怎么写开题报告

开题报告的基本内容及其顺序:论文的目的与意义;国内外研究概况;论文拟研究解决的主要问题;论文拟撰写的主要内容(提纲);论文计划进度;其它.

其中的核心内容是"论文拟研究解决的主要问题".在撰写时可以先写这一部分,以此为基础撰写其他部分.具体要求如下:

1.论文拟研究解决的问题

明确提出论文所要解决的具体学术问题,也就是论文拟定的创新点. 明确指出国内外文献就这一问题已经提出的观点,结论,解决方法,阶段性成果,……. 评述上述文献研究成果的不足. 提出你的论文准备论证的观点或解决方法,简述初步理由.

你的观点或方法正是需要通过论文研究撰写所要论证的核心内容,提出和论证它是论文的目的和任务,因而并不是定论,研究中可能推翻,也可能得不出结果.开题报告的目的就是要请专家帮助判断你所提出的问题是否值得研究,你准备论证的观点方法是否能够研究出来.

一般提出3或4个问题,可以是一个大问题下的几个子问题,也可以是几个并行的相关问题.

2.国内外研究现状

只简单评述与论文拟研究解决的问题密切相关的前沿文献,其他相关文献评述则在文献综述中评述.基于"论文拟研究解决的问题"提出,允许有部分内容重复.

3.论文研究的目的与意义

简介论文所研究问题的基本概念和背景.

简单明了地指出论文所要研究解决的具体问题.

简单阐述如果解决上述问题在学术上的推进或作用.

基于"论文拟研究解决的问题"提出,允许有所重复.

4.论文研究主要内容

初步提出整个论文的写作大纲或内容结构.由此更能理解"论文拟研究解决的问题"不同于论文主要内容,而是论文的目的与核心.

毕业论文开题报告范文

[复制链接发给同学或是好友] 来源：中南大学网络教育学院点击次数：96564次

师范学院

毕业论文（设计）开题报告

学生姓名：陈嘉学号：2003101222

院（系）：中文系

专业汉语言文学专业

题目：解析张爱玲小说的恐怖电影式镜头

指导教师：刘文菊副教授

2007年 3 月27 日

开题报告填写要求

1．开题报告作为毕业论文（设计）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之1。此报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业论文（设计）工作前期内完成，经指导教师签署意见及院、系审查后生效；

2．开题报告内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写或按教务处统1设计的电子文档标准格式（可从教务处网址上下载）打印，不能打印在其它纸上后剪贴，完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见；

3．有关年月日等日期的填写，1律用阿拉伯数字书写。如“2005年4月26日”或

“2005-04-26”。

4、毕业论文参考文献的引注标准要参照《韩山师范学院本科生毕业论文撰写标准》（韩教字[2005]53号）执行

毕业论文（设计）开题报告

1．本课题的目的及研究意义

研究目的：

张爱玲与电影有过长期亲密的接触，在小说写作中创造性地化用了电影化技巧，使她的文字组合带有丰富的视像性和表现力。文本以恐怖电影的表现手法为切入口，对张爱玲中短篇小说出现的恐怖电影式镜头进行解析。试图更近距离地感受张爱玲艺术感觉的细微独特之处，并且在此基础上揭示张爱玲小说所蕴涵的悲剧感和死亡意识。

研究意义：

本文通过对张爱玲中短篇小说出现的恐怖电影式镜头进行解析，试图在体会张爱玲语言的“现代性”的基础上，尝试性地提出1种独特的审美方式，从不同的视角解读张爱玲小说的表现手法。

2．本课题的国内外的研究现状

国内研究现状：

国内对张爱玲小说的电影化表现手法的研究主要从小说的电影画面感、电影造型、电影化技巧等角度切入，考察了张爱玲作品对电影艺术手法的借鉴技巧：

（1）研究张爱玲小说的电影画面感：《犹在镜中——论张爱玲小说的电影感》（何蓓）等；

（2）研究张爱玲小说的电影造型:《论张爱玲小说的电影化造型》（何文茜）等；

（3）研究张爱玲小说的电影化技巧：《张爱玲小说的电影化技巧》（何文茜）；《张爱玲小说的电影化倾向》（申载春）；《论张爱玲小说的电影手法》（张江元）；《张爱玲小说对电影手法的借鉴》（屈雅红）等；

（4）研究张爱玲小说的死亡意识：李祥伟《论张爱玲小说中的死亡意识》等

国外研究现状：

海外研究对张爱玲的研究可以分为两个阶段“第1阶段1957-1984年夏志清，唐文标等人对她作品的介绍与评述”“第2阶段1985年至今，辐射面波及北美等地的华文文学的影响研究分析和评价”。1995年9月后，她在美国辞世后，海外学者多运用西方现代文艺理论来剖析。

3．本课题的研究内容和方法

研究内容：

张爱玲的小说映照了1个阴阳不分、鬼气森森的世界，恐怖镜头繁复缤纷，在她的作品里以人拟鬼，她笔下的人物均飘荡在凄冷荒凉的宿命轨道上。本文尝试根据恐怖电影的表现手法，从场景造型、人物造型、以及道具造型等角度入手，对张爱玲小说中出现的恐怖镜头进行研究、阐释。更近距离地感受张爱玲艺术感觉的细微独特之处，并且在此基础上揭示张爱玲小说所蕴涵的悲剧感和死亡意识。

研究方法：

本文采用比较研究的方法，根据恐怖电影的表现手法，在学术界既有研究资料的基础上，从张爱玲小说、相关的研究书籍及其评论等出发，分析整理资料，从场景造型、人物造型、以及道具造型等角度入手，对张爱玲小说当中出现的恐怖镜头进行研究、阐释。

毕业论文（设计）开题报告

4．本课题的实行方案、进度及预期效果

方案、进度：

2006年11月—2007年2月初：收集资料。重读作品，确定论文题目，查阅相关资料。

2007年2月—2007年3月中旬：在老师的指导下，拟定写作提纲和开题报告。

2007年3月—2007年4月：论文修改。听取老师意见，撰写论文初稿，并交指导老师评审。

2007年4月——：定稿。

预期效果：

本文结合恐怖电影的表现手法，通过分析、比较、归纳等方法对张爱玲小说中出现的恐怖镜头进行阐释，尝试更近距离地感受张爱玲艺术感觉的细微独特之处，并且在此基础上揭示张爱玲小说所蕴涵的悲剧感和死亡意识。

5．已查阅参考文献：

书籍：

1、张爱玲，《张爱玲全集》【M】。新疆：新疆人民出版社，2006年6月第1版。

2、金宏达，《华丽影沉》【C】。北京：文化艺术出版社，2003年1月第1版。

3、张新颖，《20世纪上半期中国文学的现代意识》【M】。北京：3联书店，2001年12月第1版。

4、宋家宏，《走进荒凉——张爱玲的精神家园》【M】。广州：花城出版社，2000年10

月第1版。

5、李稚田，《第3类时空》【M】。北京：中国纺织出版社，2000年1月第1版。

6、吴战垒，《电影欣赏》【M】。浙江：浙江大学出版社，1987年6月第1版。

7、陈卫平，《影视艺术鉴赏与评论》【M】。北京：高等教育出版社，1994年6月第1版。

8、聂欣如，《类型电影》【M】。上海：上海人民美术出版社，2001年9月第1版。

学术论文:

1、何文茜《张爱玲小说的电影化技巧》，石家庄师范专科学校学报，2003年第5卷第4期第51页。

2、李祥伟《“丑”趣———论张爱玲小说中的死亡意象》，学术论坛，2005年第6期第140页。

3、李祥伟《论张爱玲小说中的死亡意识》，广州广播电视大学报，2004年第4期第38页。

4、张江元《论张爱玲小说的电影手法》，涪陵师范学院学报，第26卷第4期，第54页。

5、屈雅红《张爱玲小说对电影手法的借鉴》，南京理工大学学报（社会科学版），第16卷第6期，第33页。

6、何文茜《论张爱玲小说的电影化造型》，石家庄师范专科学校学报，2004年02期，

第39页。

7、何蓓《犹在镜中—论张爱玲小说的电影感》，内蒙古民族大学学报(社会科学版)，2004年第30卷第4期第40页。

8、申载春《张爱玲小说的电影化倾向》，乐山师范学院学报，2004年第19卷第5期第12页。

9、吴晓，封玉屏《电影与张爱玲的散文写作》浙江社会科学报，2004年第1期第204页。

网络资料：

1、《恐怖情节心理分析》（http://publish blog。blogchina。com）

2、《绽放在暗地里几个唯美的惊惶意象》（http://my。poco。cn/my blog）

3、陈文珊《女性·月亮·鬼气——试论《聊斋志异》对张爱玲小说创作的影响》(http://blog。sina。com。cn/adcase)

指导教师意见

指导教师：

年月日

院（系）审查意见

院系（公章）：

年月日

在研究生教育的整个过程中，学位论文质量的高低是衡量研究生培养质量的重要标志。而论文质量的高低，很大程度上取决于论文开题报告做的细致程度。论文开题报告做的细致，前期虽然花费的时间较多，但写起论文来就很顺手，能够做到胸有成竹，从而保证论文在规定的时间保质保量地完成;但如果不重视论文开题报告，视论文开题报告为走过场，写起论文来就会没有目标，没有方向，没有思路，可能就要多走弯路，也很难保证毕业论文的质量。

一、论文开题报告的意义

硕士论文开题报告是研究生在完成文献调研后写成的关于学位论文选题与如何实施的论述性报告。论文开题报告既是文献调研的聚焦点，又是学位论文研究工作展开的散射点，对研究工作起到定位作用。

写论文开题报告的目的，是要请老师及专家们帮忙判断一下所研究的选题有没有价值，研究方法是否奏效，论证逻辑有没有明显缺陷。因此论文开题报告就要围绕研究的主要内容，拟解决的主要问题(或阐述的主要观点)，研究步骤、方法及措施为主要内容。但笔者在工作实践中发现有很多学生往往在论文开题报告中花费大量笔墨叙述别人的研究成果，谈到自己的研究方法时，往往寥寥数语一笔带过。这样，不便于评审老师指导。

二、如何写论文开题报告

(一)论文开题报告的前提——通过理论思维选择课题

在工作实践中，发现硕士研究生论文开题报告中存在的普遍问题是选题不合适。有的提出的问题太过“平庸”，有的选题范围太大，研究内容太多、太宽泛，提出的问题不切合硕士生的实际，实践操作起来难度较大。如有的学生提出的论文题目:“新型中性镍催化剂的研究及其催化合成聚乙烯、聚丙烯的研究”，此选题有意义，有创新，作者的研究思路也比较正确，但论文选题范围太大，研究内容对于一个硕士生来说明显偏多，无法按时完成。因此应重新确定研究内容，注重项目的可操作性。

那么如何选择研究问题呢？这里要强调的是通过理论思维来发现研究问题。

理论是由一系列前设和术语构造的逻辑体系，特定领域的理论有其特定的概念、范畴和研究范式，只有在相同的概念、视角和范式下，理论才能够对话。只有通过对话，理论才能够发展。硕博论文要想创造新理论很难，多数是在既有理论的基础上加以发展。

其次，选择问题是一个“剥皮”的过程，理论问题总是深深地隐藏在复杂的现实背后，而发现理论问题，则需要运用理论思维的能力。这就需要我们不断锻炼和提高自己的理论思维能力，需要在日常的学习中，不断总结和分析以往的研究者大体是从哪些视角来分析和研究问题，运用了哪些理论工具和方法，通过学习和总结来不断提高自己的理论思维能力，从而选择具有学术理论价值和应用价值，并与国家经济建设及导师承担的科学研究项目紧密结合的研究问题。

(二)做好文献综述，为论文开题报告打好基础

在研究生论文开题报告会上，出现的普遍问题是对文献的研读不够，对研究背景的了解不够深入，对研究方向上国内外的具体进展情况了解不够全面、详细，资料引用的针对性、可比性不强。有很多学生没有完全搞清论文开题报告与文献综述的区别，他们的论文开题报告有很多仅仅是对前人工作的叙述，而对自己的工作介绍甚少。

文献综述的基本内容包括:国内外现状;研究方向;进展情况;存在问题;参考依据。这是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。同时，文献综述还是评论性的，因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。

要想写好论文开题报告，必须认真研读文献，对所研究的课题有个初步的了解，知道别人都做了哪些工作，哪些方面可以作为自己研究的切入点，因此，文献调研的深入和全面程度，会相当程度地影响论文开题报告的质量，是学生充分发挥主观能动性的客观基础。

(三)论文开题报告的格式及写作技巧

1.论文开题报告格式

一个清晰的选题，往往已经隐含着论文的基本结论。对现有文献的缺点的评论，也基本暗含着改进的方向。论文开题报告就是要把这些暗含的结论、论证结论的逻辑推理，清楚地展现出来。论文开题报告的写作步骤:课题选择—课题综述—论题选择—论文开题报告。论文开题报告的基本内容主要包括:选题的意义;研究的主要内容;拟解决的主要问题(阐述的主要观点);研究(工作)步骤、方法及措施;毕业论文(设计)提纲;主要参考文献。为了写好论文开题报告，江苏工业学院研究生部专门出台了详细的规定，规定论文开题报告的一般内容包括:

(1)论文开题报告——课题来源、开题依据和背景情况，课题研究目的以及理论意义和实际应用价值。

(2)论文开题报告——文献综述。在阅读规定文献量(不少于50篇，其中外文文献占40%以上)的基础上，着重阐述该研究课题国内外的研究现状及发展动态，同时介绍查阅文献的范围以及查阅方式、手段。

(3)论文开题报告——主要研究内容。包括学术构思、研究方法、关键技术、技术路线、实施方案、可行性分析、研究中可能遇到的难点、解决的方法和措施以及预期目标。

(4)论文开题报告——拟采用的实验手段，所需科研和实验条件，估计课题工作量和所需经费，研究工作进度计划。

(5)论文开题报告——主要参考文献，列出至少10篇所查阅参考的文献。

2.论文开题报告的写作技巧

(1)提出问题注意“层次”

选题是撰写学术论文的第一步，选题是否妥当，直接关系到论文的质量，甚至关系到论文的成功与否。不同于政策研究报告，学术文章聚焦理论层面、解决理论问题。有的学生的选题不具有新颖性，内容没有创新，仅仅是对前人工作的总结，或是对前人工作的重复。在选题时要坚持先进性、科学性、实用性及可行性的原则。在提出问题时，要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。选题来源包括:1、与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题;2、自己从事的专业某问题发展迅速，需要综合评价;3、从掌握的大量文献中选择反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。

所选题目不宜过大，越具体越容易收集资料，从某一个侧面入手，容易深入。

(2)瞄准主流文献，随时整理

文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础，文献越多，就越好写，选择文献时应选择本学科的

核心期刊、经典著作等，要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性;选择文献应先看近期的(近3~5年)，后看远期的，广泛阅读资料，有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读，在阅读时，注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。

整理资料时，要注意按照问题来组织文献资料，写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来，而是要按照一定的思路将其提炼出来。只有这样，才能写出好的文献综述，也才能写出好的论文开题报告，进而为写出好的论文打下基础。

(3)研究目标具体而不死板

一般论文开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标，但笔者认为，研究目标不宜规定得太死板，这是因为，即使条件一定，目标是偏高还是偏低，往往难于准确判断，研究工作本身，涉及求知因素，各个实验室条件不同，具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。

三、论文开题报告的质量保证

为了保证硕士研究生的培养质量，提高论文质量，就必须对论文开题报告进行评价。论文开题报告会由3~5位相关学科的专家对论文开题报告进行评议，与企业合作的重大科研项目可以聘请1~2位相应企业的具有高级职称的专家参加，不同学科的论文开题报告的侧重点不同。江苏工业学院研究生部规定学生必须进行论文开题报告，并规定了统一的格式，设计了专门的论文开题报告评审表，论文开题报告会上研究生应对课题进行详细汇报，并对专家提问做出必要的解释和说明。论文开题报告的成绩考核以合格、不合格记。评审小组成员最后签名并给出学生是否合格的评审意见，并以百分制打出具体的分数。论文开题报告成绩不合格者，不得进入课题研究。

为了提高论文质量，研究生必须首先从思想上重视论文开题报告，在平时的学习中注意积累，从各个方面提高能力，尤其要注意培养通过理论思维发现研究问题的能力。论文开题报告是研究工作的开始，良好的开端为优秀的学位论文奠定了坚实的基础。

河南省高等教育自学考试英语专业本科毕业生

毕业论文

（英文题目）"Lake Poets" in the history of

English literature

（中文题目）英国文学史上的“湖畔诗人”

专业名称：英语专业本科

论文作者姓名：刘志辉

准考证号：078203200008

论文类型：文学批评

论文完成日期：2006/08/26

联系方式：河南省辉县市第二职业高中

（0373-*******）

"Lake Poets" in the history of English

literature

摘要: 湖畔诗人就是一组英国诗人,Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, and William Wordsworth.他们居住在英

格兰东北的"湖区",是18世纪至19世纪时期浪漫主义运

动的一部分.受到法国大革命和英国工业革命的影响,

他们在诗歌创作方面做了大胆的改革,无论是在

诗体语言还是在主题。的选择上都有独到的见解.

William Wordsworth 被人喻为自然的膜拜者. Samuel

Taylor Coleridge 不但是著名的诗人也是一流的文学批

评家. 然而Robert Southey却更为将精力注意到人人平

等的大同社会上来.

Abstract: The Lake Poets or Lake School was a group of

English poets: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert

Southey, and William Wordsworth. They lived in the

"Lake District" in northwestern England. This group

was part of the Romantic Movement of the late

1700's and early 1800's. They were inspired by The

French Revolution and The English Industrial

Revolution. They made bold experiments on poetry

writing, no matter on poetry language seeking or

subjects. Wordsworth was regarded as "worshipper

of nature". Coleridge was not only a poet but also a

critic. While Southy pay more his attention to his

democratic community in America known as

"Pantisocracy".

关键字:浪漫主义时期,自然,超自然,想象,改革,简化语言,

内在世界,精神实质,平常生活,民主,大同社会Key words:The Romantic Period, nature, super nature,

imagination, innovation, simple language, inner

world, spirit, common life, democratic, Pantisocracy Outline

Thesis:"Lake Poets", Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, and William Wordsworth, marks the beginning of

Romanticism. They improve the poetry writing with an

entire new conception, especially they composed

their poems about nature and imagination, which is

very different from those in neoclassical period.

(1) The background of "Lake Poets":

1．The French Revolution and the English Industrial Revolution

2．Influence of the economic exploitation

(2) Features of "Lake Poets":

1．They explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry writing.

2．They believed that poetry could purify both individuals and society.

A． Nature

B． Imagination and inspiration

(3)William Wordsworth

1．Career

2．Mayor features in poetry writing and classification of his works

Samuel Taylor Coleridge his works.

1．career

2．mayor features in poetry writing and classification of his works

Robert Southey

1．career

2．mayor features in poetry writing

"Lake Poets" in the history of English

literature

The English romanticism as a historical phase of literature, is generally said to have began in 1798 and ended in 1832. However, at this great period, there are three great poets who cannot be ignored, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, and William Wordsworth.

These three poets are known as the "Lake Poets", because they once settled at Dove Cottage in Crasmere, Westmoreland,

the loveliest spot in the English Lake District.

The "Lake Poets" play a transitional role between old and new styles in the poetry development in literature history especially in the English history. In their works we see the influence from both the past and the modern.

(1)

During the Romantic period, there have been great changes in both European society and economy, which were actually provoked by two important revolutions, the French Revolution and the English Industrial Revolution. And as a result, some of the great imaginative writings in the Romantic period sprang from the confrontation of radicals and conservatives at the close of the 18th century. While "the lake poets" choose nature, imagination as their poetic subjects, other great poets, such as George Gordon Byron, showed a lasting contempt for what he considered the commonplace and vulgarity of the "lake poets". Because they think the "lake poets", to some extent, are too conservative in their period.

The other key element for the exiting of the "lake poets" is the cruel economic exploitation. As a consequence of the English Industrial revolution, the European Society emerged a new Labor Class. Though the social wealth had been increased by several times, it was only the rich who owned this wealth. The majority of the people were still poor, or even poorer. The

romantics with the "lake poets" as a leader saw both the corruption of the feudal societies and the exploitation in modern capitalist society. Under such condition, the "lake poets" emphasized the special qualities of each individual's mind. Wordsworth "The Solitary Reaper", Coleridge "frost at night", Southy "Winter" are all such poems.

So we can see they pay more attention to portray the individual's experience. It's a typical character of the "lake poets" to place the individual at the center of art in order to express his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes.

(2)

With the coming of the French Revolution in 1798, and the primarily agricultural society replaced by a modern industrialized one, these three poets inspired an entire new poetic revolution.

At first, they started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature. They explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry writing. As we all know, the neoclassicists had some fixed rules and laws for almost every genre of literature. Poetry should be lyrical, didactic satiric or dramatic and be strictly guided by principles. The neoclassicists also emphasized upon reason and intellect. However, the romantics started a poetic revolution. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, and William Wordsworth, with

the publication of "Lyrical Ballads", were the major representatives of this movement. We can get such ideas from the following examples: "The Ancient Mariner" written by Coleridge; "The prelude"__(1) written by Wordsworth. In these famous poems, we can see they have made bold experiments in poetic language, versification and design.

Second, they believe that poetry could purify both individual and the society. At one hand, they chose to live by the lakeside so as to escape from the rational and ugly society. At other hand, they also want to achieve their wishful society in the imagination.

1．Imagination and inspiration, defined by Coleridge, is regarded as something crucial for true poetry.

“Kubla Khan”, as we all know, was composed in a dream

after Coleridge took opium.

“So twice five miles of fertile ground,

With walls and towers were girdled round;

And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills, Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree;

And here were forests ancient as the hills, enfolding sunny spots of greenery. ”__(2)

When we read these great lines, we are deeply impressed by the image of the river, the magnificent palace and

other marvelous. We can hardly believe they were

worked out in his unconsciousness. Similar examples

can also be found from works of Robert Souhey, which

contained a lot of vaguely Hindu tales.

2． The nature world is the first thing coming into ‘poets’imagination.

“I wandered lonely as a cloud,

The floats on high over vales and hills,

When all at once I saw a crowd,

A host, of golden daffodils;

Besides the lake, beneath the trees,

Fluttering and dancing in the

breeze."___(3)

Wordsworth wrote this beautiful poem of nature after he came across a long belt of gold daffodils along the

waterside. In this poem, nature is not only his source

of imagination but also his poetic subject. But when

we read it a second time, maybe we can realize that the

writer want to recollect the beauty of nature in his

mind while he is in solitude.

(3)

Since the "lake Poets" refers to three great English poets, let's appreciate them respectively.

1．William Wordsworth

William Wordsworth is a leading figure of the English romantic poetry. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary

speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.

William Wordsworth was born in an attorney family. As

a young boy, he developed a keen love of nature, which

influenced all his rest life. After the French revolution, his heart was stirred and his imagination fired. However, William Wordsworth was conservative in politics, which Percy Bysshe Shelley and George Gordon Byron were strongly against.

William Wordsworth had a long poetic career. Though his life, he finished many poem volumes. But maybe the most famous one is "Lyrical Ballads". That is because this volume is different from his early poetry, with an uncompromising simple language and fusion of natural description. "The Prelude" is also among his best works and is regarded as one of William Wordsworth's greatest works by many critics. Because he expressed his philosophy ideas in it .To him, life is a cyclical journey, in which the beginning finally turns out to be its end.

According to the subjects, William Wordsworth's short poems can be classified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.

A. William Wordsworth emphasized the picturesque

scenes and gave the reader the very life of nature. He is regarded as the worshipper of nature. But we can also find

a deeper moral awareness in his poems. To him, nature acts

as a bridge between human and certain circumstance.

"We stood together; and that I, so long

A worshipper of nature, hither came

Unwearied in that service: rather say

With warmer love -- oh! with far deeper zeal

Of holier love. Nor wilt thou then forget,

That after many wanderings, many years

Of absence, these steep woods and lofty cliffs,

And this green pastoral landscape, were to me

More dear, both for themselves and for thy sake "

"Tintern Abbey" is one of his masterpieces on nature. In this poem we can find the coordination between the wanderer's thoughts and the natural scenes.

B. The joys and sorrows of the common people are also his usual subject. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor. The "Lucy poems" describes a young country girl living a simple live in a remote village. In this poem, William Wordsworth used simple language to give the readers the scenes and events of everyday life. In his opinion, the speech of ordinary people was the raw material of poetry writing. By using limited language, Wordsworth worked out an eternal theme, love and loss, time and death. "The solitary reaper" "To a highland girl' are all his masterpieces about human life.

2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Samuel Taylor Coleridge is a son of a clergyman. When he was young, he was a lonely sad boy, full of dreams in his mind. However after having met Robert Southy, he was inspired by the radical thinkers with their idealism. He even joined the Robert Southy in plotting a democratic community in America, named 'pantisocracy'. But generally speaking, he was a conservative poet. He opposed the rationalistic trends of the 18th century thought. In his opinion, "A poet should realize the vague intimation derived from his unconsciousness without sacrificing the vitality of the inspiration."__(4)

Samuel Taylor Coleridge is also a good critic in his period. His lectures on Shakespeare proved to be very successful. As a poet, he maintained that ‘the true end of poetry is to give pleasure through the medium of beauty’.

This conception is same with Wordsworth's. However the two great poets also have something different with each other.

For example, Samuel Taylor Coleridge claimed that there was essential difference between the language of poetry and the language spoken by common people, while William Wordsworth thought the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of poetry writing.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge's achievement as poet can be divided into two groups: the demonic and the conversational.

A. The demonic group includes his three masterpieces,

"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner", "Chritabel" and "Kubla Khan". Mysticism and demonism with strong imagination are the distinctive features of this group. "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" told a story of a sailor, who met a strange bird during his adventure trip. The mariner shot it and then disaster fell onto the ship. Finally only when the mariner blessed for the water snake the ship then can go back home.

In this story, we can find out Coleridge a more spiritual and religious interpretation of life. While his predecessors emphasized ‘reason’, Coleridge's demonic works is a great improvement of poetry writing.

B:Among the conversational group, "Frost at Midnight"

is the most important. This poem is a record of his personal thought about his infant son Harley in a midnight. Generally speaking, the conversational groups deal with the themes, such as, the desire to go home and wish someone he loves success or experience joy. But in order to get that he must fail or suffer.

3.Robert Southy

As a young student, Robert Southy was expelled from School for criticizing the practice of flogging in the school magazine. This incident helped to fire his youthful revolutionary ideals, which found expression a few years later in his first long poem “Joan of Arc” (1796). His attention was taken up by a new friend, Samuel Taylor

Coleridge and his ideas about 'pantisocracy', a scheme to set up a democratic community in America, came out. Southey and Coleridge married two sisters, Edith and Sara Fricker.

Though there were some ill-feelings over the abandonment of pantisocracy, the two men remained friends.

Like Wordsworth and Coleridge, he became disillusioned by the progress of the French Revolution. I would like to suggest that his volume of "Poems" 1799 is some ways an answer to “Lyrical Ballads” and to describe the contents of that volume. And he was criticized as a political turncoat by the younger generation of Romantic writers, notably in Byron's “Don Juan”.

About his revolutionary ideals we can see clearly from his poem "winter"

"Some merry jest, or tale of murder dire,

Or troubled spirit that disturbs the night,

Pausing at times to rouse the mouldering fire,

Or taste the old October brown and bright"__(5)

But also Southy write a lot of poems concerning the slave trade. Look at the following lines

"Hold your mad hands! for ever on your plain

Must the gorged vulture clog his beak with blood?

For ever must your Niger's tainted flood,

Roll to the ravenous shark his banquet slain?

Hold your mad hands! and learn at length to know,