进行模型方块图的创建时只需通过鼠标单击与拖动鼠等简单操作即可完成，为用户提供了一种更便捷、更直接的创建方式，同时能够立即获得系统仿真结果。

At present, our country opens the electronic information specialty in Colleges and universities, the majority of them will be the Matlab software as the platform for experiment teaching important, simulation and experimental verification of theorem and algorithm. The Simulink component as an important component of Matlab, is able to provide an integrated environment of a simulation analysis and dynamic modeling for the user. Under this environment, just a simple and intuitive operation using the mouse, you can build complex system model, in this process avoids the complicated procedure of writing. Because the Simulink component has the advantages of strong adaptability, high efficiency, fine structure simulation, process clear and practical, high efficiency, flexible use and many other advantages, Simulink technology has been widely used in digital signal processing simulation design and control theory in the complex. Simulink can also through continuous, discrete sampling time and two sampling methods of mixed time modeling, the assembly may also support multi-rate system, different parts of the system sampling rate. In addition, Simulink creates a dynamic system model, a graphical user interface ( GUI ) provides, in creating block diagram model only through a mouse click and drag the mouse, simple operation,

to provide users with a more convenient, more direct way of creating, and can immediately obtain the simulation results.

该组件的这一特性，一方面可以使算法的验证更为简单，减少学生投入在验证性实验中所用的时间，而将大部分精力投入到设计性、综合性试验中；另一方面，可以使学生更快捷的验证新思路、新算法，而不会由于代码调试方面的问题影响了创新实验的开展。以自适应滤波中的经典RLS 算法为例，如果直接采用Matlab编程方式，在进行代码调试时，就会消耗掉大量的精力，代码长度将达到200 行以上。而如果采用Simulink组件模块化设计的思想，只需要鼠标对模型的拖拽，就能以流程图的形式将滤波器搭建起来。由于Simulink提供了丰富的元件库，采用图形化的表示方法，学生在进行算法验证的时候只需调用成熟的模块进行参数设计即可。这样的实验方法事半功倍，思路清晰，参数的调整也十分便捷，广受学生欢迎。由此可见，引入Simulink组件后的实验，既不会影响实验效果，又能够提高实验效率，对学生模块化编程的思想也有较好的促进作用。

The characteristics of the assembly, one hand can make the algorithm more simple, reduce the student input used in the verification experiment in time, and most of my energy into the design, comprehensive experiment; on the other hand, verify that the new ideas, new algorithm can make students more efficient, but not since the code debugging problems affecting the development of innovative experiments. In the classical RLS algorithm in the adaptive filter as an example, if directly using Matlab programming, the code debugging, it will consume a lot of energy, will reach more than 200 lines of code length. And if the Simulink components on the idea of modular design, only need to drag the mouse model, can be in the form of a flowchart of the filter set up. Because Simulink provides rich component library, using graphical representation method, students during the validation of the algorithm only need to call the mature module design parameters can be. With this method, clear thinking, parameter adjustment is also very convenient, widely popular with the students. Therefore, the introduction of Simulink component after the experiment, the experimental effect is not, and can improve the efficiency of student, modular programming ideas has a good role in promoting.

3 结语

3 language

当前，社会对人才综合素质的要求不断提高，进行实验教学改革已经迫在眉睫，而大学实验教学的改革又直接影响到学生的动手和创新能力。实验教学必须能够跟得上时代的脚

步，把计算机仿真技术与Simulink组件技术应用到实验教学中可以充分调动学生主动学习的积极性，充分发掘学生的创造能力，在学习到先进技术的同时，提高学生对社会的适应能力。

At present, the social demand for talents continue to improve overall quality, experimental teaching reform has been imminent, and the reform of University experimental teaching has direct influence on the students' practical and innovative ability. The experimental teaching must be able to keep up with the pace of the times, the computer simulation technology and Simulink component can be applied to experiment teaching to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of students in active learning, to fully explore the creative ability of students in learning, to advanced technology, improve the students' ability to adapt to society.

参考文献

Reference

[1] 黄瑶.提高电子信息类专业实验教学质量的方法研究[J].价值工程，2011，（01）. [1] Huang Yao. Study on the method of improving the quality of experimental teaching of electronic information specialty [J]. value engineering, 2011, ( 01 ).

[2] 王燕，伍博，王芳.采用仿真技术推进电子信息类专业实验教学[J].电脑知识与技术，2011，（31）

[2] Wang Yan, Wu Bo, Wang Fang. Simulation technique was adopted to promote electronic information specialty experiment teaching [J]. computer knowledge and technology, 2011, ( 31 )

电子信息工程专业课程翻译中英文对照表

电子信息工程专业课程名称中英文翻译对照 （2009级培养计划）

实践环节翻译

高等数学Advanced Mathematics 大学物理College Physics 线性代数Linear Algebra 复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variable and Integral Transforms 概率论与随机过程Probability and Random Process 物理实验Experiments of College Physics 数理方程Equations of Mathematical Physics 电子信息工程概论Introduction to Electronic and Information Engineering 计算机应用基础Fundamentals of Computer Application 电路原理Principles of Circuit 模拟电子技术基础Fundamentals of Analog Electronics 数字电子技术基础Fundamentals of Digital Electronics C语言程序设计The C Programming Language 信息论基础Fundamentals of Information Theory 信号与线性系统Signals and Linear Systems 微机原理与接口技术Microcomputer Principles and Interface Technology 马克思主义基本原理Fundamentals of Marxism 毛泽东思想、邓小平理论 和“三个代表”重要思想 概论 Thoughts of Mao and Deng 中国近现代史纲要Modern Chinese History 思想道德修养与法律基 础 Moral Education & Law Basis 形势与政策Situation and Policy 英语College English 体育Physical Education 当代世界经济与政治Modern Global Economy and Politics 卫生健康教育Health Education 心理健康知识讲座Psychological Health Knowledge Lecture 公共艺术课程Public Arts 文献检索Literature Retrieval 军事理论Military Theory 普通话语音常识及训练Mandarin Knowledge and Training 大学生职业生涯策划 （就业指导） Career Planning (Guidance of Employment ) 专题学术讲座Optional Course Lecture 科技文献写作Sci-tech Document Writing 高频电子线路High-Frequency Electronic Circuits 通信原理Communications Theory 数字信号处理Digital Signal Processing 计算机网络Computer Networks 电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave

【经济类文献翻译】电子商务

电子商务 电子商务（Electronic Commerce）是在Internet开放的网络环境下，基于浏览器/服务器应用方式，实现消费者的网上购物、商户之间的网上交易和在线电子支付的一种新型的商业运营模式 Internet上的电子商务可以分为三个方面：信息服务、交易和支付。主要内容包括：电子商情广告；电子选购和交易、电子交易凭证的交换；电子支付与结算以及售后的网上服务等。主要交易类型有企业与个人的交易(BtoC方式)和企业之间的交易(BtoB方式)两种。参与电子商务的实体有四类：顾客(个人消费者或企业集团)、商户(包括销售商、制造商、储运商)、银行(包括发卡行、收单行)及认证中心。 电子商务是Internet爆炸式发展的直接产物，是网络技术应用的全新发展方向。Internet本身所具有的开放性、全球性、低成本、高效率的特点，也成为电子商务的内在特征，并使得电子商务大大超越了作为一种新的贸易形式所具有的价值，它不仅会改变企业本身的生产、经营、管理活动，而且将影响到整个社会的经济运行与结构。 1．电子商务将传统的商务流程电子化、数字化，一方面以电子流代替了实物流，可以大量减少人力、物力，降低了成本；另一方面突破了时间和空间的限制，使得交易活动可以在任何时间、任何地点进行，从而大大提高了效率。 2．电子商务所具有的开放性和全球性的特点，为企业创造了更多的贸易机会。 3．电子商务使企业可以以相近的成本进入全球电子化市场，使得中小企业有可能拥有和大企业一样的信息资源，提高了中小企业的竞争能力。 4．电子商务重新定义了传统的流通模式，减少了中间环节，使得生产者和消费者的直接交易成为可能，从而在一定程度上改变了整个社会经济运行的方式。 5．电子商务一方面破除了时空的壁垒，另一方面又提供了丰富的信息资源，

电子信息类专业英语翻译

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电子技术英文自我介绍带翻译

电子技术英文自我介绍带翻译 I am 26 years old,born in shandong province . I was graduated from qingdao university. my major is electronic.and i got my bachelor degree after my graduation in the year of 2003. I spend most of my time on study,i have passed CET4/6 . and i have acquired basic knowledge of my major during my school time. In July 2003, I begin work for a small private company as a technical support engineer in QingDao city.Because I'm capable of more responsibilities, so I decided to change my job. And in August 2004,I left QingDao to BeiJing and worked for a foreign enterprise as a automation software test engineer.Because I want to change my working environment, I'd like to find a job which is more challenging. Morover Motorola is a global company, so I feel I can gain the most from working in this kind of company ennvironment. That is the reason why I come here to compete for this position. I think I'm a good team player and I'm a person of great honesty to others. Also I am able to work under great pressure. 我26岁,出生在山东省。 我毕业于青岛大学。我的专业是电子。我毕业后,我得到了我的学士学位在2003年。

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电子专业中英文翻译

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电子信息工程文献专业英语中英互译

? . , . ? , a , a . , . ( ). a ( ). A . A . , , . : A " " . : a " " , a " " . "" . a 's . a " " 's . " " . ( ). . : a "" 's ; a "" a ; a "" . a , . a . 's , . a , a . , . A . , a . , , . Europe's a , a . a , ., . "'s a ," , , . " 's . 2002 . a ." , (), Toyota's 's 1, . 2010, a . . 2 , . , 's , . . , a Delphi , a a . " , , , ," . " ." Delphi '99. : , . . , . . " ," . , , Germany. "'s ." "

a ," , , , . a ( , , , ). . . , , a . $50 . Birmingham, England, 2000. 1995, Delphi, 7596 . 37 10 , . a . , a a , a , a , a a a . a a , a . , , . , , , . a , , , . , , a . : . . 电子动力转向系统 电子动力转向系统是什么? 电子动力转向系统是通过一个电动机来驱动动力方向盘液压泵或直接驱动转向联动装置。电子动力转向的功能由于不依赖于发动机转速，所以能节省能源电子动力转向系统是怎么运行？： 传统的动力方向盘系统使用一条引擎辅助传送带驾驶气泵，提供操作在动力方向盘齿轮或作动器的一个活塞协助驱动的被加压的流体。在电动液压的控制，一个电子动力方向盘包括一台电动机控制的一个高效率泵浦。由一个电控制器调控泵浦压力和流速来控制泵浦的速度，为不同的驾驶路况的提供转向。泵浦可以在汽车行驶低速时关闭以提供节能（在当代的世界市场上)。 电动控制转向使用电动机通过齿轮齿条机构直接连接以达到转向控制（无泵或液体）。多个电机驱动器和多驱动控制的实现是可能的。一个微处理器控制转向动态和驱动的工作。输入因子包括车速，转向，车轮扭矩，角度位置和转率。

电子商务 外文翻译

B2B e-marketplace: an e-marketing framework for B2B commerce Purpose–The purpose of this paper is to provide a clear understanding of the performance of business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplace in conducting e-marketing in the global business environment. The proposed framework is intended to be used as a guide for B2B firms especially small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) who wish to adopt a proactive approach in the use of information and communication technology for business efficiency and competitive advantage, and those who wish to explore the internet technologies for marketing activities. Design/methodology/approach– Literature from the B2B e-marketplaces and operations of e-marketing fields were analysed, and the findings were synthesised to develop a preliminary conceptual model of e-marketing. The conceptual model was tested empirically through an online survey from various industries in China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Findings– With significant online and offline publications from both academia and industry, there is a growing awareness of the contribution of the e-marketing in the global environment. This new marketing paradigm is reported to reshape the business relationships between both consumer marketers and consumers, improving business processes and enhancing the business exposure in the new markets. Research limitations /implications– The major limitation of this paper is associated with the sample selection. Although the literature findings were international, the empirical study was restricted to China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Therefore, the generalizability of the results may not be applicable for other countries. Furthermore, the majority of the respondents participated were SMEs. Hence, the applicability of findings to large-scale organisations may be limited. Practical implications–The framework allows B2B firms to capitalise and understand the e-marketing opportunities provided by B2B e-marketplace. The framework also offers guidance to marketing managers a most appropriate approach to adopt B2B e-marketplace to perform their e-marketing activities. Originality/value– Based on the need for a framework for e-marketing, this study is significance to: SMEs, marketers, information technology practitioners, and all other stakeholders that adopted the internet and other electronic means for marketing purposes. Background The development of the internet and the world wide web (www) in the 1990s as a tool for the global sharing of information has opened up new opportunities in marketing practices. “The rapid growth of internet users has made the internet an increasingly important and attractive platform for business transactions” According to the Internet World Stats (2007), by March 2008, the internet user population reached 1.40 billions world wide, an increase of 290 percent in the period from 2000 to 2008 (Figure 1). Many academics and practitioners have emphasized that the internet is a major platform for e-marketing to deal with marketing mixes, which include global accessibility (Laudon, 2002), convenience in updating (Sandeep and Singh, 2005), real-time information services (Harridge-March, 2004), interactive communications features (Chaffey, 2004), and unique customisation and personalised capabilities (Teo and Tan, 2002). Additionally, e-marketing also refers to the use of electronic methods or media to build upon and maintain customer relationship through electronic platforms (e.g. business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplaces) that facilitates the exchange of ideas, products, and services to satisfy both buyers and sellers. Strauss and Frost (2001) support the above statement and suggested that, sales, public relations, direct marketing, and advertising are marketing communication that comprises the crucial components of e-marketing strategy. B2B e-marketplace, as one of the major trading platforms brought by the internet technology has made a significant contribution to the e-marketers. The larger organisations are taking advantages from the vast array of suppliers/buyers via the B2B e-marketplace (Stockdale and Standing, 2004). However, small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are also eager to compete in the electronic environment remain concerns as how their

中英文文献以及翻译(化工类)

Foreign material： Chemical Industry 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate, although this has slowed significantly in recent years. The lion’s share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950s. The explosives growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins. The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry, within which it plays a central role. It makes thousands of different chemicals which

文献翻译----电子商务中英文对照

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[电子行业企业管理]电子专业中英文词汇翻译

（电子行业企业管理）电子专业中英文词汇翻 译

有功功率activepower 无功功率reactivepower 视在功率apparentpower 功率因数powerfactor 功率因数补偿 power-factorpensation 串联谐振seriesresonance 并联谐振parallelresonance 谐振频率resonancefrequency 频率特性frequencycharacteristic 幅频特性 amplitude-frequencyresponsechar acteristic 相频特性 phase-frequencyresponsecharacte ristic 截止频率cutofffrequency 品质因数qualityfactor 通频带pass-band 带宽bandwidth(BW) 滤波器filter 一阶滤波器first-orderfilter 二阶滤波器second-orderfilter 低通滤波器low-passfilter 高通滤波器high-passfilter 带通滤波器band-passfilter 带阻滤波器band-stopfilter 转移函数transferfunction 波特图Bodediagram 傅立叶级数Fourierseries 三相电路 三相电路three-phasecircuit 三相电源three-phasesource 对称三相电源symmetricalthree-phasesource 对称三相负载symmetricalthree-phaseload 相电压phasevoltage 相电流phasecurrent 线电压linevoltage 线电流linecurrent 三相三线制 three-phasethree-wiresystem 三相四线制 three-phasefour-wiresystem 三相功率three-phasepower 星形连接 starconnection(Y-connection) 三角形连接triangularconnection(D-connectio n,deltaconnection) 中线neutralline 电路的暂态过程分析 暂态transientstate 稳态steadystate 暂态过程，暂态响应transientresponse 换路定理lowofswitch 一阶电路first-ordercircuit 三要素法three-factormethod 时间常数timeconstant 积分电路integratingcircuit 微分电路differentiatingcircuit 磁路与变压器 磁场magneticfield 磁通flux