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A Novel Direct-Drive Dual-Structure Permanent Magnet Mach

ANSYS 2011中国用户大会优秀论文

A Novel Direct-Drive Dual-Structure Permanent Magnet Machine

Shuangxia Niu, S. L. Ho and W. N. Fu

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong By incorporating the merits of fractional-slot concentrated windings and Vernier machine structure, a new multi-pole dual-structure permanent magnet (PM) machine is proposed for low speed, direct-drive applications in this paper. In the outer stator, a fractional-slot concentrated winding is adopted to reduce the slot number and stator yoke height, hence saving space and improving torque density. In the inner stator, a Vernier structure is used to reduce the winding slots, thereby enlarging the slot area to accommodate more conductors, thus the inner stator space is fully utilized. Consequently, the merits of these two structures can be ingeniously integrated into one compact PM machine and the torque density is improved, cogging torque is reduced and the control flexibility with two sets of independent stator windings is increased. By using time-stepping finite element method with curvilinear elements for moving between the stator and the rotor, the steady state and transient performances of the PM machine are simulated and the validity of proposed dual-structure PM machine is verified.

Index Terms—Curvilinear element, dual-structure, finite-element method, fractional-slot concentrated winding, permanent magnetic motor, Vernier structure.

I.I NTRODUCTION

IGH TORQUE, low speed permanent magnet (PM)

machines have a wide range of applications in direct-

drive systems, such as in wind power generation, electric

traction of electric vehicles and robots. In such low speed

direct-drive machines, the pole number of the machine is

usually large. For conventional PM machines with integer slot

windings, high pole number implies high slot number and for

machines with a limited outside diameter, large slot number

will result in low copper fill factor, long slots, narrow tooth

width, and high magnetic flux leakage. In order to avoid such

undesirable effects, fractional-slot concentrated windings are

used [1]. In fractional-slot concentrated windings, each coil is

wound on one tooth and the slot number per pole per phase is

generally less than one. Compared with integer slot windings,

the end winding is shortened and manufacture cost is reduced.

Another method to reduce the slot number and produce high

torque at low speed is to adopt a Vernier machine structure. A

Vernier PM machine with concentrated winding can produce

specific space harmonics in the airgap magnetic field with low

armature pole pairs and slot number [2].

In this paper, the fractional-slot concentrated windings and

Vernier PM machine structure are ingeniously incorporated

into a compact dual-structure PM machine. A time-stepping

finite-element method with curvilinear elements for the

modeling of the rotation movement is developed to simulate

the dynamic operation of the proposed machine.

II.P ROPOSED M ACHINE

A.Machine Structure

The proposed dual-structure PM machine has 11 pole pairs with 24 slots in the outer stator, 1 pole pair with 3 slots in inner stator, 11 pole-pair surface mounted PMs on the inner and outer faces of the rotor, as shown in Fig. 1.

(b)

Fig. 1. Proposed machine. (a) Cross sectional view. (b) Structure.

1)Outer stator

For the outer stator, the fractional-slot concentrated windings are used, and the slot number

N and the pole number p

2 satisfies the following relationship

2±

p(1) In the outer stator, 24

N and 22

p. This combination of slots and poles in the outer stator has the following merits [3]:

(1) The fractional-slot concentrated winding arrangement in the outer stator can shorten the end winding, thus improving the utilization of copper materials, and reducing the copper losses. The efficiency of the machine is increased.

ANSYS 2011中国用户大会优秀论文

(2) Since the outer stator has 24 slots and there are 22 poles in the rotor, the slot pitch is 11/12 pole pitch. As the cogging torque caused by the slotting is approximately related to the inverse of the smallest common multiple of the number of slots and number of pole pairs, this arrangement of fractional number of slots per pole per phase can significantly reduce the cogging torque that usually occurs in PM machines.

(3) The multi-pole structure results in minimum core yoke height and small iron mass. This structure can further save the material costs and increase the torque density of the machine. (4) Since each coil is wound on alternate stator teeth, the phase windings are isolated magnetically and physically. The outer stator adopts modular structure in which only alternate stator teeth carry a wound coil, hence the stator may be assembled from pre-wound tooth/coil or stator segment sub-assemblies. Compared with conventional winding structures, the modular stator structure is more conducive to low-cost, high-volume manufacturing [4]. In addition, since the coil span of the stator windings is designed to have one slot pitch, the phase flux paths are independent of each other. Consequently, the mutual inductance of the phase windings is negligible, hence the controllability of the machine is improved.

2) Inner stator

For the inner stator, a Vernier structure is adopted. The fundamental rule is

p Z Z ±=12 (2) where; 1Z is the flux-modulation poles on the stator surface, also named the stator teeth [2], [5];2Z is the PM pairs and p

is the winding pole pairs. For the inner stator in this proposed dual-structure PM machine, the parameters are 121=Z , 112=Z , and 1=p . Then, based on “magnetic gear effect”, the flux-modulation poles can modulate the low harmonic components of the airgap magnetic field to produce the specific high harmonic component and the armature fundamental field rotates at p Z /2 times of the rotor speed, but in an opposite direction. The advantages of this inner stator structure of PM machine are distinct [2], [5]:

(1) The Vernier machine structure can reduce the slot number and enlarge the slot area, hence more conductors can be accommodated into the inner stator and improved torque density is obtained.

(2) The concentrated winding structure in the inner stator can also simplify the stator structure, and effectively save the inner stator space and further improve the torque density, accordingly.

(3) The modulation poles can modulate the low harmonic components, namely fundamental space harmonics, to produce the high harmonic components, namely the 11th space harmonics, in the airgap magnetic field with low armature pole pairs and slot number. The open-slot structure is also

simpler, compared with multi-pole closed-slot structure. On the whole, the dual-structure machine is a complicated structure and manufacturing cost is higher than that of conventional PM machines.

B. TS-FEM Analysis

Due to its unique structure and operating principle of the proposed dual-structure PM machine, a time-stepping finite-element method (CFT-TS-FEM) is employed for the analysis. Curvilinear elements are used to model the two sliding surfaces in the rotating PM machine. Maxwell’s equations applied to the airgap, iron core, stranded windings and PM regions give rise to the following diffusion equation [6,7]:

()c t

H J A

A ×?+=??+×?×?σ

ν (3) where, ν is the reluctivity of material, A is the magnetic vector potential and σ is the conductivity. J is the winding current density and it only exists in stranded windings; The second term on the right in (3) only exists in PM materials; H c is the coercivity of PM.

Simulating the rotation of the rotor between the two airgaps using matching boundary techniques is very important for the transient magnetic field analysis in the dual-structure machine. Each airgap of the machine is divided into two parts. One belongs to the stator mesh and another belongs to the rotor mesh. Three meshes, associated with one rotor and two stators, are generated separately. When the rotor rotates, the rotor mesh will rotate. The shape of the mesh is kept fixed; only the relations of the nodes on the moving interfaces are changed according to the positions of the rotor. Assuming the nodes on the sliding surface on the rotor mesh are the slave nodes, for example as shown in Fig. 2, the magnetic potentials on the slave nodes can be expressed as:

3322119A N A N A N A ++= 55443310A N A N A N A ++= where N is the shape function of the edge.

Sliding surface

Fig. 2. A straight line sliding surface.

In general, the system equations can be expressed:

[]{}{}P A C =nodes all _ (4)

where; C is the coefficient matrix; A all_nodes is the magnetic potentials on all nodes including master nodes and slave nodes and P is the column matrix associated with excitations. The relationship between the magnetic potentials on all nodes

ANSYS 2011中国用户大会优秀论文

A all_nodes and the magnetic potentials A solve_nodes required to be solved is:

{}[]{}nodes

solve nodes

all __A

M A

= (5)

where M is the transformation matrix. Substituting the above relationship into the system equations gives:

[][]{}{}P A M C =nodes solve _ (6)

Multiplying [M ]T on the two sides of the equations:

[][][]{}[]{}P M A M C M T nodes solve T =_ (7)

The new coefficient matrix [M ]T [C ] [M ] is still symmetrical. With rotation machines, the sliding surface is a circle. At the initial position, the meshes on the two sides of the sliding surface are consistent as illustrated in Fig. 3. However, after the rotor rotates, because the edge of the element is a straight line, the inner surface of the stator mesh and the outside surface of the rotor mesh on the two sides of the sliding surface become inconsistent as illustrated in Fig. 4. In some areas there may be a gap between meshes; in other areas the mesh may overlap. Here curvilinear elements, as shown in Fig. 5, are employed on the two sides of the sliding surface to model the rotation of the dual structure PM machine.

Fig. 5. Isoparametric second-order curvilinear element.

III. A NALYSIS R ESULTS

With curvilinear elements based TS-FEM, the steady and transient performance of the machine is analyzed. Fig. 6 shows a typical magnetic field distribution of the proposed machine on no-load and on full-load. Fig. 7 shows the flux

density waveforms in the inner and outer airgaps. It is shown that the armature field excited by the inner stator winding is effectively modulated by the split poles on the stator teeth. Fig. 8 shows the back emf waveforms induced in the inner and outer stator windings. It is shown that the magnitudes of the induced back emf in both sets of windings are almost the same. Due to the independent connection of the two sets of stator windings, they can be flexibly controlled by external circuits. Fig. 9 shows the transient load torque and the cogging torque waveforms at the rated speed of 270 rpm of the machine. It can be observed that the full load torque ripple is significantly larger than the cogging torque ripple. It is due to the fact that the harmonic torque, which is mainly caused by phase commutation during brushless DC operation and the high-order harmonic component in the full-load current, dominates the torque ripple. Meanwhile, the cogging torque is very small, namely only 1.3 % of the full load torque, which is actually governed by the inverse of the smallest common multiple of the numbers of slots and pole pairs. With this unique structure, the torque density can reach 50 kNm/m 3. The design data are shown in Table. I. Finally, the transient response of the eddy-current loss and phase current in the PMs during the commutation period are analyzed as shown in Fig. 10. It can be seen that the eddy-current loss increases drastically within the commutation time, which is actually due to a sudden large change in the armature current field during commutation.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 6. Magnetic field distribution. (a) No load. (b) Full load.

ANSYS 2011中国用户大会优秀论文

(a)

(b)

Fig. 7. Flux density in the airgap. (a) In the outer airgap. (b) In the inner

airgap.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 8. Back-EMF waveforms. (a) In the outer stator windings. (b) In the inner stator windings.

T o r q u e (N m )

(a)

(b)

Fig. 9. Torque waveforms. (a) Transient load torque. (b) Cogging torque. (can you show the cogging torque after removing the harmonic torque in (b)?) I believe Fig. 9 (b) shows cogging torque only. –WN Fu.

IV. C ONCLUSION

In this paper, a new multi-pole dual-structure PM machine is proposed for low speed, direct-drive applications. The merits of fractional-slot concentrated winding arrangements in the outer stator and the Vernier machine structure in the inner stator are incorporated in one compact PM machine. The torque density is improved, cogging torque is reduced, and the efficiency of the machine is increased. In this dual-structure machine, the inner and outer stator windings can either be used simultaneously or operated independently and fault tolerance capability is improved. By using time-stepping FEM with curvilinear elements for modeling the rotor rotation, the steady state and transient performance of the PM machine are simulated and the validity of proposed dual-structure PM

machine is verified.

(a)

0.160.20

0102030405060E d d y -c u r r e n t l o s s (W )

Time (s)

(b)

Fig. 10. Transient current and eddy-current loss response in PMs during commutation. (a) Phase current. (b) Eddy-current losses.

TABLE I

M ACHINE P ARAMETERS

Item

Proposed dual-structure

PM machine

Rated phase voltage (V) 220 V Rated speed 270 rpm

ANSYS 2011中国用户大会优秀论文 Rated torque 115 Nm

Number of phase 3

Pole number 22

Inner stator slot number 3

Inner stator teeth 12

Outer stator slot number 24

Stack length 50 mm

Inner air-gap length 0.6 mm

Outer air-gap length 0.6 mm

Inner stator inner diameter 92 mm

Inner stator outer diameter 165 mm

Outer stator inner diameter 191 mm

Outer stator outer diameter 245 mm

Number of turns per coil in outer stator 10

Number of turns per coil in inner stator 30

PM material Sintered NdFeB

R EFERENCES

[1]S. Niu, K.T. Chau, and C. Yu, “Quantitative comparison of double-stator

and traditional permanent magnet brushless machines,” Journal of

Applied Physics, vol. 105, no. 7, pp. 07F105-07F105-3, 2009.

[2] A. Toba and T.A. Lipo, “Novel dual-excitation permanent magnet

vernier machine, ” IEEE Industry Application Conference, vol. 4, pp.

2539-2544, 1999.

[3]S. Niu, K.T. Chau and J.Z. Jiang, “Analysis of eddy-current loss in a

double-stator cup-rotor PM machine,” IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 44, no.

11, pp. 4401-4404, Nov. 2008.

[4]J. D. Ede, K. Atallah, J. Wang, and D. Howe, “Modular fault-tolerant

permanent magnet brushless machines,” Internatinal Conference on

Power Electronics, Machines and Drives, Bath, U.K., pp. 415–420,

2002.

[5] A. Toba, and T.A. Lipo, “Generic torque-maximizing design

methodology of surface permanent-magnet vernier machine,” IEEE

Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1539-1546, Nov. 2000.

[6]W. N. Fu and S. L. Ho, “Enhanced nonlinear algorithm for the transient

analysis of magnetic field and electric circuit coupled problems,” IEEE

Trans. Magn., vol.45, no.2, Feb. 2009, pp.701-706.

[7]W.N. Fu and S.L. Ho, “Elimination of nonphysical solutions and

implementation of adaptive step size algorithm in time-stepping finite

element method for magnetic field-circuit-motion coupled problems,”

IEEE Trans. Magn., to appear.

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农业技术人员教授级高级兽医师高级兽医师兽医师助理兽医师、兽医技术员教授级高级畜牧师高级畜牧师畜牧师助理畜牧师、畜牧技术员卫生技术人员主任医师副主任医师主治（主管）医师医师、医士主任药师副主任药师主管药师药师、药士主任护师副主任护师主管护师护师、护士主任技师副主任技师主管技师技师、技士经济专业人员教授级高级经济师高级经济师经济师助理经济师、经济员会计专业人员教授级高级会计师高级会计师会计师助理会计师、会计员审计专业人员教授级高级审计师高级审计师审计师助理审计师、审计员统计专业人员教授级高级统计师高级统计师统计师助理统计师、统计员新闻专业人员高级记者主任记者记者助理记者高级编辑主任编辑编辑(X)助理编辑(X) 出版专业人员编审副编审编辑(C)助理编辑(C) 技术编辑助理技术编辑、技术设计员一级校对二级校对、三级校对图书资料专业人员研究馆员 (T) 副研究馆员(T) 馆员(T) 助理馆员、管理员(T) 文物博物专业人员研究馆员 (W) 副研究馆员(W) 馆员(W) 助理馆员、管理员(W)

专业技术职称等级分类

我国专业技术职称系列级别名称序号系列级别名称高级中级初级正高级副高级助理级员级 1 高级教师教授副教授讲师助教 2 自然科学研究研究员副研究员助理研究员研究实习员 3 社会科学研究研究员副研究员助理研究员研究实习员 4 卫生技术主任医师主任药师主任护师主任技师副主任医师副主任药师副主任护师副主任技师主治医师主管药师主管护师主管技师医师药师护师技师医士药士护士技士 5 农业技术研究员高级农艺师高级畜牧师高级兽医师农艺师畜牧师兽医师助理农艺师助理畜牧师助理兽医师技术员 6 工程技术高级工程师 (正高级) 高级工程师工程师助理工程师技术员 7 经济高级经济师经济师助理经济师经济员 8 会计审计高级会计师高级审计师会计师审计师助理会计师助理审计师会计员审计员 9 统计高级统计师统计师助理统计师统计员 10 中专教师高级讲师讲师助理讲师教员 11 技校教师高级讲师高级实习指导教师讲师一级实习指导教师助理讲师二级实习指导教师教员三级实习指导教师 12 中学教师中学高级教师中学一级教师中学二级教师中学三级教师 13 小学教师小学高级教师小学一级教师小学二级教师小学三级教师 14 档案研究馆员副研究馆员馆员助理馆员管理员 15 文物博物群众文化研究馆员副研究馆员馆员助理馆员管理员 16 图书资料研究馆员副研究馆员馆员助理馆员管理员 17 翻译译审副译审翻译助理翻译 18 律师一级律师二级律师三级律师四级律师律师助理 19 公证员一级公证员二级公证员三级公证员四级公证员公证员助理 20 新闻高级记者高级编辑主任记者主任编辑记者编辑助理记者助理编辑 21 播音播音指导主任播音员一级播音员二级播音员三级播音员 22 出版编审副编审编辑技术编辑一级校对助理编辑技术助理编辑二级校对技术设计员三级校对 23 体育教练国家级教练高级教练一级教练二级教练三级教练 24 船舶高级船长高级轮机长高级电机员高级机务员船长大副大管轮电机员等二副二管轮二级电机员等三副三管轮等 25 艺术一级演员等二级演员主任舞台技师三级演员舞台技师等四级演员舞台技术员等 26 工艺美术高级工艺美术师工艺美术师助理工艺美术师工艺美术员 27 试验高级试验师试验师助理试验师试验员 28 海关高级关务监督关务监督助理关务监督关务员 29 飞行一级飞行员二级飞行员三级飞行员四级飞行员

各系列专业技术职称一览表73628

各系列专业技术职称一览表序号系列专业技术职务高级中级初级正高级副高级助理级员级 1高等学校教师教授副教授讲师助教 2中等专业学校教师高级讲师讲师助理讲师教员 3中小学（幼儿园）教师中学高级教师中学一级教师中学二级教师中学三级教师小学中的中学高级教师小学高级教师小学一级教师小学二级教师小学三级教师幼儿园高级教师幼儿园一级教师幼儿园二级教师幼儿园三级教师 4技工学校教师高级讲师讲师助理讲师教员高级实习指导教师一级实习指导教师二级实习指导教师三级实习指导教师 5自然科学研究人员研究员副研究员助理研究员研究实习员 6社会科学研究人员研究员副研究员助理研究员研究实习员 7实验人员高级实验师实验师助理实验师实验员 8工程技术人员教授级高级工程师高级工程师工程师助理工程师技术员高级建筑师建筑师助理建筑师技术员高级城市规划师城市规划师助理城市规划师技术员 9经济专业人员高级经济师经济师助理经济师经济员高级农业经济师农业经济师助理农业经济师农业经济员 1 0卫生技术人员主任医师副主任医师主治医师医师医士主任药师副主任药师主管药师药师药士主任护师副主任护师主管护师护师护士主任技师副主任技师主管技师技师技士附件4

2 3律师专业人员一级律师二级律师三级律师四级律师律师助理 2 4公证专业人员一级公证员二级公证员三级公证员四级公证员公证员助理 2 5群众文化系统研究馆员副研究馆员馆员助理馆员管理员 2 6 职工教育系统高级讲师讲师助理讲师教员 2 7党校系统教授副教授讲师助理讲师教员高级讲师讲师助理讲师教员 2 8档案系列研究馆员副研究馆员馆员助理馆员管理员 2 9文学创作系列文学创作一级文学创作二级文学创作三级文学创作四级

各专业技术职称等级表

专业技术职称等级表系列高级中级初级正高级副高级高等学校教师教授副教授讲师助理讲师中等专业学校教师高级讲师讲师助理讲师、教员技工学校教师高级讲师讲师助理讲师、教员高级实习指导教师一级实习指导教师二级实习指导教师、三级实习指导教师中学教师中学高级教师中学一级教师中学二级教师、中学三级教师小学（幼儿园）教师小学高级教师小学一级教师、小学二级教师、小学三级教师幼儿园高级教师幼儿园一级教师、幼儿园二级教师、幼儿园三级教师自然科学研究人员研究员(Z) 副研究员 (Z) 助理研究员(Z) 研究实习员(Z) 社会科学研究人员研究员(S) 副研究员 (S) 助理研究员(S) 研究实习员(S) 工程技术人员教授级高级工程师高级工程师工程师助理工程师、技术员实验技术人员教授级高级实验师高级实验师实验师助理实验师、实验员

农业技术人员教授级高级农艺师高级农艺师农艺师助理农艺师、农业技术员教授级高级兽医师高级兽医师兽医师助理兽医师、兽医技术员教授级高级畜牧师高级畜牧师畜牧师助理畜牧师、畜牧技术员卫生技术人员主任医师副主任医师主治（主管）医师医师、医士主任药师副主任药师主管药师药师、药士主任护师副主任护师主管护师护师、护士主任技师副主任技师主管技师技师、技士经济专业人员教授级高级经济师高级经济师经济师助理经济师、经济员会计专业人员教授级高级会计师高级会计师会计师助理会计师、会计员审计专业人员教授级高级审计师高级审计师审计师助理审计师、审计员统计专业人员教授级高级统计师高级统计师统计师助理统计师、统计员