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人体血液中210Po浓度

Polonium 210Po activities in human blood of patients

with ischaemic heart disease from Gdan

′sk in Poland Alicja Bory?o ?Bogdan Skwarzec ?

Grzegorz Roman

′czyk ?Janusz Siebert Received:22March 2013/Published online:2August 2013

óThe Author(s)2013.This article is published with open access at https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0f16752166.html,

Abstract The determination of polonium 210Po in human blood samples is presented and discussed in this paper.The human blood samples were collected from patients of

Medical University of Gdan

′sk with ischaemic heart disease (morbus ischaemicus cordis ,MIC ).The polonium con-centrations in analyzed human blood samples are very differentiated.210Po is of particular interest in public health and although is present in the environment in extremely low amounts,it is easily bioaccumulated to the human body.The study shows that the amount of 210Po that is incorporated into the human body depends on the food habits and some difference in its levels could be observed between smokers and non-smokers.

Keywords Polonium á210Po áConcentration áHuman blood samples áIschaemic heart disease áIHD áCigarettes smoking áFish consumption

Introduction

Ischaemic or ischemic heart disease (IHD),or myocardial ischaemia,is a disease characterized by ischaemia (reduced blood supply)of the heart muscle,usually due to coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries).Its risk increases with age,smoking,hypercholesterolaemia (high cholesterol levels),diabetes,and hypertension (high

blood pressure),and is more common in men and those who

have close relatives with ischaemic heart disease.It is the most common cause of death in most industrialized coun-tries,and a major cause of hospital admissions [1].There is limited evidence for population screening,but prevention (with a healthy diet and sometimes medication for diabetes,cholesterol and high blood pressure)is used both to prevent IHD and to decrease the risk of complications.

Blood is a specialized bodily ?uid in animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.In vertebrates,it is composed of blood cells suspended in a liquid called blood plasma.Plasma,which constitutes 55%of blood ?uid,is mostly water (92%by volume),and contains dissipated proteins,glucose,mineral ions,hormones,carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transporta-tion),and blood cells themselves.Albumin is the main protein in plasma,and it functions to regulate the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood.The blood cells are mainly red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes)and white blood cells,including leukocytes and platelets.The most abundant cells in vertebrate blood are red blood cells.These contain hemoglobin,an iron-containing protein,which facilitates transportation of oxygen by reversibly binding to this respiratory gas and greatly increasing its solubility in blood.In contrast,carbon dioxide is almost entirely transported extracellularly dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ion [1].

The natural radionuclide 210Po is daughter of 238U decay series.210Po is radionuclide with half-lives of 138.38days.Polonium is one of the most radiotoxic natural radioactive isotopes to man due to its high speci?c activity and its emission of high-LET alpha radiation.Less than 0.05l g of the radionuclide is considered a lethal dose (LD 50/30).This

A.Bory?o (&)á

B.Skwarzec áG.Roman

′czyk Faculty of Chemistry,University of Gdan

′sk,Sobieskiego 18/19,80-952Gdan ′sk,Poland

e-mail:aborylo@chem.univ.gda.pl

J.Siebert

Department of Family Medicine,Medical University of Gdan

′sk,Sk?odowskiej-Curie 3a,80-210Gdan

′sk,Poland J Radioanal Nucl Chem (2013)298:1685–1691DOI 10.1007/s10967-013-2670-0

isotope was used to kill the Russian agent Andrei Lit-vinenko in2006,by putting about10l g of210Po in his tea [2,3].The210Po is found in varying concentration in soil, sand,sediment and naturally occurring water.This radio-nuclide constitutes an important component of the natural background radiation and contributes signi?cantly to the radiation dose of the population[4].The main source of 210Po in the atmosphere is222Rn emanation from the ground.210Po returns to the earth as dry fallout or is washed out in rain.Other sources include burning of fossil fuels and tetraethyl lead in petrol,superphosphate fertiliz-ers,the sintering of ores in steelworks,the burning of coal in coal-?red power plants[5,6].210Po is highly toxic and its presence in soils may be traced to the decay of radio-nuclides of the238U chain in the soil[7].Man is exposed to radioactive210Po by natural processes,mainly from the oral intake of foodstuff.Especially large amounts of polonium are taken in during cigarette smoking as well as food of marine products[8–12].Most of the polonium entering the body orally reaches the gastrointestinal(GI) tract and is eliminated via excreta.The estimated contri-bution made by210Po to the total annual background effective dose is120l Sv[13];which is about5%of the total estimated average global background to humans[3].

The aim of this study was to establish the polonium 210Po concentrations in blood samples.The tested group constituted patients from Medical University of Gdan′sk. Ischaemic heart disease patients do not constitute a high-risk group as far as the concentration of210Po in blood is concerned.However,in the treatment of this disease is recommended a diet rich in?sh.Eating?sh is a factor that according to many researchers affects the amount of this radionuclide in the human body.In many cases the reason of IHD is cigarette smoking.The questions about smoking and frequency of?sh eating were included in our ques-tionnaire for the patients.Thus,the content of210Po in the body of the patients were examined and linked to the above mentioned factors.This is very important because human biomonitoring of210Po has been conducted for a long time, but it is still not fully known and understood.

Materials and methods

The human blood samples about volume10ml were col-lected from43patients(8women and35men)with ischaemic heart disease,IHD(morbus ischaemicus cordis, MIC)from Medical University of Gdan′sk.The reason for choosing this particular group was purely accidental.Age of patients ranged from45to78years,body weight between55and110kg,and the height of155to185cm. Research conduted by the Medical University of Gdan′sk were part of a program entitled‘‘The role of cytokines in the in?ammatory process caused by coronary heart disease causing agents in patients with ischaemic heart disease’’. The research was approved by the Independent Bioethics Committee for Scienti?c Research of the Medical Uni-versity of Gdan′sk.

Before radiochemical analysis,to each sample was added about8mBq of209Po as yield tracer.The human blood samples were mineralized using of concentrated acids HNO3.After evaporation,the dry residue was dis-solved in10ml0.5M HCl and,after the addition of ascorbic acid to reduce Fe3?,the solution was transffered to Te?on(PTEE)vessels equipped with a silver sheet bottom.Polonium was autodeposited at90°C for4h[14–16].The activities of210Po were measured using alpha spectrometer(Alpha Analyst S470)equipped in a surface barrier PIPS detector with an active surface of 300–450mm2placed in a vacuum chamber connected to a 1,024multichannel analyzer(Canberra-Packard,USA). Detectors higher counting ef?ciency ranged from0.30to 0.40.Minimum Detectable Activity(MDA)measurement of210Po was calculated as0.1mBq.Polonium preparates were measured for2days and210Po activity was calculated at the time of its electrodeposition on silver discs.Time between collection blood samples and their radiochemical analysis was between23and126days.The polonium recoveries in analyzed samples ranged between58and 98%.The results of210Po concentrations in analyzed samples are given with standard deviation(SD)calculated for a95%con?dence interval(±2r).The concentrations of210Po in the IAEA-300,IAEA-327,384,385and IAEA-326,414samples were consistent with the reference values reported by the IAEA.The accuracy of the analytical method and measure of precision was estimated to be below2.4and3%,respectively.The content of210Po activities in the total volume of blood in the patients has estimated on the basis[17]:

for men:V?0:3669?G3t0:03219?Wt0:6041

for women:V?0:3561?G3t0:03308?Wt0:1833 where G is the growth(m),W is the weight(kg),V is the total volume of blood

Results

The results of210Po concentrations in analyzed human blood samples are presented in Table1.210Po concentration in the analyzed samples ranged between32±3mBq dm-3and 558±47mBq dm-3.In the total blood volume of analyzed patients the content of210Po lies between wide range from 140±14mBq to3,072±270mBq(Table1).Two values of the obtained results indicate the maximum concentration

of the analyzed210Po(495±44mBqádm-3and558±47mBq dm-3or3,072±270mBq and2,901±245mBq in total blood).After their rejection the values of210Po in analyzed samples lie between140±14mBq in total blood and888±36mBq in total blood.The higher210Po activity was observed for males(33samples),the lower for females (8samples)(435±36mBq in total blood and366±33mBq in total blood respectively).The results of210Po activity in blood of smokers,non-smokers and ex-smokers groups are presented in Fig.1.The results of210Po activity of weekly?sh consumption groups are given in Fig.2and results of this radionuclide content in total blood for all analyzed patients are given in Fig.3.In the group of non-smokers(4samples)the mean value210Po activity was 362±36mBq in total blood.The higher values of210Po activity were observed in groups of smokers and ex-smokers (6and31samples respectively)(422±34mBq in total blood and429±35mBq in total blood respectively).Our obtained results of210Po activities in human blood are higher than results from Arabia,where the activity of210Po ranged from0.91to4.56pCi/l(from33.67mBq dm-3to 168.72mBq dm-3)in blood of smokers with an average value of 1.83±0.63pCi/l(67.71±0.63mBq dm-3). Blood samples of non-smoker showed210Po activity rang-ing from0.61±3.14pCi/l(22.57–116.18mBq dm-3) with an average value of 1.29±0.61pCi/l(47.73±0.61mBq dm-3)[18].The mean value of smoker is sig-ni?cantly higher(about30%)than in non-smokers.The 210Po concentration in blood samples of human is very differentiated and some of the values,especially those which have been obtained for two patients(numbered37 and38)(3,072±270mBq and2,901±245mBq in total blood)(Table1)are dif?cult to explain.These dif?culties arise from the lack of complete characterization of these people.Among the patients the interview was carried out about sex,frequency of cigarettes smoking and?sh con-sumption.There are no data about the person with the number37,except that it is a man.As far as the person with the No.38is concerned,it is only that he is a man,an ex-smoker who quite often eats?sh.It is not known how long the patients suffer.These extremely high levels of polonium can be related to improper sampling,like diet of patients,the time between sampling of blood samples and their radio-chemical analysis or depend on other factors.The majority of the samples were obtained from Medical University of Gdan′sk within6months.No information was available concerning,for example their all feeding habits,nutritional supplements prior to blood sampling day,place of residence (rural or city),method sampling of blood and sexual activ-ity,too.It is very signi?cant because according to the lit-erature about300%increase of210Po concentration in blood was observed the day following consumption of?sh and seafood in human semen?uid of vasectomized non-smoker volunteers.The level of polonium returned to near baseline after4days with a controlled diet,excluding?sh and seafood[19].

The reason for the high accumulation of polonium in the body is its af?nity to protein,allowing it to pass easily through the food chain[3].Despite that knowledge on the metabolic behavior of210Po in humans is relatively scarce, but the activity of210Po in different human tissues is fol-lowing order:hair[bone[liver=kidney[gonads[ spleen=lung[muscle[heart=blood[20].The main source of210Po intake by the human body is the ingestion with foodstuffs and drinking water.Other studies reported that cigarette smoking also represents a signi?cant source [8,21,22].The absorption coef?cient of210Po into blood from the digestive tract is estimated at35or40%[22–24]. The large amounts of polonium are observed in protein-rich food,such as shell?sh and crustaceans,and also observed among populations consuming large amount of reindeer and caribou meat,e.g.in Subarctic area[25,26]. Although,as pointed out Al-Masri and collaborations higher210Po concentrations are found in the edible tissue of sea?sh than in fresh water?sh[27].Figure4presents the correlation between the210Po concentration in blood samples and patients habits.A relatively good correlation was obtained for a group of people who eat?sh(Pearson correlation factor r=0.560).The majority of analyzed patients in the age group between60and75years.They resident generally the Tricity areas and according with their habit,they buy sea?sh from the area of the Gulf of Gdan′sk for consumption[8,12].

The relatively high210Po activity concentrations are found in tobacco and its products,well cigarette smoking highly increases the internal intake of this radionuclide and its concentrations in the lung tissues[9,28].The patients were subdivided into three classes and in every group cigarette smokers,non-smokers ad ex-smokers were taken into account.210Po concentration in blood depends on the amount of cigarettes smoked per day and consumption of ?sh(Fig.5).Our results show,that the cigarette smoking increases the content of210Po in blood(Pearson correlation factor r=0.784),but it should be noted that the analyzed group was less representative because of the number(only 7of the43people).However,the group of smokers and ex-smokers combined together equals36people and as such constitutes a group which can considered representative. This group have higher210Po concentration in blood than the group of non-smokers.Also Al-Ari?et al.[29]sug-gested that smoking is one signi?cant route among other different routes of210Po intake by human body and this effect was observed for more numerous smokers group in Saudi Arabia(51persons who smoke and23persons who don’t smoke).Our studies are in accordance with other sources,where210Po is invariably cited among the

dangerous components of cigarette smoke [30],and responsible for at least 4cases of cancer among 10,000smokers [19,31].The difference between 210Po activities

Table 1The 210

Po concentration in human blood samples

Sample

210

Concentration In total blood mBq dm -3

mBq 163±6358±34265±5353±25357±7252±30451±5270±25557±4195±15699±9381±33767±7363±36878±7402±38984±8435±411071±7352±3611132±12579±511250±4295±261398±7551±4214153±15612±611588±10455±2316100±13508±6517130±11594±5018184±18888±361965±7350±3520159±15744±712183±7447±402232±3140±142390±8416±372488±7425±222551±5183±1826162±10753±4827125±6599±302869±5404±302954±6226±233092±9450±423162±5281±223260±4291±203362±7271±333478±7440±4235114±10612±533643±5193±2437558±472,901±24538495±443,032±2703990±7555±424074±7405±374178±7378±334283±7389±3143

102±8

488±

Fig.1210Po activity in total blood in smokers,non-smokers and ex-

smokers

Fig.2

210

Po activity in total blood of weekly ?sh

consumption

Fig.3

210

Po activity in total blood for analyzed patients

in human blood of ex-smokers and food habits is statisti-cally signi?cant (Pearson correlation factor r =0.584)(Fig.6).This obtained correlation is similar to correlation for a group of people who eat ?sh,which can explain the large abundance (33of the 43people).

There wasn’t any signi?cant difference between the 210

Po concentration and the age of patients and between males and females.Also in Turkey the difference was not statistically signi?cant for lead between males and females [32].The similar effect was observed for lead between girls and boys,but the levels of lead decreased signi?cantly with age.The authors showed,that blood lead was associated with environmental noise and family income [33].In our study there were no differences of age (about 85%of the patients ranged in age from 60to 70years),thus probably has not been found signi?cant statistical correlation.

Some differences between 210Po activities in human blood are connected with the time of blood sampling.The higher polonium activities were estimated in blood samples collected in the summer (554±37mBq in total blood),

the smaller in blood samples collected in the winter (329±25mBq in total blood).210Po is very broadly dis-tributed in all environment.As already mentioned sources of 210Po are burning of fossil fuels and tetraethyl lead in petrol,superphosphate fertilizers,the sintering of ores in steelworks,the burning of coal in coal-?red power plants and phosphogypsum stockpiles [5,6,34].Most of these processes are more intense in the summer.This fact may explain the higher polonium activities in blood samples in summer season.

Cigarette smoking raises blood pressure,probably through the nicotine-induced release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings,but not fully understood is the behavior in patients with ischaemic heart disease.In subjects with normal resting blood pressure and ?xed myocardial perfusion defect (scar),cigarette smoking had no effect on exercise blood pressure [35].The concentra-tions of 210Po in blood will probably depend here on the severity of the disease and its duration.It should also be noted that the content of trace metals and radionuclides in blood may vary depending on a variety of other factors.The studies conducted in India showed that the mean blood level for lead in stray dogs either from urban or rural locality was signi?cantly higher than that of pets,and the blood lead concentration was signi?cantly higher in non-descript dogs than pedigreed dogs.The locality (urban/rural)was the major variable affecting blood lead con-centration in dogs.Breed and housing of the dogs of urban areas and only housing (pet/stray)in rural areas signi?-cantly in?uenced the blood lead concentration in dogs [26].The other research showed that the speci?c activities of 210

Po accumulated in tissues depend on the initial its contents radionuclide in animals’food,too [36].It allows to draw conclusion that similar effect on the human organism may be expected.Also the three times higher 210

Po activities are observed in the area with a High

Level

Fig.4The correlation between 210

Po activity in blood samples and

patients

habits

Fig.5The correlation between 210Po activity in total blood of smokers group and consumption of

?sh

Fig.6The correlation between 210Po activity in total blood of ex-smokers group and consumption of ?sh

Natural Radiation Area(Iran)[24]and various activities depend also on the place of residence of persons from whom blood samples were taken[37].The similar effect was observed for the uranium concentrations in Iraq.The uranium concentrations in the blood samples of workers were found to increase with the increasing number of working years,and were higher than those of non-occupied persons in the different governorates of Iraq.The highest uranium concentration in the blood for non-occupied workers was found in Basrah and Al-Muthana govern-orates.The authors suggest that these two governorates were the centers of intensive military activities during the 1991war,and the discarded weapons are still lying around in this region[38].This problem is discussed in the world [39],where many researchers are looking for methods to apply for multi-element determination of trace elements in whole blood as well as in human hair.This is very important to establish for further research for occupation-ally-exposed population or population under possible risk, such as workers in industrial plants[40].

Smoking is one of the three most powerful and potential risk factors for ischaemic heart disease.Smoking of ciga-rettes nearly doubles disease risk and increases three times the risk of sudden death.The risk increases with the increasing number of smoked cigarettes per day and decreases after?nishing smoking.Although mortality decreased after5years of the end of habit,it was still higher than in non-smokers.Eating oily?sh twice a week may help prevent heart attacks.This is connected with the properties of?sh oil fatty acid,which prevents the excessive thickness of the vascular wall and thus improves the conditions of the blood supply to the heart.210Po is accumulated by?sh, whose consumption reduces the risk of ischaemic heart disease.This does not mean that the main source of polo-nium in human is of this origin.The content of polonium was higher in the analyzed blood samples of smokers and ex-smokers in comparison with non-smokers.It seems,there-fore,that the values of210Po activities in human blood of patients with ischaemic heart disease are only a result of smoking.Metarion et al.also found no signi?cant changes in the concentrations of analyzed elements(Ca,Cl,K,Mg)in the blood of patients with chronic kidney disease when compared with healthy individuals and suggest that any changes could be related to nutritional habits,medicine ingestion as well as the evolution of the CKD[41].Also the results of research in Iran revealed that the difference between the concentration levels of Br,Fe,and Zn in sam-ples from patients affected by multiple sclerosis and control group was not meaningful.The average level of Zn in two analyzed samples is signi?cantly different which suggests that the shortage of Zn can be one of the causes of MS,but the authors suggested that results of measuring the level of Zn in patients’blood by other investigators are contradictory[42].Conclusions

The results of this work indicate that the activity of210Po in human blood was in the wide range between140±14mBq and888±36mBq in total blood without two patients(3,072±270mBq and2,901±245mBq in total blood).The higher activity of this radionuclide was observed for smoker and ex-smoker groups.The difference between210Po activities in human blood of ex-smokers/ smokers and eating habits is statistically signi?cant.The patients were subdivided in groups:males and females, cigarette smokers,non-smokers and ex-smokers were taken into account.The results indicated that the210Po activity was widely distributed in the each group of analyzed patients.The obtained results of210Po activity in the blood of patients with ischaemic heart disease are probably related to the consumption of?sh and smoking.The polonium activities in blood are not connected with degree of disease advancement.

Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Science and Higher Education for the?nancial support under grant DS/530-8120-4-D196-12.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use,dis-tribution,and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s)and the source are credited.

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人体血液循环系统整理

血液循环百科名片人类血液循环是封闭式的，由体循环和肺循环两条途径构成的双循环。血液由左心室射出经主动肪及其各级分支流到全身的毛细血管，在此与组织液进行物质交换，供给组织细胞氧和营养物质，运走二氧化碳和代谢产物，动脉血变为静脉血；再经各级表肪汇合成上、下腔静脉流回友心房，这一循环为体循环。血液由右心室射出经肺动脉流到肺毛细血管，在此与肺泡气进行气体交换，吸收氧并排出二氧化碳，静脉血变为动脉血；然后经肺静脉流回左心房，这一循环为肺循环。目录简介过程和分类血液的作用肾脏血液循环系统介绍路线介绍历史发现能量介绍简介过程和分类血液的作用肾脏血液循环系统介绍路线介绍历史发现能量介绍 *主要功能展开编辑本段简介血液循环是英国哈维根据大量的实验、观察和逻辑推理于1628年提出的科学概念。然而限于当时的条件，他并不完全了解血液是如何由动脉流向静脉的。1661年意大利马尔庇基在显微镜下发现了动、静脉之间的毛细血管，从而完全证明了哈维的正确推断。

动物在进化过程中，血液循环的形式是多样的。循环系统的组成有开放式和封闭式；循环的途径有单循环和双循环。人类血液循环是封闭式的，由体循环和肺循环两条途径构成的双循环。血液由左心室射出经主动肪及其各级分支流到全身的毛细血管，在此与组织液进行物质交换，供给组织细胞氧和营养物质，运走二氧化碳和代谢产物，动脉血变为静脉血；再经各级表肪汇合成上、下腔静脉流回友心房，这一循环为体循环。血液由右心室射出经肺动脉流到肺毛细血管，在此与肺泡气进行气体交换，吸收氧并排出二氧化碳，静脉血变为动脉血；然后经肺静脉流回左心房，这一循环为肺循环。编辑本段过程和分类循环过程心血管系统 (systemacardiovaschlare )包括心、动脉、毛细血管和静脉。心血管系统是一个完整的封闭的循环管道，它以心脏为中心通过血管与全身各器官、组织相连，血液在其中循环流动。心脏是一个中空的肌性器官，它不停地有规律地收缩和舒张，不断地吸入和压出血液，保证血液沿着血管朝一个方向不断地向前流动。血管是运输血液的管道，包括动脉、静脉和毛细血管。动脉自心脏发出，经反复分支，血管口径逐步变小，数目逐渐增多，最后分布到全身各部组织内，成为毛细血管。毛细血管呈网状，血液与组织间的物质交换就在此进行。毛细血管逐渐汇合成为静脉，小静脉汇合成大静脉，最后返回心脏，完成血液循环。循环种类

人体血液循环系统_1

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 人体血液循环系统血液循环百科名片人类血液循环是封闭式的，由体循环和肺循环两条途径构成的双循环。血液由左心室射出经主动肪及其各级分支流到全身的毛细血管，在此与组织液进行物质交换，供给组织细胞氧和营养物质，运走二氧化碳和代谢产物，动脉血变为静脉血；再经各级表肪汇合成上、下腔静脉流回友心房，这一循环为体循环。血液由右心室射出经肺动脉流到肺毛细血管，在此与肺泡气进行气体交换，吸收氧并排出二氧化碳，静脉血变为动脉血；然后经肺静脉流回左心房，这一循环为肺循环。目录简介过程和分类血液的作用肾脏血液循环系统介绍路线介绍历史发现能量介绍简介过程和分类血液的作用肾脏血液循环系统介绍路线介绍历史发现能量介绍主要功能展开编辑本段简介血液循环是英国哈维根据大量的实验、观察和逻辑推理于 1628 年提出的科学概念。然而限于当时的条件，他并不完全了解血液是如何由动脉流向静脉的。 1661 年意大利马尔庇基在显微镜下发现了动、静脉之间的毛细血管，从而完全证明了哈维的正确推断。动物在进化过程中，血液循环的形式是多样的。循环系统的组成有开放式和封闭式；循环的途径有单循环和双 1 / 10

循环。人类血液循环是封闭式的，由体循环和肺循环两条途径构成的双循环。血液由左心室射出经主动肪及其各级分支流到全身的毛细血管，在此与组织液进行物质交换，供给组织细胞氧和营养物质，运走二氧化碳和代谢产物，动脉血变为静脉血；再经各级表肪汇合成上、下腔静脉流回友心房，这一循环为体循环。血液由右心室射出经肺动脉流到肺毛细血管，在此与肺泡气进行气体交换，吸收氧并排出二氧化碳，静脉血变为动脉血；然后经肺静脉流回左心房，这一循环为肺循环。编辑本段过程和分类循环过程心血管系统（ systemacardiovaschlare）包括心、动脉、毛细血管和静脉。心血管系统是一个完整的封闭的循环管道，它以心脏为中心通过血管与全身各器官、组织相连，血液在其中循环流动。心脏是一个中空的肌性器官，它不停地有规律地收缩和舒张，不断地吸入和压出血液，保证血液沿着血管朝一个方向不断地向前流动。血管是运输血液的管道，包括动脉、静脉和毛细血管。动脉自心脏发出，经反复分支，血管口径逐步变小，数目逐渐增多，最后分布到全身各部组织内，成为毛细血管。毛细血管呈网状，血液与组织间的物质交换就在此进行。

2019-2020年七年级下册10.2《人体的血液循环》word练习题

2019-2020年七年级下册10.2《人体的血液循环》word练习题一、单选题 1、图示“观察小鱼尾鳍内血液的流动”实验及显微镜下观察到的物像，以下哪项解释合理 A．血管1的血流速度最快 B．血管3是动脉血管，流静脉血 C．湿棉絮包裹小鱼的身体以免其乱蹦 D．毛细血管极细，应用高倍显微镜寻找答案： A 解析：解答：选A。观察小鱼尾鳍内血液的流动实验，湿棉絮包裹小鱼主要是利于鱼的呼吸，血管有三种，动脉是运血出心的血管，血流速度最快，静脉是运输血液回心脏的血管，血流速度较慢，毛细血管最小，数量最多，血流速度最慢，管腔小，只允许红细胞单行通过，是判断毛细血管的依据。通过分析图一和图二，图中的1是动脉，2是毛细血管，3是静脉，选项BCD解释不合理，选项A解释合理，符合题意。分析：本题考查的知识点是观察小鱼尾鳍内血流的流动实验的基本方法和注意事项；三种血管的结构特点。 2、我们去医院看病，中医切脉实际上是以下哪个部位（） A、动脉 B、静脉 C、毛细血管 D、神经答案：A 解析：解答：脉搏即动脉搏动，脉搏频率即脉率．正常人的脉搏和心跳是一致的．切脉是汉族独创的诊法，两千多年来中医则习惯脉诊，即用手指按脉，根据脉象来诊断疾病．“切脉”，“切”主要是在桡动脉．分析：本题主要结合日常生活中的一些知识回答。 3、下列各项中，哪项与毛细血管特点不相符合? A、数量多，分布广 B、管腔内有瓣膜防止血液倒流 C、管内血流速度很慢 D、红细胞只能单行通过

答案：B 解析：解答：毛细血管数量多，分布广，毛细血管没瓣膜有，B错误；毛细血管血流速度最慢，毛细血管管腔极细，只允许红细胞单行通过，所以只有B符合题意。分析：本题考查毛细血管的特点，意在考查考生对相关知识的识记能力和理解能力。 4、下列对血管内血流速度表述正确的是 A．静脉＞动脉＞毛细血管B．毛细血管＞静脉＞动脉 C．动脉＞静脉＞毛细血管D．动脉=静脉＞毛细血管答案：C 解析：解答：选C.。动脉：将血液从心脏运到全身各处的血管．管壁厚，弹性大，血流速度快．静脉：将身体各部分血液送回心脏的血管．管壁薄，弹性小，管腔大，血流速度很慢。毛细血管：是连通于最小动脉和静脉之间的血管．毛细血管数量最多，分布最广，它的管壁极薄，管内血流速度也最慢，毛细血管的这些得血液与细胞充分进行物质交换．分析：本题考查动脉、静脉和毛细血管的特点，结合基础知识回答即可。 5、血液循环的动力器官是（） A 、心脏 B 、肺C、肝脏D、动脉答案：A 解析：解答：选A。心脏主要由心肌构成，能够有节律的收缩和舒张，推动血液在血管内向前流动，是血液循环的动力器官，所以A正确；分析：心脏由主要由心肌组成，收缩和舒张推动血液在密闭的管道中往复流动，是血液循环动力器官。 6、关于心脏的说法，以下正确的是 A.心脏四个腔内流的都是动脉血 B.心脏壁最厚的是右心房 C.心脏中的瓣膜可防止血液倒流 D.心脏全部由肌肉组织构成答案： C 解析：解答：选C。心脏是由不同组织构成的器官，心脏分为左心房、右心房、左心室和右心室，其中左心室的壁最厚，左心房、左心室内是动脉血，右心房、右心室内是静脉血，心房、心室间有房室瓣，可使得血液由心房流向心室，而不会倒流。分析：本题考查的是心脏的结构和功能，结合心脏的图解和模型解答即可。 7、人体心脏存在瓣膜，保证血液在心脏的流动方向是

苏教版生物七年级下册10.2《人体的血液循环》word练习题

苏教版生物七年级下册第四单元第十章第二节血液循环同步训练、单选题 1图示“观察小鱼尾鳍内血液的流动”实验及显微镜下观察到的物像，以下哪项解释合理 A ?血管1的血流速度最快 B ?血管3是动脉血管，流静脉血 C.湿棉絮包裹小鱼的身体以免其乱蹦 D ?毛细血管极细，应用高倍显微镜寻找答案：A 解析：解答：选A。观察小鱼尾鳍内血液的流动实验，湿棉絮包裹小鱼主要是利于鱼的呼吸，血管有三种，动脉是运血出心的血管，血流速度最快，静脉是运输血液回心脏的血管，血流速度较慢，毛细血管最小，数量最多，血流速度最慢，管腔小，只允许红细胞单行通过，是判断毛细血管的依据。通过分析图一和图二，图中的1是动脉，2是毛细血管，3是静脉，选项BCD解释不合理，选项A解释合理，符合题意。分析：本题考查的知识点是观察小鱼尾鳍内血流的流动实验的基本方法和注意事项；三种血管的结构特点。 2、我们去医院看病，中医切脉实际上是以下哪个部位（） A、动脉 B、静脉 C、毛细血管 D、神经答案：A 解析：解答：脉搏即动脉搏动，脉搏频率即脉率?正常人的脉搏和心跳是一致的?切脉是汉族独创的诊法，两千多年来中医则习惯脉诊，即用手指按脉，根据脉象来诊断疾病.“切脉”，“切”主要是在桡动脉. 分析：本题主要结合日常生活中的一些知识回答。 3、下列各项中，哪项与毛细血管特点不相符合？ A、数量多，分布广 B、管腔内有瓣膜防止血液倒流

解析：解答：毛细血管数量多，分布广，毛细血管没瓣膜有， B 错误；毛细血管血流速度最慢，毛细血管管腔极细，只允许红细胞单行通过，所以只有 B 符合题意。分析：本题考查毛细血管的特点，意在考查考生对相关知识的识记能力和理解能力。 4、下列对血管内血流速度表述正确的是 A .静脉〉动脉〉毛细血管 B .毛细血管〉静脉〉动脉 C .动脉〉静脉〉毛细血管 D .动脉=静脉〉毛细血管答案： C 解析：解答：选 C.。动脉：将血液从心脏运到全身各处的血管.管壁厚，弹性大，血流速度快. 静脉：将身体各部分血液送回心脏的血管. 管壁薄，弹性小，管腔大，血流速度很慢。毛细血管：是连通于最小动脉和静脉之间的血管. 毛细血管数量最多，分布最广，它的管壁极薄，管内血流速度也最慢，毛细血管的这些得血液与细胞充分进行物质交换. 分析：本题考查动脉、静脉和毛细血管的特点，结合基础知识回答即可。 5、血液循环的动力器官是（） A 、心脏 B 、肺 C 、肝脏 D 、动脉答案： A 解析：解答：选A 。心脏主要由心肌构成，能够有节律的收缩和舒张，推动血液在血管内向前流动，是血液循环的动力器官，所以 A 正确；分析：心脏由主要由心肌组成，收缩和舒张推动血液在密闭的管道中往复流动，是血液循环动力器官。 6、关于心脏的说法，以下正确的是 A. 心脏四个腔内流的都是动脉血 B.心脏壁最厚的是右心房 C.心脏中的瓣膜可防止血液倒流 D.心脏全部由肌肉组织构成答案： C 解析：解答：选C 。心脏是由不同组织构成的器官，心脏分为左心房、右心房、左心室和右心室，其中左心室的壁最厚，左心房、左心室内是动脉血，右心房、右心室内是静脉血，心房、心室间有房室瓣，可使得血液由心房流向心室，而不会倒流。分析：本题考查的是心脏的结构和功能，结合心脏的图解和模型解答即可。 C 、管内血流速度很慢答案： B D 、红细胞只能单行通过

描述人体血液循环系统的组成

第四章：人体内物质的运输<复习学案）河店中学徐凤伟复习摘要：血浆成分：主要成分是，还有及其它养料和废物血液功能：血细胞：三种血细胞的比较血管

心壁：主要由构成，心室壁比心房壁，左心室壁比右心室壁厚左心房<）结构四个腔 <连通主动脉）右心房<） <连通肺动脉）瓣膜房室瓣<只能向心室开）动脉瓣<只能向动脉开）心脏功能：血液运输的动力心率：心脏每分钟跳动的次数生理心输出量：心脏每分钟输出的血量心动周期：心脏每收缩和舒张一次血液循环体循环：左心室→→各级动脉→→各级静脉→→右心房的途径肺循环：→肺动脉→→肺静脉→ 血型：ABO血型系统将人类血型分为：输血与血型输血：输血时应以为原则血量：成人体重的7%~8%；献血量：典例解读：

例1、如下图，将新鲜的血液分别放入A、B、C、D四支试管中，其中A、B试管中加入抗凝剂，C、D试管中不加任何物质，静置24小时后，其中正确的图示是< ）b5E2RGbCAP 例2、下图是小动脉、小静脉与毛细血管示意图，根据图填写内容。 <1）A是；B是；C是。 <2）在显微镜下辨别三种血管的理由是：动脉内血液由较的血管流向较而的血管；静脉内的血液由而的血管汇流入较的血管；毛细血管内血液中的红细胞一般成_____通过，血流速度。p1EanqFDPw 例3、输血可以挽救患者的生命，但有些患者只是缺少血液中的某些成分，并不需要输全血<含全部血液成分）。现代医学已经发展出成分输血，即有针对性地为患者补充血液中缺少的成分，请分析下列患者应该输入什么血液成分？<1）大面积烧伤患者；<2）贫血患者；<3）血流不止者。DXDiTa9E3d

【新苏教版】七年级生物下册：10.2《人体的血液循环》教案(3)

《第二节人体的血液循环》教学目标 1、能区分动脉、静脉和毛细血管，说明不同类型血管的功能，及其与功能相适应的结构特点。 2、能够描述心脏的结构和功能，说明心脏与功能相适应的特点。 3、能概述心脏的生理特征。 4、能描述血液循环的途径，简述血液循环过程中血液成分的变化，说出血液循环在人体中的意义。 5、观察小鱼尾鳍内血液流动现象的实验，学习用比较法归纳三种血管的区别。 6、在解读血液循环模式图的过程中，学习用辩证法分析人体血液循环途径的方法。重点难点 1、重点（1）血管的结构与功能。（2）心脏的结构和功能。（3）血液循环的途径与意义。（4）血压与脉搏的概念。 2、难点（1）不同血管的结构与功能相适应的特点。（2）心脏与其功能相适应的结构特点；心动周期与心脏功能的方法。（3）体循环、肺循环中的气体交换。（4）血压、脉搏的形成；探究运动与脉搏的关第。教学用具显微镜血管的横切片猪心脏水蚤鲫鱼教学方法探究试验讨论课时安排 2课时教学过程第1课时血液流动的管道----------血管（一）复习提问 1、常见的血型有几种？ 2、输血时有什么原则

（二）新课合作交流，解读探究 1、实验：用显微镜观察各种血管观察步骤（1）在显微镜下观察血管的横切片，区别并比较动脉与静脉管壁结构的差异。（2）观察毛细管装片。 2、三种血管的比较学习多媒体展示三种血管的模式图讨论三种血管的特点。小结师生共同得出：（1）动脉：A概念：将血液从心脏输送到身体各部位的血管。B特点：管壁厚，弹性大，管内血流速度最快。（2）静脉：A概念：将血液从身体各部位输送回心脏的血管。B特点：与同级动脉相比，静脉管壁薄，弹性小，管腔大，管内血流速度较慢。（3）毛细血管：A概念：是连通微小动脉和静脉之间的血管。B特点：数量最多，分布最广，它的管壁极薄，由一层上皮细胞构成，管内径极小，红细胞只能单行通过，管内血流速度最慢，这些特点有利于血液与组织细胞充分进行物质交换。总结：通过这节课的学习，我们知道了人体内的血管包括动脉、静脉和毛细血管三种，动脉是离心血管，静脉是回心血管，毛细血管是连通最小动脉和最小静脉之间的血管，它有很多特点有助于血液和细胞之间进行物质交换。第2课时血液运输的动力器官———心脏（一）创设情境，导入新课课件演示用多媒体课件讲述世界上第一张心电图的故事：今天课堂讨论的主题就是心脏。人只要活着，心脏就在不断地跳动。将你的右手按住胸部的左侧，感觉一下心脏的搏动。一般来说，一旦心脏停止跳动，就意味着一个人的生命结束了。那么，心脏的结构究竟是怎样的，它又是怎样工作的呢？（二）合作交流，解读探究 1、心脏的结构实验观察心脏

人体的血液循环教学设计

第十章第二节人体的血液循环一、教材的地位和作用《人体的血液循环》为义务教育课程标准实验教科书《生物学》(苏科版)七年级下册第十章《人体内物质的运输和能量供给》中的第二节内容，课时设计为三课。在学习了血液和血型等知识的前提下，讲述人体血液循环的相关知识，人体需要的氧气和养料必须及时运来，并把产生的二氧化碳废物运走，人体才能维持正常的生命活动，而这些都必须通过血液循环来实现。因此，本节内容是本章的重点和核心，在全章具有承上启下的作用。二、学情分析七年级的学生好奇心浓，思维敏捷，但抽象思维略有不足，在课堂上，他们喜欢自己动手，不喜欢老师的空洞说教，拒绝老师将思想强加给他们，在学校可利用的资源条件下，尽可能的满足学生自我探究，小组讨论模式来学习新知。三、教学目标（一）知识目标 1. 区别动脉、静脉和毛细血管的结构和功能特点。 2. 描叙心脏的结构和功能。 3. 描述血液循环的过程，掌握体循环、肺循环的途径，体会血液成分的变化及意义。 4. 说出心率和脉搏的基础知识。 5. 了解血压的概念以及如何测定血压的方法。（二）能力目标 1、通过学习血液循环的途径，培养学生的观察能力及分析、归纳、总结的思维能力。 2、通过收集有关高血压的知识，培养学生收集资料的能力。（三）情感态度价值观目标 1.通过对血液循环途径的学习，了解自己及家人的身体，自觉养成卫生习惯和自我保健意识。 2.引导学生热爱科学，建立科学的价值观。四、教学重点、难点重点： 1. 区别动脉、静脉和毛细血管的结构和功能特点。 2. 描叙心脏的结构和功能。 3. 描述血液循环的过程。难点： 1. 描叙心脏的结构和功能。 2. 掌握体循环、肺循环的途径，体会血液成分的变化及意义。五、教学工具和手段观察、讨论、交流并利用多媒体课件以及生物教学模型和视频教学相结合完成。六、教法和学法突破重点与难点： (一)、教法 1、启发式——逐步引导，逐渐深入。 2、直观式——利用生物模型和多媒体课件展示。 3、探究式——发现问题，寻求规律。 (二)、学法 1、分组探究法。 2、归纳总结法。 3、动眼观察、动脑思考、动口表达。

血液循环系统

血液循环系统人体共有八大系统，它们分别是：运动系统、神经系统、内分泌系统、血液循环系统、呼吸系统、消化系统、泌尿系统、生殖系统。这些系统使得我们各种复杂的生命活动得以正常进行。今天，我们来了解血液循环系统。循环系统是分布于全身各部的连续封闭管道系统，它包括心血管系统和淋巴系统。心血管系统内循环流动的是血液。淋巴系统内流动的是淋巴液。淋巴液沿着一系列的淋巴管道向心流动，最终汇入静脉，因此淋巴系统也可认为是静脉系统的辅助部分。心血管系统心血管系统：是一个封闭的管道系统，由心脏和血管所组成。 1、心脏

心脏的内部有四个腔，分别是左心室、左心房、右心室、右心房、同心房和心室相通，左、右心房和左、右心室之间是互相隔开的。左心室连主动脉，右心室连肺动脉；左心房连肺静脉，右心房连上下腔静脉。由此可见，心室与动脉相连，心房与静脉相连。在心房和心室之同以及心室和动脉之间有瓣膜，控制血液向一个方向流动。血管和心脏的结地点与其功能是相适应的。 2、血管

血管包括动脉、静脉和毛细血管三种。 3、人体的血液循环

心脏不停地跳动，促使血液在心脏和全部血管所组成的管网中循环流动，这程就是血液循环。人体的血液循环系统由心脏、动脉、静脉、毛细血管和血液组成，其功能是运输氧气、二氧化碳、营养物质、废物等。根据人体血液循环路径的不同，可以将血液循环分为体循环和肺循环两部分。血液由左心室进人入主动脉，再流经全身的动脉、毛细血管网、静脉，最后经上、下腔静脉流入右心房的循环称为体循环；血液由右心室进入肺动脉，再流经肺部的毛细血管网，最后由肺静脉流回左心房的循环称为肺循环。

人体循环系统基础知识点及图解

淋巴循环淋巴系统——淋巴管道、淋巴器官、淋巴组织淋巴管道——毛细淋巴管、淋巴管、淋巴干、淋巴导管淋巴器官——淋巴结、脾脏、胸腺淋巴组织——为含有大量淋巴细胞的网状结缔组织，在人体内广泛分布于消化道和呼吸道的粘膜内，称为上皮下淋巴组织毛细淋巴管——由一层内皮细胞构成，内皮细胞间多呈叠瓦状排列，连接处的间隙有些可达 0.5微米以上。被重叠的内皮细胞边缘游离内垂形成瓣状结构，可允许液体流向管内，不允许向外返流。使得它具有比毛细血管更大的通透性。一些不易透过毛细血管壁的大分子物质（蛋白质、细菌、异物、癌细胞等），可以进入毛细淋巴管内。淋巴循环 →人体除脑、软骨、角膜、晶状体、内耳、胎盘外，都有毛细淋巴管分布，数目与毛细血管相近。小肠区的毛细淋巴管叫乳糜管。毛细淋巴管集合成淋巴管网，再汇合成淋巴管。按其所在部位，可分为深、浅淋巴管：浅淋巴管收集皮肤和皮下组织的淋巴液（简称淋巴）；深淋巴管与深部血管伴行，收集肌肉、内脏等处的淋巴。全部淋巴管汇合成全身最大的两条淋巴导管，即左侧的胸导管和右侧的右淋巴导管，分别进入左、右锁骨下静脉。 →胸导管是全身最粗、最长的淋巴管，由左、右腰淋巴干和肠区淋巴干汇成。下段有膨大的乳糜池。胸导管收集左上半身和下半身的淋巴，约占全身淋巴总量的3／4。 →右淋巴导管由右颈淋巴干、右锁骨下淋巴干和右支气管纵膈淋巴干汇成，收集右上半身的淋巴，约占全身淋巴总量的1／4。 →淋巴循环的一个重要特点是单向流动而不形成真正的循环。血液循环与淋巴循环：血液经动脉运行到毛细血管动脉端时，其中一部分液体经毛细血管壁流出，进入组织间隙形成组织液。组织液与组织进行物质交换后，→大部分在毛细血管静脉端和毛细血管后静脉处被吸入静脉，→小部分（主要是水和从血管溢出的大分子物质，如蛋白质等）则进入毛细淋巴管成为淋巴。淋巴沿淋巴管道向心流动，最后归入静脉。淋巴流入血液循环系统的生理意义。 →回收蛋白质。组织间液中的蛋白质分子不能通过毛细血管壁进入血液，但比较容易透过毛细淋巴管壁而形成淋巴的组成部分。每天约有75～200克蛋白质由淋巴带回血液，使组织间液中蛋白质浓度保持在较低水平。 →运输脂肪和其他营养物质。由肠道吸收的脂肪80％～90％是由小肠绒毛的毛细淋巴管吸收。 →调节血浆和组织间液的液体平衡。每天生成的淋巴约2～4升回到血浆，大致相当于全身的血浆量。 →淋巴流动还可以清除因受伤出血而进入组织的红细胞和侵入机体的细菌，对动物机体起着防御作用。

人体血液循环途径

互动课堂环境下“血液循环途径”一节教学设计顾源媛（西安交通大学苏州附属初级中学苏州215000） 1 教材分析本课时是苏科版八年级上册第15章第1节《人体内物质的运输》第4课时内容。营养和废物的运输都离不开血液的循环流动。本节内容承上启下，与消化、呼吸、泌尿系统均有密切的联系。本课时是在学习了血管、心脏、血液等知识的前提下，讲述人体血液循环的相关知识，是本节的重点和难点。小鱼尾鳍血液流动情况的观察、血液循环的途径、动脉血静脉血的区分，是学生掌握的重点和难点。教师可尝试在互动课堂环境下开展活动，将信息技术融入教学环节，通过学情前测、分组实验、观察模型、小组讨论等手段，让学生主动观察、分析、发现，参与教学活动的全过程。同时教师在信息技术的帮助下，通过适当的启发、点拨等手段，师生共同搭建构成重要概念的知识框架。 2 教学目标基于课程标准并围绕培养学生学科核心素养的要求，制订了如下教学目标: （1）通过实验观察及小组合作学习，了解血液循环的概念，掌握体循环、肺循环的途径，体会血液成分的变化及意义，形成稳态与平衡观。（2）通过实验观察和分析，培养归纳、推理等科学思维能力，及观察、综合分析等科学探究能力。（3）通过资料分析，理解科学发展的艰难和曲折，形成尊重事实和证据，崇尚严谨和务实的求知态度。 3 教学过程 3.1 教学前准备 3.1.1完成预实验，确定实验材料本节课学生需要对小鱼尾鳍血液流动情况进行观察，以此理解血液在三种血管中的流动情况。本地区易捕捉或购买到的小鱼有泥鳅和草金鱼。教师可在课前完成预实验，尝试观察，确定实验材料。泥鳅易得，价格便宜，生命力强。因其活动能力较强，可在5%的酒精溶液中麻醉约5分钟后，进行观察【1】。但泥鳅尾鳍中色素斑点较多，血液流动速度快，学生可能无法在显微镜下快速分辨三种血管（如图1）；而草金鱼尾鳍内无色素斑点，血流速度相对和缓，若选择尾鳍色素较少的草金鱼，观察更为便捷（如图2）。

人体循环系统教案

2018年山东省潍坊市中考物理试卷一、单项选择题 1. 如图所示的四种现象，由于光的反射形成的是（） A. 放大的“金鱼” B. 墙上的手影 C. 斑马在水中的倒影 D. 雨后的彩虹 2. 最先精确确定电流产生的热量跟电流、电阻和通电时间关系的物理学家是（） A. 欧姆 B. 焦耳 C. 奥斯特 D. 法拉第 3. 质量相同的甲、乙两物体，分别在竖直向上的拉力作用下，从同一位置同时向上运动，两物体运动的s﹣t 图象如图所示，下列判断正确的是（）学_科_网...学_科_网...学_科_网... A. 第4s时两者相距16m B. 甲受到的拉力比乙大 C. 甲做速度为4m/s的匀速运动 D. 以甲为参照物乙竖直向下运动 4. 关于声现象，下列说法正确的是（） A. 声音可以在真空中传播 B. 调节手机音量是为了改变声音的音调 C. 超声波能粉碎人体内的结石说明声波能传递信息 D. 摩托车排气管上安装消声器是为了在声源处减弱噪声 5. 下列关于温度、热量和内能的说法正确的是（） A. 物体吸收热量，温度一定升高

B. 60℃的水一定比30℃的水含有的热量多 C. 热传递过程中，热量由高温物体传向低温物体 D. 物体的内能增加，一定从外界吸收热量 6. “珍爱生命，注意安全”是中学生应具备的基本安全意识。下列关于安全用电的说法正确的是（） A. 只要不接触高压设备就不会触电 B. 使用测电笔时，手指不能接触笔尾金属体 C. 电灯的开关可以接在零线和灯泡之间 D. 一旦发生触电事故，应先切断电源再进行抢救 7. 如图所示，杠杆处于平衡状态。如果杠杆两侧的钩码各减少一个，杠杆将（） A. 左端下降 B. 右端下降 C. 仍然平衡 D. 无法判断 8. 如图是实验电路连接完毕后，滑动变阻器接入电路的四种情形，已经可以闭合开关进行实验的是（） A. B. C. D. 9. 汽车转向灯电路要求：左转弯时只能左转向灯亮，右转弯时只能右转向灯亮。不能出现操作转向开关，左、右转向灯同时亮的情况。下列设计最合理的是（） A. B. C. D. 10. 某同学设计的煤气检测电路如图所示，电源电压不变，R为定值电阻，Q为气敏元件，其阻值随煤气浓度的升高而增大，闭合开关S，当煤气浓度升高时，下列判断正确的是（） A. 电流表示数变小，输出信号电压U ab变大 B. 电流表示数变大，输出信号电压U ab变大

人体的血液循环教学设计

<<人体的血液循环>>教学设计知识目标： 1、正确概述人体的血液循环途径。 2、区分动脉血和静脉血，理解在血液成分在循环途径中发生的变化。 3、了解血液循环的意义能力目标： 1、通过组织学生自学，培养学生的自主学习、自我探究的能力； 2、通过归纳总结，培养学生的比较、分析、判断等思维能力； 3、通过多媒体的辅助，训练学生细致观察的能力。情感目标： 1、认识到生命的奇妙，树立生物体结构和功能相适应的观点。 2、认同体育锻炼对心脏的影响，认同健康而强壮的心脏对生命的重要意义，培养珍爱生命的意识。 3、引导学生培养科学健康的生活方式。教学重点：人体的血液循环途径。教学难点正确理解血液成分在循环途径的变化。教学方法： 1、问题教学法——设置疑问，引起思考。 2、启发式——逐步引导，逐渐深入。 3、直观式——多媒体演示。 4、探究式——发现问题，寻求规律。学法指导： 1、联系已学的血液、血管、心脏相关知识认真仔细观看视频，了解体循环和肺循环的途径，分析循环过程的血液成分变化，明白动脉血和静脉血的区别，理解体循环和肺循环的协作关系、血液循环的意义所在。 2、分别联系“消化与吸收”和“人体的呼吸”学习体循环和肺循环的过程和作用，认识到人体生理活动间的相互关系和影响，初步建立人体是一个整体的意识。教学准备：学生：1、预习有关血液循环的内容 2、阅读科学家的故事——血液循环的发现。

教师：制作血液循环的课件教学过程：复习提问： 1、为什么贫血患者会出现头晕、乏力、容易疲倦的症状？ 2、识别图中的三种血管，指出适合进行物质交换的血管并说明其特点。 3、心脏有哪几个腔？分别与什么血管连通？预习自测： 1、血液循环可人为地分成哪两条路线？ 2、把这两者连通起来的是什么器官？这两条路线的共同点是都从→→各器官的毛细血管→→。 3、你怎么理解体循环的“体”？你认为通过体循环起到什么作用？ 4、肺循环是发生在哪两部分之间的血液循环？你认为肺循环有什么作用? 5、判断正误：（1）动脉里流的血叫动脉血（）（2）静脉里流的血叫静脉血（） 6、动脉血与静脉血的主要不同之处是什么？导入新课：我们已学习了血液、血管、心脏的内容，了解到心脏和全身的血管组成一个封闭的管道系统，血液就在这个管道中循环地流动着。播放视频：人体的血液循环多媒体展示体循环途径和和肺循环途径（分步观察，先观察体循环，再观察肺循环。适时暂停，为探究性学习创设情境）观观察提纲：：（学生带着问题有目的地细致观看视频，探究人体的血液循环途径）先观察体循环，教师指导： 1、体循环的起点、终点分别是哪儿？ 2、体循环的大致路径是怎样的？ 3、体循环过程中血液成分有哪些变化？在何处发生变化？为什么会在这些部位发生改变？ 4、体循环产生了什么意义？再观察肺循环，教师指导观察： 1、肺循环的起点、终点分别是哪儿？ 2、肺循环的大致路径是怎样的？

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人体血液循环系统专题循环系统的组成 1.血液循环系统组成：由血液、血管和心脏组成。血液的组成：血浆和血细胞血浆的作用：运载血细胞，运输维持人体生命活动所需要的物质和废物等。血细胞包括红细胞、白细胞和血小板。如图：血红蛋白：红细胞中含有的一种红色含铁的蛋白质。(特性：在含氧高的地方与氧结合，在含氧低的地方与氧分离) 血液的功能：运输、防御保护、调节体温。血管的种类、结构与功能：

2.血液循环概念：血液在心脏和全部血管所组成的管道中进行的循环流动。分为体循环和肺循环。体循环：左心室→主动脉→各级动脉→身体各处的毛细血管→各级静脉→上、下腔静脉→右心房( 血液由动脉血转变成静脉血) 肺循环：左心房→肺静脉→肺部的毛细血管→肺动脉→右心室 ( 由静脉血变成动脉血 ) 例题： 1.人体成熟的血细胞中不具有细胞核的一组是（ C ） A. 红细胞和白细胞 B. 血小板和白细胞 C. 血小板和红细胞 D. 血细胞和红细胞 2.血液中参与止血功能的是（ D ） A. 血液 B. 红细胞 C. 白细胞 D. 血小板 3.人体血液的组成是（ B ） A. 血清和血细胞 B. 血浆和血细胞 C. 红细胞和白细胞 D. 红细胞和血小板 4.人的三种血细胞生理功能各不相同，其中具有包围吞噬病菌功能的是（ C ）。

A. 血浆 B. 红细胞 C. 白细胞 D. 血小板 5.红细胞并排时，不能在下列哪种血管中通过（ C ） A. 动脉 B. 静脉 C. 毛细血管 D. 毛细淋巴管当堂检测： 1.如图是一滴血在显微镜视野下的示意图，下列是对血细胞组成成分的表述，正确的是（ D ） A. 血细胞包括2红细胞、1白细胞和4血小板 B. 视野中数量最多的是红细胞，成熟的红细胞无细胞核 C. 白细胞与红细胞相比：体积大，数量少，有细胞核 D. 以上都正确 2.一个慢性贫血患者突患急性阑尾炎，到医院做血常规化验，其化验结果可能在正常范以外的是下列哪项（ B ） A. 血浆、白细胞 B. 红细胞、白细胞 C. 红细胞、血小板 D. 血小板、白细胞 3.当人体受伤流血时，起止血和加速凝血作用的是（ C ）

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