(完整版)独立主格结构

英语中的独立主格结构

独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语构成的一种独立主格成分。With( without) 的复合结构可看作是独立主格结构的一种形式。

一、独立主格结构的特点

1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。

3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.

4）当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词

二、独立主格结构的构成:

名词普通格或代词主格+ 现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。

1．名词（或代词）+ 现在分词

现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。

He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.

Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.

The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.

注意：现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。

The weather（being）fine, we decided to go on an outing.

独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略，

一是在“There being + 名词”结构中，There being no bus, we had to walk home.

二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed.

2．名词（或代词）+ 不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作。

He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food.

Many flowers and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.

3．名词（或代词）+ 过去分词

过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。

The girls lay on her back, her hands crossed under her head.

The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.

He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.

4．名词（或代词）+ 形容词（短语）

形容词（短语）在独立主格结构中说明前面名词或代词的性质、状态

The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while. He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.

5．名词（或代词）+ 副词

副词在独立主格结构中也多是说明名词或代词的状态。

The meeting over, we all went home. School over, we all went home.

6．名词（或代词）+ 介词短语

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. He left the office, tears in eyes.

注意：在“逻辑主语+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构里，当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何修饰成分。但with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：The teacher came in, with a book in his hand.

三、独立主格结构的作用：多用作状语

1.表示时间

His homework done（=After his homework was done），Mary decided to go shopping.

2.表示原因

There being no buses（=Because there were no buses），we had to walk home.

3.表示条件

Weather permitting（=If weather permits），we’ll go to play basketball.

4.表示方式或伴随He sat at the table, head down.

动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，

动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，

动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。

The manager looks worried，many things to be settled.

The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.

The man lay there, his hands trembling.

四、With( without) 的复合结构的构成以及句法功能

（一）、with / without +宾语+宾语补足语构成复合结构的几种情况:

1. with+名词/代词+形容词

He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.

= He doesn’t like to sleep when the window s are open.

注意：在“with+名词/代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing 形式或-ed形式。

With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.

With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.

2. with+名词/代词+副词

The boy was walking, with his father ahead.= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.

3. with+名词/代词+介词短语

He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.

= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.

4. with+名词/代词+动词过去分词

With his homework done, Peter went out to play.

= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.

5. with+名词/代词+现在分词

The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.

= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.

Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.

= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.

6. with+名词/代词+动词不定式

The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.

= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.

（二）、With (without) 的复合结构的句法功能：定语和状语

1. There is a magazine with a modern girl on its cover. (定语)

2. He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.

= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet. (伴随状语)

3 The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.

=The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.（原因状语）

4．With the signal given, the train started.

= After the signal was given, the train started. （时间状语）

五、选择题

1. Everything ___ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.

A. to take

B. taken

C. to be taken

D. taking

2. An expert ___ to help them tomorrow, they are sure to work out the problem.

A. will come B, coming C. to come D. having come

3. The meeting ___ over, he went to pick up his son directly

A. to be

B. is

C. was

D. being

4. --- They sat still in the room, ___. --- Why did they do like that?

A. drawing the curtains

B. with the curtains drawn

C. with the curtains drawing

D. having the curtains drawn

5. The sun ___ , they continued their way.

A. has risen

B. having risen

C. has raised

D. having raised

6. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ___ at the end of last March.

A. has been launched

B. having been launched

C. being launched

D. to be launched

7. Here are two volumes, the third one ____ next month.

A. comes out

B. came out

C. coming out

D. to come out

8. With his son___ , the old man felt unhappy.

A. to disappoint

B. to be disappointing

C. disappointing

D. being disappointed 9．--- Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.

---Sorry. With so much work ___ my mind, I almost break down.

A. filled

B. filling

C. to fill

D. being filled

10．John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work ___ , he gladly accepted it .

A. finished

B. finishing

C. having finished

D. was finished

11. __ , I had to ask for two days’ leave.

A. Mother being ill

B. Mother ill

C. As mother was ill

D. A, B and C

12. With so many books ???___ , I couldn’t go to surf the Internet.

A. to read

B. to be read

C. reading

D. read

13. The thief stood before the policeman ____ admitting what he had done .

A. with his dropping head

B. dropping his head

C. raising his head

D. with his head down

14. Winter ___ , it is time to buy warm clothes .

A .has come on B. is coming on C. coming on D. comes on

15. The old man lay on his back at the corner of the street, his eyes ___ and his hands ___.

A. close, tremble

B. closed, trembling

C. closing, trembling

D. closed, trembled

16. With nothing __ to burn, the fire became weak and finally died out .

A. leaving

B. leave

C. left

D. to leave

17. It was a pity that the great writer died ___ his works unfinished .

A. for

B. with

C. of

D. from

18. I couldn’t do my homework with that noise ___ on.

A. to go

B. went

C. going

D. goes

19. ___ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.

A. Because of

B. With

C. As for

D. Besides

20. Tom came home, ___ .

A. a dog following him

B. a dog followed him

C. being followed him

D. a dog was followed him

独立主格结构——练习

【现学现用】1

1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _________ in a year.

A. follows

B. followed

C. to follow

D. being followed

2. All things _________, I think we ought to give the job to George.

A. considered

B. considering

C. to consider

D. being considered

3. The river _________ in the night, the crossing was impossible.

A. to rise

B. rose

C. having risen

D. being risen

4. More time _________, we should have done the job much better.

A. to give

B. give

C. being given

D. given

5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _________.

A. permits

B. permitting

C. to permit

D. permitted

6. The monitor _________ ill, we’d better put the meeting off.

A. being

B. to be

C. been

D. to have been

7. An important lecture _________ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night.

A. to be

B. being

C. been

D. to have been

8. He was lying on the grass, his hands _________ under his head.

A. to cross

B. crossed

C. crossing

D. to be crossing

9. Tom _________ late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.

A. having been

B. been

C. to be

D. to being

10. Other things _________ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one.

A. being

B. to be

C. been

D. having been

【现学现用】2

1. A new technique _______, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.

A)working out B) having worked out

C) having been worked out D)to have been worked out

2. All things _______, the planned trip will have to be called off.

A) considered B) be considered C) considering D) having considered

3. All flights _______ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.

A) had been canceled B) have been canceled

C) were canceled D) having been canceled

4. So many directors _______, the board meeting had to be put off.

A) were absent B) been absent C) had been absent D) being absent

5. All the tasks _______ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.

A) been fulfilled B) having been fulfilled C) were fulfilled D) had been fulfilled

6. All flights _____ because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train.

A) having been canceled C) having canceled B) had been canceled D) were canceled

7.The speech _______, a lively discussion started.

A) being delivered B) was delivered C) be delivered D) having been delivered

8. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _______ it closely.

A)followed B) following C) to follow D)being following

9. _______, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.

A) Other things being equal C) To be equal to other things

B) Were other things equal D) Other things to be equal

10. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _______ on benches，chairs or boxes.A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having been seated

11. ______ the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn't go on with the experiment.

A) Since B) For C) As D) With

12. ______ in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city.

A) being the fourth biggest city B) It was once the fourth biggest city

C) Once the fourth biggest city D) The fourth biggest city it was

【现学现用】3

1. The meeting____ over, we all left the room.

A. is

B. to be

C. being

D. would be

2. European football is played in 80 countries, it___ the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make

3. ___such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.

A. Having suffered

B. Suffering

C. To suffer

D. Suffered

4. The fish____ bad, the children left much of it .

A. tasted, untouched

B. tasting, untouched

C. tasting, untouching

D. tasted, untouching

5.___ from what you say, he ought to succeed.

A. Judged

B. Judging

C. When you judged

D. Because you judge

6. Everything___ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.

A. to take

B. taken

C. to be taken

D. taking

7.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work ______, we didn’taccept the offer.

A.not being finished

B.not having finished

C.had not been finished

D.was not finished

8.There are various kinds of metals, each ______ its own properties (特性).

A.has

B.had

C.to have

D.having

9.The old man stood under a big tree, ______.

A.a pipe in mouth

B.with a pipe in mouth

C.pipe in mouth

D.pipe in his mouth

10.The production _ steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material. A.has gone up B.is going up C.having gone up D.being gone up 独立主格结构巩固练习1

1. ______ no bus, we had to walk home.

A. There was

B. There being

C. Because there being

D.There were

2. ____, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.

A. Time permits

B. If time permitting

C. Time permitting

D. Time's permitting

3._____, we all went home happily.

A. Goodbye was said

B. Goodbye had been said

C. Goodbye said

D. When goodbye said

4. _____, we all went swimming in high spirits.

A. It being fine weather

B. It fine weather

C. It was fine weather

D. It being a fine weather

5. ____, the bus started at once.

A. The signal was given

B. The signal giving

C. The signal given

D. When the signal given

6. She stood there, _____ from her cheeks.

A.tears' rolling down

B.tears rolled down

C.with tears rolled down

D.tears rolling down

7.____on, the leaves are turning green.

A.When spring coming

B.Spring coming

C.Spring came

D.Spring being come

8. _____, I had to buy a new one.

A. My dictionary losing

B. My dictionary having been lost

C. My dictionary had been lost

D. Because my dictionary lost

9.I used to sleep with the window _____.

A. opened

B. open

C. opening D to open

10. ____, the hunter went into the forest.

A. A gun on shoulder

B. A gun was on his shoulder

C. Gun on shoulder

D. A gun being on shoulder

11. ____ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.

A. As

B. For

C. With

D. Through

12. With a lot of work ____, I have to sit up tonight.

A. do

B. doing

C. done

D. to do

13. He stood there silently, his lips_____.

A. trembling

B. trembled

C. were trembling

D. were trembling

14. _____, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.

A. All things considering

B. All things considered

C. All things were considered

D. With all things were considered

15. ______, we will surely succeed.

A. The teacher helping us

B. The teacher to help us

C. The teacher will help us

D. With the teacher helping

独立主格结构巩固练习2

1.The thief stood before the policeman,____ admitting what he had done.

A.with his drooping head

B.drooping his head

C.raising his head

D.with his head down

2.__________ ,he can't go out for a walk as usual.

A.With so much work to do

B.With so much work doing

C.With so much work done

D.Without so much work to do

3.It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth ______and his eyes _____ .

A.closed;open

B.closed;opened

C.closing;open

D.closing;opening

4.All things __________ ,the plan trip will have to be called off.

A.be considered

B.considered

C.considering

D.having considering

5.__________ ,we have to get down to business right away.

A.As there was no time left

B.There is no time left

C.There being no time left

D.There to be no time left

6.__________ yesterday,we went out for a walk.

A.As a fine day

B.It was a fine day

C.It being a fine day

D.For it was a fine day

7.The old man stood there,__________ .

A.with back against the wall

B.with his back against the wall

C.with back against wall

D.his back against wall

参考答案：BCDBB BDCBA DADCB CBCBA

【现学现用】1【参考答案】1—5 CACDB 6—10 AABAA

【现学现用】2答案：CDBDB AABACDC

【现学现用】3 1.C 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.B 6. 7.A，但是最好是not having been finished 8.D 9.C 10.C

巩固练习1答案：1-5BCCAC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 CDABB

巩固练习2答案: 1—5 DAABC 6—7 CB

独立主格结构

独立主格结构 概念：由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系，与主句不发生句法上的联系。 构成：逻辑主语+逻辑谓语 特点：1. 用逗号与主句分开； 2. 逻辑主语与主句主语不同，单独存在。 位置：句前、句末或句中，位置相当灵活。 注意：独立主格结构与句子之间不能使用任何连接词 句法功能： 1.作时间状语All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open. = After/ when all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open. 2.作条件状语All the work done, you can have a rest. = All the work is done, and you can have a rest. 3.作原因状语The boy leading, we had no trouble finding the strange cave 4.作伴随状语或补充说明I took my ticket, and marched proudly up the platform, with my cheeses, the people filling back respectfully on either side. (Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome) 5.作定语，其功能相对于一个定语从句Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 基本结构： 1. 名词（代词）+现在分词 e.g.: There being no bus, we had to walk home. （由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走路回家。） 2. 名词（代词）+过去分词 e.g.: City born and city bred, I have always regards the country as something you look at through a train window, or something you occasional visit during the week. 3. 名词（代词）+不定式 e.g.: Many trees, flowers, and glass to be planted, out newly-built school will look even more beautiful. （种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。） 4. 名词（代词）+形容词 e.g.: The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse. （特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里面悄悄爬了出来。） 5. 名词（代词）+副词 e.g.: The lights off, we could not go on with the work. （灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。） 6. 名词（代词）+名词 e.g.: His first shot failure, he fired again. （他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。）

独立主格结构的用法

独立主格结构的用法 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式、名词等构成，在句中常作状语。 一、独立主格结构的特点 1、独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子主语不同，它独立存在。 2、名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 3、独立主格结构一般是用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构的构成 1、名词或代词 + 现在分词 The children playing in the room, I couldn’t get down studying. 孩子们在屋里玩，我没法学习。 Mother being ill, I had to stay at home looking after her. 母亲病了，我只好待在家里照顾她。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 2、名词或代词 + 过去分词 Five years later, he returned home, his character greatly changed. 五年后他返回家乡，性格大变了。 They walked along holding hands, their fingers interlocked. 他们手指交错，携手而行。 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 Everything considered, his plan seems better. 从各方面考虑，他的计划似乎好一些。 That done, he put on his sweater and went out. 做完这事他穿上毛衣出去了。 The question settled, they went back to their respective posts. 问题解决了，他们就各自回到了他们的工作岗位。 This done, we went home. 做完这事，我们就回家了。 3、名词或代词 + 不定式 在“名词/代词 + 动词不定式”这类独立主格结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式，如： We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。 He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company. 下个星期他会去参加会议，所有费用归公司出。 Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 学校种上了许多树、花和草，我们新建的学校看起来越来越漂亮了。 4、名词或代词 + 形容词 He entered the room, his face pale. 他走进屋来脸色苍白。

5种基本句型和独立主格结构讲解

英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、句型1：Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3）Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋V erb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例： 1) He took his bag and left.（名词）他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 四、句型4：Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为： 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5：Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词） 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。

独立主格用法详解

一、 独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点： (1)结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 (2)名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 (3)独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、 英语中，的形式是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成。 1.名词/ 代词+ 不定式。如： A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。 Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。 2.名词/ 代词+ -ing分词。如： The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。 Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。 3.名词/ 代词+ 动词的过去分词。如： His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。 4.名词/ 代词+ 形容词。如： The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。 5.名词/ 代词+ 副词。如： The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。 6. Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。 三、 在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随等情况。 1.作时间状语 School over, the students went home. 放学后，学生们都回家了。 The ceremony ended, the games began. 仪式结束后，比赛开始了。 2.作条件状语 It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating. 如果明天天气好的话，我们就去划船。

独立主格with用法小全

独立主格篇 独立主格，首先它是一个“格”，而不是一个“句子”。在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构，而在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。除名词/代词+名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及介词短语外，另有with或without短语可做独立主格，其中with可省略而without不可以。*注：独立主格结构一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 一、独立主格结构： 1. 名词/代词+形容词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 靠近岸时，我看见几汪深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。 2. 名词/代词+现在分词 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.

The question having been settled, we wound up the meeting. 也可以The question settled, we wound up the meeting. 但含义稍有差异。前者强调了动作的先后。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 3. 名词/代词+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. More time given, we should have done the job much better. *当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。 4. 名词/代词+不定式 We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor.

高中英语独立主格结构详细讲解

独立主格 一、独立主格结构的含义和实质 “独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”，是带有自己主语的非谓语动词分句和无动词分句。由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分句，与主句紧密联系在一起，共同表达一个完整的意思，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的基本形式和功能 独立主格结构可以分为两部分：一部分是名词或代词，起逻辑主语的作用；另一部分是非谓语动词分句（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）或无动词分句（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语），表示前面名词或代词的动作或状态。 基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语，with引导的复合结构。 1．名词/代词+ 现在分词 现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。 例The man lay there, his hands trembling. So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep. 注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，这样就成了无动词分句或过去分词分句。 2．名词/代词+过去分词 过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。 例The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面两个句子也可以看成省略掉了having been，being。如果加上，这两个句子就又变成了现在分词分句。 3．名词/代词+不定式 不定式表示的是将来的动作。 例He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. These are the first two books，the third one to come out next month. We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp. 4. 名词/代词+名词 名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。 例Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon. 5．名词/代词+形容词短语 形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。 例The floor wet and slippery, we had to stay outside for a while. I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of sorry. 这两个句子也可以看成是省略了being,如果加上，就变成了现在分词分句。 6．名词/代词+副词 副词说明前面名词或代词的状态。

独立主格结构图表解析

独立主格结构 一、概念 “独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 二、独立主格的特点 特点示例 独立主格结构的逻辑主语语主句的主语不一致，她独立存在。 Leaves falling here and there, I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon. 树叶到处飘，我一下注意到已是深秋了。(独立主格的主语是leaves,主句是 I Time permitting, the restoration work could be done better. 时间允许的话，回复工作可以做得更好。(独立主格的主语是Time,主句是the restoration work 独立主格结构一般置于句首，有时置于句中或句尾，用逗号将与主句其隔开 The plan successfully carried out, everything worked out perfectly. 计划成功地完成了，一切进展顺利。 A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 许多官员跟在皇帝后面，有的拎着皇帝的长袍，其他的则给他整理要带等。

独立主格结构练习题及解析

独立主格结构练习题及解析 1. I have a lot of books, half of ___ novels. A. which B. that C. whom D. them 2. __ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing thedanger of dying out. A. because B. as C. With D. Since 3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of __ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they hadbought there. A. them B. who C. whom D. which 4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silverpennies, all of ___ over 600 years old. A. which B. that C. them

D. it 5. The cave __ very dark, he lit some candles ___ light. A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give 6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand __ a gun and his face ____ with sweat.A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering 7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair ___ . A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze 8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ____ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, ___ parents seated together joking.

独立主格结构+英语句子结构.docx

独立主格结构 独立主格结构（ Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动 词(不定式、动名词和分词 )或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 详细概述 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主 语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing ， 被动用 V-ed 。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的代词又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。独“ 立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、 条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home.开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done , she sat down for a cup of tea.她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 表示条件

The condition being favourable, he may succeed.若条件有利，他或许能成功。 表示原因 There being no taxes, we had to walk.没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 用法 独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语 The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home.工作完成后，我们就回家了。 用作条件状语 Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。

独立主格结构英语句子结构

独立主格结构 独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是或者代词，后一部分是非(不定式、动名词和)或形容词、、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 详细概述 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing，被动用V-ed。 非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。“独立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。 功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如： 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 表示条件 The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 表示原因 There being no taxes, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) 用法 独立主格结构主要表示发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 用作时间状语 The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。

高中英语语法 独立主格结构用法全解(含答案)

独立主格结构 独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 二、独立主格结构基本构成形式 名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语） 1. 名词(代词)+现在分词 Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance． 黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。 There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。 2. 名词(代词)+过去分词 The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。 He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 3. 名词(代词)+不定式 在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。 The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。 Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。 4. 名词(代词)+形容词 Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。 5. 名词(代词)+副词 The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。 The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。 6. 名词(代词)+名词 His first shot failure，he fired again． 他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。 Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。 7. 名词(代词) +介词短语

(完整版)独立主格结构完整讲解

一、独立主格结构的概念 独立主格结构（Absolute Structure ）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立 结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。 需特别注意的是，独 二、独立主格结构基本构成形式 名词（代词）+现在分词；过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语） 1. 名词（代词）+现在分词 例句：The storm drawing near ，the navvy decided to call it a day The storm drawi ng n ear 在句中作：原因状语 =Si nee the storm was draw ing n ear , the n avvy decided to call it a day 由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。（call it a day 今天到此为止） 例句：Win ter comin g, it gets colder and colder. Win ter comi ng 在句中作：伴随状语 =The win ter comes, and it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。 造句：时间允许的话，我就和你一起走。 Time permitti ng, I will go with you. 独立主格作：条件状语 =改写：f time permits, I will go with you. ___________ 造句：那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。 The girl staring at him, he didn ' t know what to say. 独立主格作：时间状语 =改写：As the girl stared at him, he didn ' t know what to say. 2.名词（代词）+过去分词 例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。 例句：The meeti ng gone over, every one tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 造句：工作完成后，他回家了。 The work done, he went back home.

独立主格结构常见类型及其用法.

独立主格结构常见类型及其用法 袁征 独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。 一、独立主格结构的构成形式 1、逻辑主语+V-ing 这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整 句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如： 1.__________no bus, we had to walk home. A.There being B.Being C.Having been D.There was 2._______no bus, we had to walk home. A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was 3._______Sunday, the library doesn't open. A.Being B.There being C.It being D.Having been 4.______Sunday, the library doesn't open. A.As it being B.Being C.It is D.As it is 2、逻辑主语+V-ed 该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。如： 1._________, the train started. A.The signal given B.Giving the signal B.The signal being given D.The signal giving 2.__________, the train started. A.After having given the signal B.After the signal given C.Giving the signal D.After the signal was given 3._________, the text became easier for us to learn. A.Explaining new words B.New words explained C.Being explained new words D.Having explained new words 4.______________, the text became easier for us to learn. A. When new words were explained B.Explaining new words B.New words explaining D.Being explained new words 3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词） 该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构。如： 1.___________, the patient can leave the hospital. A.Better conditions B.Conditions better C.Conditions are better D.Being better conditions 2._________, the patient can leave the hospital. A.If better conditions B.If conditions better C.If conditions are better D.Being better conditions 3.________, we’d like to go outing. A.Being Sunday B.Sunday OK C.Sunday is OK D.If Sunday OK 4.___________, we’d like to go outing. A.If Sunday is OK B.Sunday being OK C.Sunday OK D.A,B and C 5._________, you can wait a while.

5种基本句型和独立主格结构讲解

一、句型1： Subject (主语) ＋ Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen 等。如： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 3）Spring is coming. 4) We have lived in the city for ten years. 二、句型2：Subject (主语) ＋ Link. V(系动词) ＋ Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如： 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如： 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。 三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋ Verb (谓语) ＋ Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例： 1) He took his bag and left.（名词）他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。 四、句型4： Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋ Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如： 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为： 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. 五、句型5： Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词）