高考英语二轮复习增分篇专题巧突破专题三阅读理解专题限时检测(二十三)阅读理解词义猜测类之代词指代题

专题限时检测(二十三) 阅读理解词义猜测类之代词指代题

(加★的为代词指代题，本卷限时23分钟)

A

(2017·南京市、盐城市高三模拟考试)A little social support from your best buds goes a long way, whether you're a human or a chimpanzee (黑猩猩). A new study that followed a chimpanzee community in the forests of Uganda has found that quality time with close companions significantly decreased stress hormone levels in the primates — whether they were resting, grooming or facing off against rival groups.

The findings, described this week in the journal Nature Communications, shed light on the physiological effects of close companionship on chimpanzees — and could have implications for human health too.

Researchers have long known that stress can worsen health and raise the risk of early death in humans as well as other social mammals.

“It can have effects on immune function, cardio function, fertilit y, cognition, and even your mood，” said study co-author Kevin Langergraber, a primatologist at Arizona State University.

Maintaining close social bonds can help these animals (humans included) reduce some of that stress, potentially minimizing some health risks. But scientists have yet to pin down the exact physiological mechanisms at work.

“Social bonds make you survive and produce better —but how do they do that？” Langergraber said.

To find out, the international team of researchers studied members of the Sonso chimpanzee community in Uganda's Budongo Forest, a group consisting of 15 males, 35 females and 28 juveniles and infants during the study period from February 2008 to July 2010.

Like humans, chimpanzees tend to have besties — bond partners with whom they appear to feel close. The researchers wanted to see whether interactions with these bond partners led to lower stress levels during particularly stressful situations, such as when fighting rival groups, or whether time spent with friends helped lower stress levels more generally, throughout the day.

The scientists observed the chimpanzees perform three types of activities: resting, grooming or quarrelling with other groups of chimpanzees. The researchers kept track of whether the chimpanzees were doing any of these three things with their bond partners or with other chimpanzees in their group.

A team of up to six observers watched the chimpanzees and followed them around to collect urine (尿液) samples. The samples, collected from nine adult male and eight adult female chimpanzees, were tested to see how much of the stress hormone cortisol they contained.

The scientists found that chimpanzees' levels of urinary cortisol were 23% lower, on average, during the activities when they were with their bond partner. This was especially true for stressful activities, such as the intergroup rivalries, where any chimpanzee on the front line might face physical harm or even death.

The findings in chimpanzees, some of our closest living relatives, could shed light on the role such close social relationships play in human health too, he said. Such friendships may be just as important during good times as bad — though more research needs to be done before any conclusions can be drawn.

“This has interest for a lot of people in a medical context as well，” Langergraber said.

语篇解读：本文是说明文。一项研究探究了友谊对人乃至黑猩猩的重要性。

1．The scientists carried out research into a chimpanzee community in Uganda ________.

A．to seek evidence of benefits of social bonds from physiological angles B．to uncover whether social bonds make humans survive

C．to study how chimpanzees perform three types of activities

D．to train chimpanzees to maintain close social bonds with each other

解析：选A 推理判断题。根据第五至七段内容可推断，科学家们对黑猩猩群落进行研究是为了从生理角度寻求能证明社会关系的益处的证据。故选A项。

★2.What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 10 refer to?

A．Observers. B．Chimpanzees.

C．Urine samples. D．Bond partners.

解析：选C 代词指代题。根据第十段内容可知，这些尿液被观察员用来检验以了解尿液中含有多少压力荷尔蒙皮质醇。故此处they指的是尿液样本。故选C项。

3．The chimpanzees' levels of urinary cortisol decrease most when ________.

A．they are with other chimpanzees in their group

B．they face the intergroup rivalries with friends

C．they perform three different types of activities

D．they spend time with friends throughout the day

解析：选B 推理判断题。根据第十一段内容可推断，当黑猩猩和朋友一起面对群体间

的较量时，它们的尿液皮质醇水平下降最多。故选B项。

4．What's the author's purpose in writing the passage?

A．To point out stress is harmful to all social mammals.

B．To illustrate how chimpanzees control their stress level.

C．To urge scientists to do more research into chimpanzees.

D．To inform us friendships benefit both chimpanzees and humans.

解析：选D 作者意图题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一项探究友谊对人乃至黑猩猩的重要性的研究的结果。故作者写这篇文章的目的是告诉我们友谊对黑猩猩和人都有利。故选D项。

B

(2017·江苏省高考名校联考)54-year-old Michael h as got accustomed to picking up things at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) in Massachusetts. He has been working as a custodian (管理员) there for the last eight years, cleaning the floors, vacuuming the carpets, wiping the blackboards and picking up the trash. But last month, Michael picked up something he really wants to obtain all his life —a degree in mechanical engineering.

In the year 2008, Michael, a businessman, with two decades of successful business, felt his world crashing down around him. Fewer phone calls were coming in, but he tried not to panic. Then customers stopped calling completely and he had no choice but to apply for bankruptcy. Soon, his home was foreclosed (取消抵押品赎回权). And without his income to support his wife, her vending machine (自动售货机) business eventually went under as well. He and his family had to move from their big house to a tiny apartment. Michael started looking for jobs with construction companies, but no one had the intention to hire a man in his age.

The only work he could find was to be a custodian at a local college.The pay was about half what he used to make, but the benefits were good, so he told himself that he would take advantage of the benefits offered by the school, to feel like he was making more money. One of the added job benefits was tuition-free classes, so he decided to make good use of them as well. Michael would take the classes by day and clean up after his schoolmates at night. “I was angry. I was depressed. But as the semester went on, I thought, ‘Oh g eez, this is taking my mind away from everything，’” the happy graduate said. “When I got my first A, I thought, ‘This is really nice.’”

But it didn't all go smoothly. His new job wasn't something that he was especially

proud of. Besides, the failure of his business still crowded his mind, which challenged him most. “When you lose everything like that, you don't trust your ambition. You're just trying to get through the day，” Michael said. “It was hard to look my kids in the eye. I couldn't tell them to work hard and they'd be successful ... because I did that, and I lost.”

In spite of the hardships Michael had to go through, he kept going to classes, and after three years into his studies he realized he was well on his way to a college degree. He felt awkward attending school along with students at his kids' age, but the support of the other students turned out to be a big factor in his unbelievable achievement. “I realized it was more my own judgment than anyone else's，” he said.“They thought what I was doing was really great.”

On May 14, 2016, eight years after taking his first class at WPI, Michael walked out on the stage to pick up his diploma, under the proud eyes of his family and colleagues. He continued to work as a custodian at WPI, but he was also looking forward to the day when he could pick up a job in engineering. On the big day, Michael wrote “OLD DOG HAS NEW TRICKS” on the top of his mortarboard (学位帽), and on each corner inscribed a single letter: a “J” for Joyce, his wife; a “P” for Paul, his son; and an “A” and “N” for Amanda and Nicole, his daughters — a perfect gift to his supportive family.

Michael's ambition and insistence have inspired the entire custodial staff at WPI. Over the years, other members of the staff had attended the free classes offered by the school like him, but none of them could achieve their goals to the extent he did. “When people say my story inspires them, I know what that means on the other side. From time to time, other people's stories got me through unpleasant times. I'm glad I can be that person，”Michael said.

语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。迈克尔生意失败后到Worcester Polytechnic Institute 当管理员。他一边工作一边学习。八年之后，持之以恒的他获得了机械工程学位。

5．What happened to Michael in 2008?

A．He failed in his business.

B．He was cheated by his partner.

C．He was divorced for lack of money.

D．He launched a vending machine business.

解析：选A 细节理解题。从第二段的内容可知，2008年，迈克尔的客户越来越少，他生意失败，不得不申请破产。故选A项。

6．What was the biggest challenge facing Michael as a custodian?

A．He couldn't get the pay he expected.

B．He had difficulty coping with schoolwork.

C．He couldn't set a good example to his kids.

D．He couldn't get out of the shadow of failure.

解析：选D 细节理解题。根据第四段的“the failure of his business still crowded his mind, which challenged him most”可知，他一直无法走出生意失败的阴影，这是他面临的最大难题。故选D项。

★7.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to?

A．Michael's achievement in getting a college degree.

B．Michael's embarrassment of being an old student.

C．The difficulty Michael went through.

D．The support of other students.

解析：选B 代词指代题。从第五段的“He felt awkward attending school along with students at his kids' age，but the support of the other students turned out to be a big factor in his unbelievable achievement.”可知，迈克尔觉得与他的孩子们同龄的学生一起上学很尴尬，但是其他同学的支持结果证明是他取得令人难以置信的成就的一个重大因素。由此可推知，画线词所在句指的应是迈克尔意识到他作为一个年龄较大的学生去上学的尴尬是他自己的判断，而不是其他人的看法。故选B项。

8．What did Michael do after obtaining the degree?

A．He worked as an engineer.

B．He stayed at the previous post.

C．He got a teaching position at WPI.

D．He devoted himself to further study.

解析：选B 细节理解题。根据第六段的“He continued to work as a custodian at WPI, but he was also looking forward to the day when he could pick up a job in engineering.”可知，迈克尔继续在WPI当管理员，但是他也盼望着有一天能够得到一份与工程学有关的工作。故选B项。

9．What did Michael really want to say in the last paragraph?

A．Some time should be spent in reading inspiring stories.

B．People should understand the true meaning of success.

C．One's inspiring stories can be of great value to others.

D．There is no need for his colleagues to follow him.

解析：选C 推理判断题。人们称迈克尔的故事能激励他们，而有时，人们的故事也会

使迈克尔度过不愉快的时期。由此可知，迈克尔想说的是一个人的鼓舞人心的故事对其他人有很大的作用。故答案选C项。

10．What can we learn from Michael's story?

A．Everyone has their price.

B．There is no time like the present.

C．The grass is greener on the other side.

D．Nothing is impossible for a willing heart.

解析：选D 推理判断题。根据文章的内容可知，尽管迈克尔生意失败，但在他找到新的工作后，他一边工作一边学习。八年之后，持之以恒的他获得了机械工程学位。故选D 项，表示“心之所愿，无所不能”。A项意为“重赏之下，必有勇夫”；B项意为“机不可失，时不再来”；C项意为“草是那边绿；这山望着那山高”。

C

(2017·江苏省六市高三联考)HIV is a tricky virus that escapes typical immune responses. During a successful immune system response to a foreign body, white blood cells produce antibodies that target the foreign body. These antibodies then mark the foreign body for destruction by other immune cells. For the most part, HIV escapes these immune defenses, but rare individuals develop antibodies that effectively block the virus. Researchers are now showing that these

antibodies can also act as treatments in other HIV patients.

HIV has several ways of escaping the immune response.

Unlike most viruses, HIV specifically attacks a type of white blood cell that is critical to our immune system. During reproduction, the HIV virus also picks up many new mutations (变异), which often change it enough that any antibodies produced earlier during the infection no longer recognize it.

These rare antibodies can also keep the virus from infecting new cells, which could make them an effective treatment. In animal studies, injection of low concentrations of these antibodies could act as a vaccine (疫苗) and provide protection against infection.Injections can even control active infections when combined with additional antibodies that target other molecules (分子) on the HIV surface. These findings led to humans phase 1 clinical trials to evaluate a specific antibody that targets HIV. This study revealed that a single injection of the antibody typically reduced the presence of HIV in the blood of patients who have viruses that were sensitive to the antibody.

After performing test-tube studies showing the effectiveness of the antibody,

2019届上海市各高中名校高三英语题型分类专题汇编--阅读理解B篇--老师版(带答案已校对珍藏版)

III. Reading Comprehension Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. B Kettlebells do not hurt people. People do. A kettlebell will get your respect – the easy way or the hard way. Here is the easy way. 1. Get a medical clearance. Get clearance, especially from an orthopedist and a cardiologist. The latter is no joking matter, since kettlebell training can be extremely intense. 2. Always be aware of your surroundings. Find a training area with a non-slippery surface on which you are not afraid to drop a kettlebell. The area must be clear of objects you might trip over – including other kettlebells – or that you might hit with a kettlebell. There should be no people or animals in a radius where you could injure them. 3. Train barefoot or wear shoes with a flat, thin sole and room for the toes to spread. Training barefoot is superior for health and performance reasons. If you must wear shoes, wear Converse Chuck Taylors, Vibram Five Fingers, or similar shoes that have thin soles and do not pinch the toes together. You have sensory receptors on the bottoms of your feet that make you stronger and improve balance and coordination. Wearing traditional shoes diminishes the ability of these receptors to work properly, and therefore inhibits performance and can increase the risk of injury. Go native. 4. Never contest for space with a kettlebell. Do not try to save a rep that has gone wrong. Guide the kettlebell to fall harmlessly, and move out of the way if necessary. And remember, quick feet are happy feet. 5. Practice all safety measures at all times. Respect every kettlebell, even the lightest one. Always use perfect form picking up and setting down a kettlebell. The set is not over until the bell is safely parked.

2020学年高考英语复习专题练习：细节理解三(含解析)

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