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Eliminating Traces of Spoken Language Production in Automatic Dialogue Interpreting

Juli1997

Birte Schmitz

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Technische Universit¨a t Berlin

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e-mail:birte@cs.tu-berlin.de Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im Rahmen des V erbundvorhabens V erbmobil vom Bundesmi-nisterium f¨u r Bildung,Wissenschaft,Forschung und Technologie(BMBF)unter dem F¨o rder-kennzeichen01IV701P9gef¨o rdert.Die V erantwortung f¨u r den Inhalt dieser Arbeit liegt bei dem Autor.

ISSN0949-6084

Eliminating Traces of Spoken Language Production in

Automatic Dialogue Interpreting

Birte Schmitz

Technische Universit¨a t Berlin,Projekt KIT-VM11,Franklinstr.28/29,D-10587Berlin,Germany

e-mail:birte@cs.tu-berlin.de

Abstract.This paper focuses on a particular problem of Automatic Dialogue Interpret-

ing.As the input is unplanned spoken language,it contains certain traces of the effort to

formulate the utterances(such as false starts,?lled pauses,self-repairs or repetitions).

In an adequate translation,these traces are obviously to be eliminated.I introduce a

pragmatic-based approach to Automatic Dialogue Interpreting that handles these traces

adequately.This approach is characterized by the fact that dialogue acts representing

both the propositional content and the communicative intention of an utterance are used

as a translation invariant.

1Introduction

Dialogue Interpreting is characterized by the fact that the input is unplanned spoken language produced in a dialogue.This kind of input differs considerably from planned written texts: In a dialogue situation a speaker holding the turn is obliged to produce her utterances under pressure of time–otherwise she will loose the turn.While she produces the turn,the hearer receives and interpretes it–these processes take place nearly simultaneously.This implies for the speaker that there is no way of correcting the output before the hearer receives it.In addi-tion to repairs,all kinds of traces of the effort to formulate the utterances are witnessed by the hearer.These traces include typical dis?uencies like false starts,?lled pauses,repetitions of syllables,words or phrases,corrections,and other kinds of reformulations as well as markers which the speaker uses to relate to problems in formulating his contribution.

In order to produce an adequate translation of unplanned spoken language these traces are to be eliminated in the translation process.This,at least,is expected from a human interpreter, as[Keith84,p.309]points out:

...many writers on practical aspects of interpreting have...pointed to the fact that, as a result of its oral representation,the text the interpreter is faced with often displays structural faults and inadequacies which force him to modify and reorganise it in order for the text to attain optimum coherence and ef?ciency(in the text-linguistic sense of these terms).

This should be expected from a machine as well,as a cohesive and coherent discourse is a fundamental prerequisite for successful communication.Rendering the traces of spoken lan-guage production is problematic:As these traces usually do not provide propositional aspects of information they cannot easily be translated with semantic-based methods.If you decide to translate them anyway,you will gain as a result a discourse that is hardly understandable at all, as example(1),a turn taken from an appointment-scheduling dialogue,demonstrates.In the preceeding discourse the topic was introduced,namely?nding a date for a?ve-day meeting in Hamburg.In the last turn Speaker A gave the information that it is dif?cult for him to?nd a suitable date and that January is not possible for him at all.The following turn by Speaker B can be interpreted as an answer to this:

(1)¨a h das w¨a r’auch bei mir sehr schlecht,¨a h ich?nd’im Februar auch ganz schlecht

um that would also be very bad with me um I?nd February totally bad as well

also/-doch,Februar,¨a h vom zwanzigsten bis vierundzwanzigsten

so but February um from the20th to the24th

Februar w¨u rd’es gehen.¨a h im Januar geht’s bei mir auch nicht,

of February it would be possible um in January it is not possible for me too

aber+/am/+im Februar,am zwanzigsten bis vierundzwanzigsten Februar.

but in February20th to24th of February

A much more adequate translation is the following:

(2)January does also not suit me,but what about the20th to24th of February?

In this paper I develop a framework which allows the automatic derivation of such a transla-tion.The prerequisite for this is a pragmatic-based approach to Automatic Dialogue Interpret-ing.The underlying ideas stem for experiences within the project V erbmobil[Wahlster93].

This paper is structured as follows.First,I distinguish three different types of traces of spoken language production and discuss for each type whether it is more adequate to render or to eliminate it in the translation.I then describe the pragmatic-based approach to Automatic Dialogue Interpreting,which is characterized by the fact that the translation process is based on dialogue acts.Next,I show for the different types of traces how they can be reduced or elmininated within the pragmatic-based approach.Finally,I summarize the main advantages of this approach and refer to further applications of its main ideas.

2Types of Traces of Spoken Language Production

There are different types of traces of spoken language production,each requiring a different treatment in the translation process.Following[G¨u lich,Kotschi95],I distinguish verbaliza-tion procedures,quali?cation procedures,and treatment procedures.

Verbalization procedures are marked by all kinds of“phenomena of performance”such as hesitation phenomena,?lled and un?lled pauses,false and fresh starts and phenomena that can be interpreted as self-repairs.

Which of these markers should be eliminated in the translation?It is obviously not ade-quate to translate self-repairs into the target language.According to[Levelt83,p.44]a self-repair typically consists of three parts:the original utterance,which contains the trouble spot, the editing part,i.e.a period of hesitation,possibly containing an editing term such as‘uh’,‘well’,and the repair.In order to eliminate a self-repair,the trouble spot in the original utter-ance has to be replaced by the repair.False and fresh starts are special types of self-repairs; false starts should be removed in the translation.Note that self-repairs can refer to morpholog-ical,syntactic or semantic aspects of single words or phrases.All self-repairs marking verbal-ization procedures are characterized by the fact that they are performed within one utterance.

Filled and un?lled Pauses serve at least two purposes in the discourse:On the one hand they express a hesitation(such as the occurrences of‘¨a h’in(1)),on the other hand they are used to structure the discourse.Insofar as discourse-structuring pauses are used when seg-menting the input,they can be regarded as contributing to the translation.Hesitation-marking pauses,however,should not be rendered in the target language.

Quali?cation Procedures are signalled by all utterances the speaker produces to relate to cer-tain problems that she encounters while formulating her contribution.Examples are utterances such as‘I don’t know’,‘this is dif?cult’or‘just let me see’.[G¨u lich,Kotschi95,p.35]charac-terize these procedures as“explicit manifestations of a speaker’s constant cognitive monitoring of his/her discourse production.”

What happens with these markers in the translation process?At least in German and in English this type of procedure is typically expressed by routine formulae–linguistic patterns which are tied to certain recurrent social situations.An important aspect of routine formulae is presented by the fact that usually their“literal”(https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0a15518734.html,positionally built up)meaning is not their intended meaning in an utterance.Therefore their translation cannot be produced com-positionally,but should instead be constructed on the basis of their function in the discourse. For example,in German appointment-scheduling dialogues many utterances are introduced by phrases like‘ich w¨u rde sagen’(I would say),‘ich mu?sagen’(I must say),‘ich wollte fragen’(I wanted to ask);these phrases do not contribute to the meaning of the utterance,but are rather used to give the speaker planning time and to make the output appear more?uent.Their literal translations does generally not ful?ll the same function.

Treatment procedures According to[G¨u lich,Kotschi95,p.34]“it is characteristic of them (these phenomena,B.S.)that they refer to a preceding segment by means of a new utterance, which somehow changes,modi?es,reformulates or expands the earlier utterance.In other words,the speaker performs some kind of treatment on an utterance which has already been produced.”

In the V erbmobil corpus,reformulating treatment procedures are mainly expressed by rep-etitions,corrections and speci?cations.Whether they should be reduced in the translation or not depends on their discourse function.Only if they are not intended as a support for the hearer in deriving the originally intended interpretation,they should be reduced.In this case they only mark the speaker’s effort to produce the utterance–the translation is much more coherent without them.For repetitions this is illustrated in(1).

A correction signalling a treatment procedure differs from a self-repair signalling a verbal-ization procedure with respect to the repaired unit.Treatment procedures refer to a complete utterance that has already been produced.In the repairing utterance either its propositional content or its communicative intention is corrected.An examples is given in(1),where the speaker?rst rejects February as a suitable date and then corrects herself by suggesting a cer-tain date in February.As this correction does not provide any information for the hearer,it should be eliminated in the translation.

Are speci?cations to be reduced too?An example for a speci?cation is given in(1).The speaker?rst suggests February,and in the following utterance he speci?es his suggestion to the 20th to24th of February.In the translation it suf?ces to render the most speci?c date proposed.

In the following section I introduce an approach to Automatic Dialogue Interpreting that makes it possible to eliminate the traces of spoken language production discussed above.

3A Pragmatic-Based Approach to Automatic Dialog Interpreting

An approach that handles traces of spoken language production adequately has to ful?ll certain requirements with respect to the representation of utterances and turns:

–The representation of utterances should abstract away from traces signalling verbalization procedures;

–The representation of utterances should contain information about discourse functions of particular words,phrases or the whole utterance.This is required in order to adequately translate markers signalling quali?cation procedures.

–In order to eliminate a repetition,speci?cation or correction of an utterance,these phe-nomena must be automatically recognized in the turn representation.Therefore the repre-sentation of turns should consist of a list of representations of utterances.A speci?cation can be only recognized on the basis of a subsumption hierarchy which makes it possible to compare two concepts with respect to their speci?city.

These demands are met by a pragmatic-based approach to Automatic Dialogue Interpreting [Schmitz,Quantz95](see also[Morimoto et al.92],[Levin et al.95]).In this approach trans-lation is based on dialogue acts.Dialogue acts are abstract types of information that represent both the propositional content and the communicative intention(or illocution)of an utterance. In V erbmobil we are currently using a set of40dialogue acts[Jekat et al.95]which proved to be relevant in the scenario of appointment-scheduling dialogues.Typical examples are di-alogue acts like Greet(‘hello’),Accept Support

Reason(‘I’ll be on a conference then’). Some dialogue acts,such as greeting or thanking someone,are purely illocutional.Oth-ers either contain certain aspects of propositional information such as the information that the topic of a sentence is a date(as in Accept

Support Reason).

The basic idea of the pragmatic-based approach is to use dialogue acts as a translation in-variant:They function as a target representation of the analysis process and as a source rep-resentation for the generation process.Note that this approach is not neccessarly an inter-lingual one,as the propositional content of the utterance represented in the dialogue act can

be rendered into the target language using a traditional transfer approach.In Table1the re-sults of a pragmatic-based approach are compared to a more“literal”or semantic-based ap-proach of a turn taken from the V erbmobil data.In this example,with the exception of Clar-ify State refers to an informing dialogue act;its representation contains a proposition(“the time period we are talking about is from the21st until the25th of August.”)The translation produced by an pragmatic-based approach is much easier understood,since the discourse is more coherent. Note that there might be a chance to understand the intended interpretation of the semantic-based translation,if it is read with correct prosodic marking.Produced by a state of the art speech-synthesis system without the intended prosodic marking,it will most probably be not understandable at all.

Certain utterances,which are analysed as being traces of spoken language production,are not rendered into the target language:Accept

Acknowledgement occurs within the turn(not at the beginning or end of it).In this context it can be left out in the translation.(In a more interactive kind of conversation some kind of Feedback

Acknowledgement clearly has to be translated.)

SL Utterance Dialogue Act TL Utterance

Feedback

das ist ja wunderbar,da?wir uns so

schnell einigen konnten,

Date

also da hab’ich auch Zeit.Accept

State that is from the21st of August

until Friday the25th,

dann sehen wir uns doch da,Con?rm see you then,

gut.Feedback

Semantic-based Translation

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0a15518734.html,parison of a pragmatic-based and a semantic-based translation

In the following section I demonstrate how this pragmatic-based approach can handle each type of trace of spoken language production adequately.

4Eliminating Traces of Spoken Language Production

4.1Markers Signalling Verbalization Procedures

It is an advantage of the pragmatic-based approach that it uses dialogue acts as a representation of utterances,and that these dialogue acts abstract away form all kinds of markers signalling verbalization procedures:Since translation is based on the dialogue-act representation of ut-terances,the elimination of markers signalling verbalization procedures in the translation is guaranteed in this approach.

In the pragmatic-based approach these markers have to be eliminated in the analysis pro-cess,when for each utterance a dialogue-act representation is built up.Most of the hesitation phenomena(i.e?lled and un?lled pauses)can already be reduced in the process of speech recognition.There also exist approaches dealing with self-repairs.In[Heeman,Allen94]the authors present a method to automatically recognize and correct certain self-repairs(false starts are not dealt with),which does not rely on any syntactic or semantic pre-proccesing besides a part-of-speech tagger.Their algorithm is based on the recognition of certain repair patterns which consist of words,substitutions of words,repair markers,and word fragments. Their results are rather promising:they can recognize and correct80%of the repairs they are dealing with.

4.2Markers Signalling Quali?cation Procedures

As I argued above,formulae indicating quali?cation procedures should be translated according to their function in the discourse.One class of these formulae marks a quali?cation procedure that in V erbmobil is referred to as Deliberation.In performing this dialogue act the speaker shows that she needs some time to plan her further contribution but endeavours not to loose the turn.Typical examples from German V erbmobil dialogues are‘ich sehe gerade’(I just see),‘ich schau’mal nach’(I have a look),or‘wenn ich hier auf meinen Terminplaner schaue’(if I have a look at my diary here).Obviously these expressions cannot be translated composi-tionally into English.If at all,they should be rendered by English phrases expressing a similar discourse function such as‘let’s see’,which frequently occurs in English V erbmobil dialogues, as the following part from a turn(taken from V erbmobil dialogue r342c)demonstrates.

(3)I’m booked¨a hm Monday November the twenty second because I’ve got a class nine to twelve

a meeting one thirty to three and a la

b from three to?ve but let’s see

¨a hm on Thursday the twenty?fth I’m free from twelve to two

In the pragmatic-based approach to automatic dialogue interpreting these phrases are trans-lated adequately:Their translation is based on their function in the discourse,which is ex-pressed by the respective dialogue act.

Other examples for phrases marking quali?cation procedures are‘I’m afraid’or‘I guess’. These phrases do not perform a dialogue act themselves but are part of an utterance performing a dialogue act,as the following examples demonstrate:

(4)well it’s not real good I’m afraid

we should really get together sometime(r365c)

‘I’m afraid’can be interpreted as a marker for the dialogue act Reject

Date. The turn is represented as a list of dialogue acts.If this list contains two successive dialogue acts representing the same information,only one is handed over to the generation component.

In the pragmatic-based approach speci?cations can be reduced,too.In the example in Ta-ble2(taken from V erbmobil dialogue m455d),the speaker makes two proposals in two suc-cessive utterances,with the second proposal being a speci?cation of the?rst one.This can automatically be recognized by comparing the proposed dates.In this example,the dialogue act Give

Pragmatic-based Translation

Support

spec:end of May,begin-

ning of June

da h¨a tt’ich Zeit.Give

Support

spec:29th of May to2nd of June Are you free from the29th of May to2nd of June?

Maybe still at the end of May,the beginning of June,I would have time then,29th of May until the 2nd of June?

SL Utterance Dialogue Act TL Utterance im Dezember geht es bei mir,Suggest Date;

date

Support

spec:from the7th of De-

cember on

nein,oh,Entschuldigung.Repair

Reason

ab dem zehnten¨a h Dezember k¨o nnte ich Suggest Date; date

Semantic-based Translation

Table3.Eliminating corrections

5Conclusion

I argued here that spoken language cannot be handled by traditional Machine Translation ap-proaches,since it is not adequate to translate all kinds of traces of spoken language production.

I therefore proposed an extension to the semantic-based transfer approach,which is character-ized by the fact that translation is not only based on the propositional contents of an utterance but also on its communicative intention or illocution.A further extension is given by the fact that the translation takes contextual information into account:In order to translate an utterance, its role in the turn is investigated.Only if it is regarded as relevant with respect to the intended interpretation of the turn,the utterance is translated.I showed that this is the way to construct an adequate translation,as such a translation enables the target-language hearer to derive the originally intended interpretation.Certain aspects of this approach are already implemented in the V erbmobil system:The dialogue act is provided to the transfer component and can be used to abstract away from traces of spoken language production that occur within an utterance. Currently we are working on the integration of the other,turn-based elimination procedures.

Note that the basic idea of this approach can also be useful for other applications:In an Au-tomatic Dialogue Interpreting situation one of the dialogue partners might ask for a summary of the preceding dialogue or a protocol of the whole dialogue.For this task the elimination of traces of spoken language production is a fundamental prerequisite.

References

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[Heeman,Allen94]P.Heeman,J.Allen,“Detecting and Correcting Speech Repairs”in“32nd Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics”,Las Cruces,New Mexico,1994,295–302 [Herbert52]J.Herbert,Manual de l’interpr`e te,Georg,Gen`e ve

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metschkritik,Gunter Narr Verlag,T¨u bingen,1984,308–317

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