Essential Vocabulary

Essential Vocabulary

1.[C] an organization that has been established in order to provide money for a

particular group of people in need of help or for a particular type of study;

[U] when an organization, state, etc. is established.

fund/foundation/funding

The company has agreed to fund my trip to Australia.

the Environmental Research Foundation

the foundation of a new state

2.forming the base, from which everything else originates; more important than

anything else.

fundamental

We need to make fundamental changes to the way in which we treat our environment. It's one of the fundamental differences between men and women.

fundamentally fundamentals

3.very sudden or noticeable, or full of action and excitement.

dramatic

a dramatic change/improvement

We watched scenes of the dramatic (= exciting) rescue on the news.

drama dramatically

4.[U] the state of things as they are, rather than as they are imagined to be;

[C] a fact.

reality

The reality of the situation is that unless we find some new funding soon, the youth centre will have to close.

He escaped from reality by going to the cinema every afternoon.

5.to finish something successfully or to achieve something.

accomplish

The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes.

If you are fit, the climb can be accomplished in less than three hours. accomplishment accomplished

6.to get something, especially by asking for it, buying it, working for it or producing

it from something else.

obtain

to obtain permission

First editions of these books are now almost impossible to obtain.

In the second experiment they obtained a very clear result.

obtainable

7.to obtain something that is useful, that gives you an advantage, or that is in some

way positive, especially over a period of time;

when you get something useful or positive

gain

The Nationalist Party have gained a lot of support in the south of the country.

What do you hope to gain from the course?

The thieves gained entrance through an upstairs window that was left open.

She's finally gained (in) confidence over the last couple of years.

8.able to be obtained, used, or reached.

available

Is this dress available in a larger size?

There's no money available for an office party this year.

Every available officer will be assigned to the investigation.

Do you have any double rooms available this weekend?

availability

9.to give something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something

together with other people;

to write articles for a newspaper, magazine or book.

contribute

Come to the meeting if you feel you have something to contribute.

Her family has contributed ￡50, 000 to the fund.

She contributes to several magazines.

contributor contribution contributory

10.to give or to be a good reason for.

justify

Are you sure that these evidences are justified?

Her actions were quite justifiable (= there was a good reason for them) in the circumstances.

justifiable justifiably justification

Essential Vocabulary

11.correct, exact and without any mistakes.

accurate

The dates they have used are just not accurate.

Her novel is an accurate reflection of life in post-war Spain.

We hope to become more accurate in predicting earthquakes.

accurately accuracy

12.to say that something is true or is a fact, although you cannot prove it and other

people might not believe it.

claim

The company claims (that) it is not responsible for the pollution in the river.

He claims to have met the President, but I don't believe him.

All parties have claimed success in yesterday's elections.

An unknown terrorist group has claimed responsibility for this morning's bomb attack.

13.to represent or describe someone or something in a painting, film, book or other

artistic work.

portray

The painting portrays a beautiful young woman in a blue dress.

The writer portrays life in a small village at the turn of the century.

14.to use something such as authority, power, influence, etc. in order to make

something happen.

exert

If you were to exert your influence they might change their decision.

Some managers exert considerable pressure on their staff to work extra hours without being paid.

(MAKE AN EFFORT) verb

I was too tired to exert myself.

exertion

15.a single person or thing, especially when compared to the group or set to which

they belong;

existing and considered separately from the other things or people in a group;

belonging or relating to, or suitable for, people or things that are different or particular in some way;

a person who thinks or behaves in their own original way

individual

Every individual has rights which must never be taken away.

Each individual table is finished by hand.

We deal with each case on an individual basis.

Marion has a very individual writing style.

The children will first sing individually and then together as a group.

Individually individualize

16.(crime)to do something illegal or something that is considered wrong;

(promise)to promise or give your loyalty, time or money to a particular principle, person or plan of action;

(send)to send someone officially to prison or hospital

commit

He was sent to prison for a crime that he didn't commit.

Fresh evidence has recently come to light which suggests that he didn't in fact commit the murder.

The government must commit itself to improving health care.

I think I can come but I won't commit myself till I know for sure.

a committed Christian/teacher

We are committed to withdrawing our troops by the end of the year.

Try the product out in your own home with absolutely no commitment to buy!

He's been committed to prison.

committed commitment

17.a small group of people chosen to represent a larger organization and either make

decisions or gather information for it

committee

She sits on/is on the school's development committee.

The local council have just set up a committee to study recycling.

18.(argue) 坚决主张、劝说to formally request that especially a legal or official

decision is changed;

a request especially to a court of law to change a previous decision;

(request)to make a serious or formal request, especially to the public, for money or help

(attract)to interest or attract someone

the quality in someone or something that makes them attractive or interesting appeal

The footballer appealed to the referee for a free kick.

They're appealing to the High Court to reduce the sentence to a fine.

The police are appealing to the public for any information about the missing girl. Church leaders have appealed to the government to halt the war.

They're launching (= starting) an appeal to raise money for famine victims.

It's a programme designed to appeal mainly to 16 to 25 year-olds.

Her films have a wide appeal.

appealing

19.a general development or change in a situation or in the way that people are

behaving

a new development in clothing, make-up, etc

trend

There's been a downward/upward trend in sales in the last few years.

He writes for some trendy magazine for the under-30s.

This is where all the North London trendies go for a night out.

trendy

20.to improve the quality, amount or strength of something

enhance

These scandals will not enhance the organization's reputation/image.

Music can be a mood enhancer.

enhancement enhancer

Essential Vocabulary

21.to encourage the popularity, sale, development or existence of something promote

Advertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote products. The band are currently touring to promote their new album.

promoter(推销员、出资人)

22.activities to advertise something

when something is encouraged to happen or develop

promotion

the promotion of a healthy lifestyle

Her promotion to Sales Manager took everyone by surprise.

23.to speak, act or be present officially for another person or people

to show or describe something or someone, to be a sign or symbol of something; represent

They chose a famous barrister to represent them in court.

He represents himself as an expert, but he knows nothing.

To many people the Queen represents the former glory of Britain.

representation representative

24.to move someone or something from one place, vehicle, person or group to

another;to make something the legal property of another person

transfer

We were transferred from one bus into another.

Police are investigating how ￡20 million was illegally transferred from/out of the Trust's bank account.

He threatened to give up football if his club didn't transfer him (= sell him to another team).

She transferred the house to her daughter before she died.

transference transferable

25.not very willing to do something and therefore slow to do it.

reluctant

Many parents feel reluctant to talk openly with their children.

She persuaded her reluctant husband to take a trip with her.

She reluctantly agreed to step down as managing director.

Her reluctance to talk to the press was quite understandable.

26.to examine a crime, problem, statement, etc. carefully, especially to discover the

truth

investigate

Police are investigating allegations of corruption involving senior executives.

An investigation has been under way for several days into the disappearance of a thirteen-year-old boy.

Children are encouraged to take an investigative approach to learning. investigation investigative investigator

27.always behaving or happening in a similar, especially positive way;

in agreement with other facts or with typical or previous behaviour, or having the same principles as something else

consistent

Her work is sometimes good, but the problem is she's not consistent.

The President has consistently denied the rumours.

We do not consider his behaviour to be consistent with the holding of a high-ranking job.

consistently

28.to give all of something, especially your time, effort or love, or yourself, to

something you believe in or to a person;

[passive] to use a space, area, time, etc. for a particular purpose

devote

He left government to devote more time to his family.

She has devoted all her energies/life to the care of homeless people.

At the age of 25, he decided to devote himself to God.

devoted devotedly devotion

29.(give oreders)to give orders, or state something exactly, with total authority;

(order)an order which should be obeyed, often one which you give to yourself (speak)to speak something aloud for a person or machine to record the words said, so that they can be written down.

dictate

I wanted to take a year off, but my financial situation dictated that I got a job.

The UN will dictate the terms of troop withdrawal from the region.

The party's change of policy has been dictated by its need to win back the support of voters.

She spent the morning dictating letters to her secretary.

dictation

30.central and important

pivotal

a pivotal figure/role/idea

pivot:a fixed point supporting something which turns or balances;

the central or most important person or thing in a situation.

Essential Vocabulary

31.(solve)to solve or end a problem or difficulty

(decide)to make a decision formally or with determination

resolve

The couple resolved their differences and made an effort to get along.

a successful resolution to the crisis

She resolved that she would never speak to him again.

The company resolved to take no further action against the thieves.

resolute resolutely resolution

32.to treat a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse

way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin colour, religion, sex, etc;

to be able to see the difference between two things or people

discriminate

She felt she had been discriminated against because of her age.

In order to increase the number of female representatives, the selection committee decided to discriminate in favour of women for three years.

racial/sex discrimination

discrimination discriminatory

33.to show the meaning or truth of something more clearly, especially by giving

examples;

to draw pictures for a book, magazine, etc

illustrate

This latest conflict further illustrates the weakness of the UN.

This delay is a perfect illustration of why we need a new computer system.

Falling house prices are illustrative of the crisis facing the construction industry.

a beautifully illustrated book/old manuscript

black and white illustrations

illustration illustrator illustrative

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0514803874.html,rge or of noticeable importance

considerable

The fire caused considerable damage to the church.

He's considerably fatter than he was when I knew him.

considerably

35.extremely important or necessary

crucial

Her work has been crucial to the project's success.

It is crucial that the problem is tackled immediately.

crucially

36.to collect a large number of things over a long period of time;to gradually

increase in number or amount.

accumulate

As people accumulate more wealth, they tend to spend a greater proportion of their incomes.

A thick layer of dust had accumulated in the room.

Despite this accumulation of evidence, the Government persisted in doing nothing. accumulation

37.to state or make known, especially publicly;to show that something is going to

happen

announce

The government has announced that public spending will be increased next year.

The first few leaves announced the beginning of autumn.

The President made an unexpected announcement this morning.

a radio/TV announcer

announcement announcer

38.to think that someone has committed a crime or done something wrong; to not trust;

to doubt.

suspect

Three suspected terrorists have been arrested.

Police have issued a photograph of the suspect.

Her behaviour was very suspicious

His strange behaviour aroused/raised his neighbours' suspicions.

suspicions suspicious

39.to not have or not have enough of something that is needed or wanted;the absence

of something or when there is not enough of it.

lack

He just lacks a little confidence.

We are lacking three members of staff due to illness

If he fails it won't be for/through lack of effort (= he has certainly tried).

He's totally lacking in charm.

lacking

40.to try to deal with something or someone;

(in football or hockey) to try to take the ball from a player in the other team tackle

There are many ways of tackling this problem.

He was tackled in the goalmouth.

Essential Vocabulary

41.to recognize someone or something and say or prove who or what they are identify

Even the smallest baby can identify its mother by her voice.

The gunman in Wednesday's attack has been identified as Lee Giggs, an unemployed truck driver.

Most of the bodies were badly burned, making identification almost impossible. Identifiable identification

42.(own)to have or own something, or to have a particular quality

(control) to take control over a person's mind, making that person behave in a very strange way

possess

I don't possess a single DVD (= I don't have even one DVD).

The possession of large amounts of money does not ensure happiness.

a former overseas possession

We've already bought the house but we won't take possession of it until May.

He's a bit possessive about his CDs - I wouldn't dare ask to borrow them.

Her boyfriend was getting too possessive so she finished with him.

possessed possessive possessor

43.(not pleased)saying that someone or something is bad or wrong

(important)of the greatest importance to the way things might happen

(giving opinions)giving opinions or judgements on books, plays, films, etc

(serious)extremely serious or dangerous

critical

The report is highly critical of safety standards at the factory.

The President's support is critical (to this project).

Both drivers are critical/in a critical condition (= so badly hurt that they might die) after the 120mph crash.

They were both critically injured in the crash.

critically criticize

44.to make something more difficult to deal with, do or understand

complicate

It will only complicate the situation if we invite his old girlfriend as well.

The rescue operation has been complicated by bad weather.

The breathing problem has now been complicated by a chest infection.

Dave couldn't find his passport at the airport and then there were further complications when Fiona lost her baggage.

If there are no complications, the doctor says that she'll be able to come home in two weeks.

45.(quality)[C or U] the particular combination of qualities in a person or place

that makes them different from others

(representation)a person represented in a film, play or story

(person)a person, especially when you are describing a particular quality that they have

character

One of the joys of being a parent is watching the child's character develop.

It's not in his character to be (= he is not usually) jealous.

She had Mickey Mouse or some other cartoon/Disney character on her sweater. There were one or two strange-looking characters hanging around the bar. characteristic characteristically characterize

46.able to do things effectively and skillfully, and to achieve results

capable

We need to get an assistant who's capable and efficient.

A force 10 wind is capable of blowing the roofs off houses.

incapable capability capablly

47.unusual or special and therefore surprising and worth mentioning

remarkable

Meeting you here in Rome is a remarkable coincidence.

The 20th century was remarkable for its inventions.

It is a remarkably noisy and crowded city.

remarkably

48.to (cause to) start burning or explode; to cause a dangerous, excited or angry

situation to begin

ignite

The fuel spontaneously ignites because of the high temperature and pressure.

Switch/Turn the ignition on.

The proposed restrictions have ignited a storm of protest.

49.to make someone feel that they want to do something and can do it;

to make someone have a particular strong feeling or reaction;

to give someone an idea for a book, film, product, etc.

inspire

His confident leadership inspired his followers.

The piece of music is inspired by dolphin sounds

The design of the car has inspired many imitations.

The golden autumn light provided the inspiration for the painting.

He had an inspiration - why not apply for some government money?

She has been an inspiration to us all.

Inspiration inspirational inspired inspiring

50.(cause sadness)to cause someone to feel unhappy and without hope for the future;

(reduce) to reduce the value of something, especially money; to reduce the amount of activity in something, especially a business operation; to lower the level or amount of something

(press down)to press down or lower

depress

It depresses me to think that I'll probably still be doing exactly the same job in ten years' time.

Alcohol is a depressant.

These drugs have a depressant effect.

She became deeply depressed when her husband died.

The story was depressingly familiar.

The rise in the value of the dollar has depressed the company's earnings/profits this year.

High interest rates are continuing to depress the economy.

depressant depressed depressing depressingly depression

Essential Vocabulary

51.extremely angry

furious

I was late and he was furious with me.

He's furious about/at the way he's been treated.

"Get out of here!" she shouted furiously (= in a very angry way).

furiously furiousness

52.very frightened

terrified

The idea of parachuting out of a plane terrifies me.

I'm terrified of the dark.

She's terrified (that) her mother might find out her secret.

Terrify terrifying terrifyingly terror terrorist

53.a feeling of extreme worry, sadness or pain;

when you are suffering or are in great danger and therefore in urgent need of help;

to make someone feel very upset or worried.

distress

She claimed that the way she had been treated at work had caused her extreme emotional and psychological distress.

a distress signal

I hope I haven't distressed you with all these personal questions.

She was deeply distressed by the news of his death.

The government is taking steps to stimulate business development in (economically) distressed areas (= those in economic difficulty).

It was deeply distressing for him to see his wife in such pain.

Distressed distressing distressingly

54.dishonestly using your position or power to your own advantage, especially for

money; morally bad

to make someone or something become dishonest or immoral

corrupt

Both companies are under investigation for corrupt practices.

The whole system was corrupt - every official she approached wanted money before helping her.

The study claimed that violence on television corrupts the minds of children. Perhaps some systems of government are more corruptible than others.

Political corruption is widespread throughout the country.

corruptible corruption

55.the moral or legal right or ability to control;

a group of people with official responsibility for a particular area of activity;

an expert on a subject.

authority

The United Nations has used/exerted/exercised its authority to restore peace in the area.

We need to get the support of someone in authority (= an important or high-ranking person).

I'll give my lawyers authority (= permission) to act on my behalf.

He's got no authority over (= ability to control) his students.

the health authority

She's a world authority on 19th-century Irish history.

56.unkind words or actions that make someone or something look stupid or worthless

to laugh at someone in an unkind way

ridicule

She was treated with scorn and ridicule by her colleagues when she applied for the job.

He's become an object of ridicule (= a person that everyone thinks is stupid and criticizes or laughs at).

Do I look ridiculous in this hat?

It's ridiculous to expect a two-year-old to be able to read!

ridiculous ridiculously

57.ridiculous or unreasonable; foolish in an amusing way.

absurd

It's an absurd situation - neither of them will talk to the other.

Do I look absurd in this hat?

He whole situation borders on the absurd.

You're behaving absurdly.

It was absurdly (= unreasonably) expensive.

There are all sorts of absurdities (= things that are ridiculous) in the proposal. absurdly absurdity

58.to entertain someone, especially by humorous speech or action or by making

someone laugh or smile, or to keep someone happy, especially for a short time amuse

I bought a magazine to amuse myself while I was on the train.

She was very amused by/at your comments.

I looked on in amusement as they started to argue.

I play the piano just for my own amusement (= to entertain myself not other people). an amusing story/person/situation

amusement amusing amussingly

59.not as severe or strong in punishment or judgment as would be expected

lenient

They believe that judges are too lenient with terrorist suspects.

In view of the quantity of drugs involved, 16 years was the most lenient sentence (= punishment) the judge could impose.

The defending lawyer asked for leniency on the grounds of her client's youth. leniently leniency

60.to deal successfully with a difficult situation

cope

It must be difficult to cope with three small children and a job.

The tyres on my car don't cope very well on wet roads.

He had so much pressure on him in his job that eventually he just couldn't cope. cope with deal with

Essential Vocabulary 61.

(完整)深圳牛津版英语最新七年级(下)课文(带翻译)

初一（下) 课文 （翻译） Unit 1 My grandma奶奶，外婆 我的奶奶是个头发灰白的矮个子女人。她性格开朗。她是一个很不错的厨师。她做的菜可能是世界上最好的！我永远不会忘记那些（菜的）味道和气味。 奶奶照顾着我的家人。她真的很善良而有耐心。她去世两年了，我非常想念

她。 My grandma was a short矮的 woman 女士with有着 grey[gre?]灰色的 hair头发. She was always总是 cheerful ['t???f?l; -f(?)l]快乐的. She was a very good cook[k?k]厨师. Her dishes[d??] 盘子；一道菜were probably['pr?b?bl?]或许；很可能 the best最好 的 in the world! I will never永不 forget忘记 the taste[te?st]味道；品尝, and the smell [smel] 闻；气味as well也. Grandma took care of 照顾my family家人；家庭. She was really真的 kind种类； 善良 and patient['pe??(?)nt]有耐心的；病人. She died去世 two years ago两年前 and I miss[m?s]错过；想念 her very much. —— Ben Alice Alice 是我最好的朋友。她是一个高大的女孩，戴着眼镜。她经常给我讲笑话逗 我笑，但她从不嘲笑别人。 Alice 是一个聪明的女孩。她擅长数学。我们经常一起学习、打乒乓球。我希望 我们永远是朋友。 Alice is my best最好的 friend. She is a tall 高的girl with glasses戴着眼镜. She often 经常tells me jokes [d???k] 笑话to make使me laugh[lɑ?f]笑, but she never 从不 makes fun of others取笑别人. Alice is a smart [smɑ?t]聪明的 girl. She is good at 擅长Maths[m?θs]数学. We often study学习 and play table tennis ['ten?s] 打乒乓球together一起. I hope希望 we will 将always一直 remain[r?'me?n] 保持；仍然friends. Mr. Li 李老师是我的数学老师。他又高又瘦。他的课总是充满了乐趣。他在他的教学 中大量地利用游戏。 李老师对我们的学习要求很严格，但他总是鼓励我们，给我们支持。他常说：" 永远不要放弃，你就会成功。" Mr. Li is my Maths数学 teacher. He is tall and thin[θ?n]瘦的. His classes 课are always full of 充满fun乐趣. He uses 使用lots of许多 games 游戏in his teaching['ti?t???]教 学. Mr. Li is strict about[str?kt] 严格our studies, but he always encourages （encourage [?n'k?r?d?; en-]）鼓励us我们 and gives us support[s?'p??t]给我们支持. He often says, "Never从不give up 放弃and you'll be successful[s?k'sesf?l; -f(?)l]成功的." --Amy Mother's Day 母亲节

历年大学英语四级翻译真试题及范文答案、、、、

历年大学英语四级翻译真试题及范文答案、、、、

12月大学英语四级考试翻译题目 许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不但被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，因此中餐既味美又健康。 Most people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is considered as not only a skil l but also an art. The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-look ing. Although cooking methods and food ingredient vary wildly in different place s of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Since food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to se ek balance between cereal, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy. 信息技术(Information Technology)，正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不论怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。 As China citizens attaching great importance to the rapidly development of Info rmation Technology, some college even set it as a compulsory course. Regarding to this phenomenon, people holding different views. Some people think it is not n ecessary, for students should learn the traditional curriculum. Another part of p eople think it is a need, because China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Information Technology aroused public concern. "你要茶还是咖啡?"是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶，相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清(the qing dynasties)期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美，如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一，茶是中国的瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。 "Would you like tea or coffee?" That’s a question people often asked when having meal. Most westerners will choose coffee, while the Chinese would like to choose tea. According to legend, tea was discovered by a Chinese emperor five thousand years ago, and then was used to cure disease. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea houses were all over the country. Tea drinking spread to Japan in the 6th century, but it was not until th e 18th century does it spread to Europe and America. Nowadays, tea is one of th e most popular beverage in the world, and it is not only the treasure of China b ut also an important part of Chinese tradition and culture. 中国结最初是由手工艺人创造的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情，婚姻和团聚,中国结常常作为礼物交换

历年英语四级真题及答案详解

2009年6月英语四级考试真题与答案真题： Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions: F or this part, you are allowed 30 minute to write a short essay on the topic of students selecting their lectures. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow: 1. 越来越多的博物馆免费对外开放的目的是什么？ 2. 也会带来一些问题 3. 你的看法？ Free admission to museums Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the

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